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Articles 1 - 23 of 23
Full-Text Articles in Law
Criminal Conspiracy Law In Japan, Chris Coulson
Criminal Conspiracy Law In Japan, Chris Coulson
Michigan Journal of International Law
Part II of this Note describes CATOC's group criminality requirement. Part III outlines the provisions of several versions of Japan's conspiracy bill and compares these provisions to common-law conspiracy. Part IV analyzes Japan's conspiracy law by examining both substantive and procedural laws in Japan related to criminal conspiracy, as well as criticism within Japan of the conspiracy bills.
The Yukos Money Laundering Case: A Never-Ending Story, Dmitry Gololobov
The Yukos Money Laundering Case: A Never-Ending Story, Dmitry Gololobov
Michigan Journal of International Law
The Yukos case has unveiled the possible dangers of money laundering legislation in the hands of governments with transitional economies and weak democratic traditions. Even if the anti-money laundering laws of the country comply with international pronouncements to the letter, there are still a number of ways the laws could be used for the sole purpose of persecuting political opponents. In the Yukos case, the money laundering charges were interrelated with the charges of corporate tax evasion, which, taken separately, in Russia, represent a rather weak tool for suppressing the political opponents, but taken together they are perfect for the …
Post-Cold War International Security Threats: Terrorism, Drugs, And Organized Crime Symposium Transcript, Michigan Journal Of International Law
Post-Cold War International Security Threats: Terrorism, Drugs, And Organized Crime Symposium Transcript, Michigan Journal Of International Law
Michigan Journal of International Law
Symposium transcript.
Traffic Jam: Recommendations For Civil Penalties To Curb The Recent Trafficking Of Women From Post-Cold War Russia, Christopher M. Pilkerton
Traffic Jam: Recommendations For Civil Penalties To Curb The Recent Trafficking Of Women From Post-Cold War Russia, Christopher M. Pilkerton
Michigan Journal of Gender & Law
This Article will examine the recent criminal trend of trafficking women from post-Cold War Russia into the United States. First, it will examine the Russian mafia and its development. It will also discuss the system of economic corruption that currently exists in Russia, which facilitates government involvement with this criminal activity. It will further investigate the issues surrounding trafficked women and the international anti-trafficking conventions that have been created by the United Nations. Next, it will go into a deeper discussion of the current status of relevant international law and the issues involving the International Criminal Court. Finally, this Article …
Should Courts Impose Rico's Pretrial Restraint Measures On Substitute Assets?, James M. Rosenthal
Should Courts Impose Rico's Pretrial Restraint Measures On Substitute Assets?, James M. Rosenthal
Michigan Law Review
This Note argues that courts should not apply RICO's pretrial restraint measures to substitute assets. Part I examines the text of RICO's forfeiture provisions in light of recent rulings by the Supreme Court providing guidance in interpreting the statute. Part I concludes that the statute's plain meaning limits pretrial restraint measures to tainted assets. Part II examines language in the legislative history of an earlier attempt to add a substitute asset provision to RICO and in the 1984 change from broad to specific language in the pretrial restraint provision. From this language, Part II concludes that Congress did not intend …
Extraterritorial Application Of Rico: Protecting U.S. Markets In A Global Economy, Kristen Neller
Extraterritorial Application Of Rico: Protecting U.S. Markets In A Global Economy, Kristen Neller
Michigan Journal of International Law
The Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO) was enacted by Congress in 1970 to combat organized crime in America. Since its enactment, it has been used extensively in both the civil and criminal arenas. With the participation of foreign corporations, foreign subsidiaries, and foreign actors in general in the U.S. economy, it is only a matter of time before foreign defendants will be sued under RICO. This Note will discuss whether RICO should be applied extraterritorially: that is, whether federal courts should assume jurisdiction over foreign entities as defendants in RICO claims. First, RICO's language, legislative history and application …
Masters Of Paradise: Organized Crime And The Internal Revenue Service In The Bahamas, Mary Lorenz Dietz
Masters Of Paradise: Organized Crime And The Internal Revenue Service In The Bahamas, Mary Lorenz Dietz
Michigan Journal of International Law
Review of the book by Alan A. Block
Private Plaintiffs' Use Of Equitable Remedies Under The Rico Statute: A Means To Reform Corrupted Labor Unions, Randy M. Mastro, Steven C. Bennett, Mary P. Donlevy
Private Plaintiffs' Use Of Equitable Remedies Under The Rico Statute: A Means To Reform Corrupted Labor Unions, Randy M. Mastro, Steven C. Bennett, Mary P. Donlevy
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
Part I of this Article outlines the government's approach to civil RICO actions involving labor unions, including an overview of the government's prior civil RICO actions and a summary of the types of issues that often arise in such actions. Part II examines the unique issues involved in a civil RICO action brought by a private plaintiff. The principal issue addressed in this Part is whether a private plaintiff can bring an action under the equitable remedies provisions of the RICO statute. This Part also addresses the issues of how a private plaintiff can gain access to information that may …
The Rico Nexus Requirement: A "Flexible" Linkage, Michigan Law Review
The Rico Nexus Requirement: A "Flexible" Linkage, Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
This Note argues that the RICO "nexus" requirement can be interpreted to limit effectively this overbroad use of RICO without emasculating the statute. The "nexus requirement" is generally described as defining the word "through" in section 1962(c), the provision of RICO that makes it illegal to "conduct or participate, directly or indirectly, in the conduct of [an] enterprise's affairs through a pattern of racketeering activity." This language establishes the necessity of proving a relationship between the enterprise and the racketeering. Once evidence of the alleged enterprise and the predicate racketeering acts has been submitted, the final element of proof must …
Disorganized Crime: The Economics Of The Visible Hand, Michigan Law Review
Disorganized Crime: The Economics Of The Visible Hand, Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
A Review of Disorganized Crime: The Economics of the Visible Hand by Peter Reuter
Vicious Circles: The Mafia In The Marketplace, Michigan Law Review
Vicious Circles: The Mafia In The Marketplace, Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
A Review of Vicious Circles: The Mafia in the Marketplace by Jonathan Kwitny
Criminal Redistribution Of Stolen Property: The Need For Law Reform, G. Robert Blakey, Michael Goldsmith
Criminal Redistribution Of Stolen Property: The Need For Law Reform, G. Robert Blakey, Michael Goldsmith
Michigan Law Review
Section I of this article describes various theft and fencing operations. As will be evident from that discussion, the most sophisticated fences are far removed from those receivers who are owners of seedy pawnshops or who indiscriminately select potential customers on the street, and thus they pose peculiar problems for law enforcement. Section II then identifies inadequacies in existing investigative techniques and in the substantive laws of receiving in light of modern theft and fencing operations. It proposes changes in the law and suggests appropriate law enforcement strategies to facilitate the detection and conviction of alleged fences. Needed changes in …
Organized Crime Control Act Of 1970: Introduction, J. Brian Williams
Organized Crime Control Act Of 1970: Introduction, J. Brian Williams
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
The purpose of the Organized Crime Control Act of 1970 is to facilitate the eventual eradication of organized crime in the United States, by strengthening the evidence-gathering process, by adopting new penal prohibitions, and by creating increased sanctions and numerous remedies to deal with unlawful activities. The primary thrust of the Act is aimed at three areas: the investigation of organized crime; the punishment of organized crime; and the examination of existing laws to determine their effectiveness in dealing with organized crime.
Title Vi - Depositions, Peter A. Kelly
Title Vi - Depositions, Peter A. Kelly
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
Title VI expands Rule 15 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure to permit the Government to depose its witnesses in certain limited classes of cases. Previously only the defendant had been accorded this right. Upon the motion of either party at any time after a criminal indictment or information has been filed, the court may order that the testimony of the party's witnesses be taken by deposition if "due to exceptional circumstances it is in the interest of justice" that such testimony be taken and preserved. Such exceptional circumstances were intended by Congress to include the existence of a …
Title Vii - Litigation Concerning Sources Of Evidence, Peter A. Kelly
Title Vii - Litigation Concerning Sources Of Evidence, Peter A. Kelly
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
There are two operative provisions of title VII, both of which mitigate previous judicially imposed restrictions on governmental collection and presentation of evidence in "any trial, hearing, or other proceeding in or before any court, grand jury, department, officer, agency, regulatory body, or other authority of the United States.” The first purports to set aside the Supreme Court's holding in the 1968 case of Alderman v. United States, in which the Court held that, in cases involving unlawful electronic surveillance, the government must make full disclosure to the defendant of all records in its possession which contain any of …
Title Viii - Gambling And Organized Crime, Richard Levy
Title Viii - Gambling And Organized Crime, Richard Levy
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
With these words, President Richard Nixon underscored the dangers presented by organized crime's use of gambling. The proceeds of such syndicated gambling activities are universally acknowledged to be the financial lifeblood of organized crime. With the capital initially obtained from illicit gambling, organized crime operatives are able to bribe government officials, make political contributions, engage in loan sharking operations, infiltrate and contaminate legitimate businesses, and hire the vast number of attorneys, accountants and other professionals necessary to the success of the operation. In an effort to launch a frontal attack on syndicated gambling throughout the United States, Congress enacted title …
Title Ix - Racketeer Influenced And Corrupt Organizations, Richard Levy
Title Ix - Racketeer Influenced And Corrupt Organizations, Richard Levy
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
Organized crime's penetration of legitimate business has long been a major congressional concern. Although the means employed to effect such penetration may vary, the result remains constant; organized crime is provided with additional economic power and a facade of legitimacy behind which it can more easily spread its influence and pursue its goals. At the same time, organized crime's monopolistic tendencies, furthered by its use of various forms of coercion, pose a serious threat to free trade and lawful ownership. Prior law proved inadequate in curtailing these abuses. Federal law was piecemeal and not designed to meet the challenge of …
Title I - Special Grand Jury, Jeffrey J. Greenbaum
Title I - Special Grand Jury, Jeffrey J. Greenbaum
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
Title I establishes special grand juries to sit in major population areas and other areas designated by the Attorney General. These grand juries are protected from arbitrary dismissal by the district court before completion of their work. They can sit for extended periods (a maximum of thirty-six months), and are authorized to issue reports concerning (a) noncriminal misconduct of appointed government officials or employees involving organized criminal activity; and (b) organized crime conditions within the district. When reports are issued concerning governmental misconduct, individuals named are given notice, afforded the opportunity to present evidence, file an answer, and obtain judicial …
Title Ii - General Immunity, Jeffrey J. Greenbaum
Title Ii - General Immunity, Jeffrey J. Greenbaum
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
This title repeals or conforms the over fifty existing federal immunity statutes and establishes a uniform federal immunity statute to apply to proceedings before or ancillary to a court, grand jury, or agency of the United States, either house of Congress, or its joint committees, committees or subcommittees. The scope of immunity granted protects a witness from the use of his testimony or its fruits in a future criminal prosecution, but does not protect him from prosecution itself. This reflects a positive decision by Congress that the fifth amendment self-incrimination clause only requires a grant of what has been referred …
Title Iii - Recalcitrant Witnesses, Jeffrey J. Greenbaum
Title Iii - Recalcitrant Witnesses, Jeffrey J. Greenbaum
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
This title represents a congressional attempt to codify the court-developed civil contempt practice. When a witness is granted immunity and still refuses to answer the question presented to him he can be ordered by a court to answer the specific question. Upon his continued refusal, a court can have him confined summarily until he complies with such order, or until he is no longer able to comply. Such confinement is not intended to be punitive in nature, but rather to coerce compliance with the court's order by imposing imprisonment as an alternative to answering the question. The witness will be …
Title Iv - False Declarations, Jeffrey J. Greenbaum
Title Iv - False Declarations, Jeffrey J. Greenbaum
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
Title IV was designed to facilitate the bringing of federal perjury prosecutions, thereby strengthening the deterrent value of the perjury penalties and acting as a greater incentive for truthful testimony. It establishes a new false declarations statute applicable to court and grand jury proceedings, with maximum penalty slightly increased over that allowable under the previously controlling perjury statute.
Title X - Dangerous Special Offender Sentencing, Richard Levy
Title X - Dangerous Special Offender Sentencing, Richard Levy
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
Undoubtedly the most controversial new provision in the Organized Crime Control Act of 1970 is title X. Title X authorizes a federal prosecuting attorney to notify the defendant and the court before trial that the defendant, if found guilty of the felony on which he is being tried, is in the prosecutor's opinion also subject to the dangerous special offender provisions embodied in the title. Should the defendant be judged guilty of the felony, he then will fall subject to an additional penalty beyond that received for the conviction if the judge finds that he qualifies as one of three …
Hearsay And Conspiracy: A Reexamination Of The Co-Conspirators' Exception To The Hearsay Rule, Joseph H. Levie
Hearsay And Conspiracy: A Reexamination Of The Co-Conspirators' Exception To The Hearsay Rule, Joseph H. Levie
Michigan Law Review
The expansion of the law of conspiracy and the increasing number of prosecutions for its violation have been much commented on lately. Many kinds of anti-social conduct directed principally against the public welfare are now frequently punished by prosecution for conspiracy instead of prosecution for the substantive offense. Conspiracy is an ideal way to deal with organized crime and has been used extensively against quasi-treasonous activities. Similarly the Sherman Act's criminal sanctions are primarily couched in terms of conspiracy and the civil conspiracy action for divestiture or dissolution is the usual method of enforcing the antitrust laws. This emphasis on …