Law Commons^™

Community Property And Conflict Of Laws: A Cacophony Of Cases, Karen Boxx

Articles

Justice Cardozo is reported to have said that "the average judge, when confronted by a problem in the conflict of laws, feels almost completely lost, and, like a drowning man, will grasp at a straw." Conflict of laws can be vexing, but the resolution of a controversy involving multiple states' marital property systems can quickly become impenetrable. This is in part due to the fundamental conceptual differences between community property and common law marital property paradigms, the inconsistencies in the use of similar terms in the different systems, and the significant differences among the laws of the community property states …

The Illusion Of Equality: The Failure Of The Community Property Reform To Achieve Management Equality, Elizabeth Carter

Journal Articles

The article focuses on the equal management laws in the community property reform for the well-being and future prosperity of the family. Topics discussed include separate property regime and the community property regime in the U.S., examines the history of the reform era and argues that equality was not the primary goal of the legal reform and examines how spouses actually managed their money in the pre-1970s era.

How Do I Love Thee, Let Me Count The Days: Deathbed Marriages In America, Terry L. Turnipseed

College of Law - Faculty Scholarship

Should you be able to marry someone who has only days to live? If so, should the government award the surviving spouse the many property rights that ordinarily flow from such a marriage? In almost every state, the only person allowed to challenge the validity of a marriage (or, by extension, the property consequences thereof) after the death of one of the spouses is the surviving spouse! Seems incredible does it not? The heirs of a dying man (or woman) who marries on his (or her) deathbed cannot challenge the marriage post-death. Ironically, the one person allowed to challenge is …

Can Wrongful Death Damages Recovered By A Married Person Be Separate Property Under California Law?, William A. Reppy Jr.

Faculty Scholarship

Existing California judicial precedent uniformly holds that damages recovered by a married person based on the wrongful death of a relative of the married person during the marriage—and while the spouses were not living separate and apart—is entirely community property. Under the theoretical basis for this community property classification, it is irrelevant that the person tortiously killed was a child or grandchild only of the plaintiff- or payee-spouse and had no legally recognized relationship to that party’s husband or wife, who becomes owner of half the recovery because of its classification as community property. This Article rejects this community property …

California Women: Trying To Use Federal Taxes To Put The 'Community' In Community Property, Stephanie H. Mcmahon

Faculty Articles and Other Publications

Community property is thought to be a more equitable marital property regime than the common law because we assume that providing each spouse with an interest in fifty percent of the family’s income also provides a substantial amount of equality between spouses. Historically, however, as the regime operated in the United States, it was not especially favorable to wives. Although the concept implied a partnership between spouses, in practice wives were denied rights a partner would expect to enjoy. This article examines how women lobbied to enlarge the protection California wives enjoyed under the state’s community property regime in the …

The Slip And Fall Of The California Legislature In The Classification Of Personal Injury Damages At Divorce And Death, Helen Y. Chang

Publications

Part I of this Article provides an overview of California's no-fault divorce reform, its haphazard development of community property laws, and the problems with the current statute classifying personal injury damages as community property during marriage and assigning those damages to the injured spouse at divorce, unless the interests of justice require an alternate disposition. Part II discusses the treatment and classification of personal injury damages in the eight other community property states and also offers a brief historical explanation of each state's community property origins. Part III concludes that the California legislature should amend the statute to classify personal …

Marriage, Money, Notice, And Presumptions, Roger Bernhardt

Publications

This article functions as an intellectual checklist for navigating community property issues in divorce cases where title to the family home has been taken in only one spouse’s name. The discussion includes potential claims, constructive and inquiry notice, and the evidence code presumption.

To Save State Residents: States' Use Of Community Property For Federal Tax Reduction, Stephanie Mcmahon

Faculty Articles and Other Publications

This essay analyzes the forces that led five common law states to adopt community property regimes between 1939 and 1947. Focusing on Oklahoma, the first state to switch, this article traces these laws from initial proposals through their repeal after Congress enacted nationalized income-splitting in 1948. Earlier studies have focused on the impact of these laws, primarily on wives as secondary earners within families, and not on their development. From the various political and social forces precipitating this trend, this study explores the actual reasons states adopted these regimes and shows that an economic goal, namely reducing married couples' federal …

Origins Of Idaho's Community Property System: An Attempt To Solve A Legislative Mystery, Elizabeth Brandt

Articles

No abstract provided.

Destroyed Community Property, Damaged Persons, And Insurers’ Duty To Indemnify Innocent Spouses And Other Co-Insured Fiduciaries: An Attempt To Harmonize Conflicting Federal And State Courts’ Declaratory Judgments, Willy E. Rice

Faculty Articles

Perhaps because of habit or a strong aversion to risks, consumers purchase a considerable amount of insurance generally, and consumers purchase property, indemnity, and liability insurance in particular. Typically, national property and casualty insurers sell property, indemnity, and liability insurance contracts. As a result, those insurers sales and revenues increase from year to year. At the dawn of the 21st century, foreign property and casualty insurers are realizing similar successes.

It is expected that anxious or prudent consumers would insure themselves and their various property interests against strangers, strange events, and perils over which consumers have little control or influence. …

The Superior Position Of The Creditor In The Community Property Regime: Has The Community Become A Mere Creditor Collection Device?, Andrea B. Carroll

Journal Articles

This article is a first step in an effort to critically examine the continued vitality of the community regime for regulating spousal property. Specifically, the article examines the American community property regimes in light of how they measure up against non-community property states in terms of creditor protection. The results are often surprising. The community regime grants creditors access to a variety of property for all manner of debts. For instance, the entirety of the community property, including the non-debtor spouse's wages, may be seized in some community property states for the other's premarital debts. That the non-debtor spouse has …

Interference With Contract And The “Manager’S Privilege”: Huynh V Vu, 2003, Roger Bernhardt

Publications

This article discusses a California case which held that, in an action by a broker against a seller’s husband, who managed the seller’s property, for tortious inference, the husband was entitled to assert the defense of “manager’s privilege.”

The Undue Influence Presumption Vs The Record Title Presumption: Marriage Of Delaney, 2003, Roger Bernhardt

Publications

This article discusses a California case which held that when an interspousal transaction is to one spouse’s advantage, the Family Code presumption that the transaction was a result of undue influence is trumped by the Evidence Code’s presumption of record title.

Characterizing Separate Or Community Expenditures On Community Or Separate Assets, Roger Bernhardt

Publications

This article analyzes community property and separate property distributions on dissolution of marriage in California.

Community-Funded Improvements To Separate Property: Marriage Of Wolfe, 2001, Roger Bernhardt

Publications

This article discusses a California case which held that community funded improvements to a spouse’s separate property are not presumed to be a gift and that the community is entitled to reimbursement.

Spousal Reimbursement Rights: Marriage Of Cochran, 2001, Roger Bernhardt

Publications

This article discusses a California case which held that on dissolution of marriage a spouse is entitled to reimbursement for payment of 1) a fee required for family home building permit, and 2) construction loan consideration, both paid from separate property.

“Loss Of Earning Capacity” Benefits In The Community Property Jurisdiction--How Do You Figure?, Aloysius A. Leopold

Faculty Articles

In the interest of uniformity, benefits for the loss of earning capacity should be subject to the same legal principle when determining marital property rights, regardless of the context in which those rights arise. However, courts throughout the United States have relied upon four different methods to determine title to loss of earning capacity benefits upon divorce. These approaches include the unitary approach, the analytic approach, the mechanistic approach, and the case-by-case approach.

Because the determination of title to benefits varies tremendously, the need for certainty in this area of the law is necessary particularly in light of the Texas …

Treatment Of Community Contributions To Mortgage Payments (Including Principal And Interest On Separate Property), Elizabeth Brandt

Articles

No abstract provided.

Tribute To William F. Fratcher: Marital Property Rights In Transition, Lawrence W. Waggoner

Articles

"Marital property rights," a term that covers a vast multitude of rights or interests conferred by law on persons who occupy the status of spouse, are in a state of transition. To discuss the themes and trends that are emerging, this Article is divided into four discrete, yet related segments. The first segment addresses how the law allocates original ownership between spouses in a marriage. The second segment turns to the intestate share of the surviving spouse. This is not a topic that much concerns high-powered estate planners because intestate estates are usually fairly small. But to the surviving spouse, …

Income From Separate Property: Towards A Theoretical Foundation, Thomas R. Andrews

Articles

This article addresses an important area of historical disagreement among the community property states: the characterization of the rents, issues, and profits ("income") from separate property brought into or acquired during marriage. Of the nine community property states, five characterize the income derived from separate property as separate property. The other four states characterize such income as community property. Although there have been scattered discussions of this issue throughout the community property case law and literature over the years, I have searched the literature in vain for a comprehensive treatment of the question. Certainly there has not been one in …

The Innocent Spouse Rules, Richard C.E. Beck

Articles & Chapters

No abstract provided.

Community Income, Federal Income Taxation And Divorce, John A. Miller

Articles

No abstract provided.

Introduction To The First Annual Review Of Community Property Law, Elizabeth Brandt

Articles

No abstract provided.

The Multiple-Marriage Society And Spousal Rights Under The Revised Uniform Probate Code, Lawrence W. Waggoner

Articles

Nearly everyone knows about the transformation of the American family that has taken place over the last couple of decades. The changes, from the latter half of the 1970s into the present, comprise one of the great events of our age. Articles on one aspect or another of the phenomenon frequent the popular press, and a special edition of Newsweek was recently devoted to the topic.' The traditional "Leave It To Beaver" family no longer prevails in American society. To be sure, families consisting of a wage-earning husband, a homemaking and child-rearing wife, and their two joint children still exist. …

Federal Income Taxation And Community Property Law: The Case For Divorce, John A. Miller

Articles

No abstract provided.

Community-Property Treatment Of The Increase In Value Of A Separately Owned Business, Elizabeth Brandt

Articles

No abstract provided.

Disposition Of Community Property, Senate Committee On Judiciary

California Senate

No abstract provided.

Community Property After Hisquierdo V. Hisquierdo, Marie Stefanini Newman

Elisabeth Haub School of Law Faculty Publications

This Comment will briefly discuss California's community property system, and the standards traditionally required by the Supreme Court for federal pre-emption of state property law. It will also examine the Supreme Court's interpretation of the Railroad Retirement Act which led the Court to conclude that the Supremacy Clause of the United States Constitution and demanded federal pre-emption in this case. It will discuss the Hisquierdo test for federal pre-emption, which the Supreme Court has since used to override state community property systems. Finally, it will evaluate whether the case was correctly decided.

The Estate Tax Marital Deduction, Harold Dubroff, Douglas A. Kahn

Articles

The estate tax marital deduction, section 2056 of the Internal Revenue Code, was enacted in 1948, along with the split-income provisions of the income tax law and the marital deduction and split-gift provisions of the gift tax law. The purpose was to give married residents of common law states approximately the same federal tax advantages that were available to married residents of community property states. Ordinarily, upon the death of a married resident of a community property state, only one-half of the community property is taxed in the decedent's estate. Section 2056 achieves approximately the same result for married residents …

The Uniform Disposition Of Community Property Rights At Death Act, Sarah N. Welling

Law Faculty Scholarly Articles

In 1977, eight of the United States use community property systems instead of the common law systems used in the other 42 states. Because the community property system is totally alien to common law states which do not recognize community interests in property, when domiciliaries of a community property state migrate to a common law state problems develop over the definition of property rights. Two questions usually arise: do the spouses’ rights and interests in the community property change if they move to a common law state? And if not, how are these rights and interests protected? The first question …