Law Commons^™

Sex Is Not A Three-Letter Word: The Effect Of Manipulating The Definition Of "Sex" On The Future Of Transgender Athletes, Emily Grubman

Loyola of Los Angeles Entertainment Law Review

Title IX makes it unlawful for educational institutions receiving federal funding to discriminate “on the basis of sex.” But in the context of high school and college athletics, and specific to transgender athletes, what should the meaning of “sex” be? The Obama administration believed that “on the basis of sex” in Title IX includes “gender” in the meaning of “sex.” However, the Trump administration has proposed revoking that understanding, limiting the term “sex” to mean male or female, defined at birth. In the com- ing year, the Supreme Court may decide in R.G. & G.R. Harris Funeral Homes, Inc. v. …

Scuffed Chucks: Converse's Scuffle, The Federal Circuit's Overstep, And The Court's Stance On Trademark Infringement, Angela Tam

Loyola of Los Angeles Entertainment Law Review

The multi-billion-dollar footwear industry accounts for an enormous portion of the United States economy. Among the top brands, an iconic pair of shoes is the Converse All-Star Chuck Taylor. The rubber shoe company generated a global revenue of nearly $2 billion in 2019 alone. The consistent popularity of the Chuck Taylors over the last decades has prompted many copycats to try to mimic the company’s leading look.

The Federal Circuit recently ruled in a trademark infringement case, Converse Inc. v. International Trade Commission. The case followed Converse’s complaint against various footwear products, including brands such as Sketchers and New Balance, …

California, Are You There? It's The Entertainment Industry Calling And We Need Net Neutrality, Olivia Young

Loyola of Los Angeles Entertainment Law Review

With online streaming rapidly replacing cable as the preferred method of media consumption for viewers, demand for online content is at an all-time high. Behind the scenes of the entertainment evolution is an open and neutral Internet that facilitates equal access to all online content. Until recently, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) committed to preserving the neutral net by passing Net Neutrality regulations that prohibited Internet Service Providers (ISPs) from blocking, throttling, or prioritizing online content. That changed on December 14, 2017, when the FCC repealed Net Neutrality, lifting the restrictions that once prevented ISPs from differentially transmitting online content. …

Attempts Towards A Zero-Sum Game: A Recurring Imbalance Between Individual Privacy And The Fourth Amendment, Christopher Netniss

Loyola of Los Angeles Entertainment Law Review

The digital era we live in today allows society to work, shop, socialize, and even monitor one’s health without having to leave the confines of one’s home. In a recent landmark privacy case, Carpenter v. United States, the individual privacy implications of the Fourth Amendment were strengthened when the Supreme Court held that the government must generally obtain a warrant before collecting more than six days of historical cell-site location information from a third-party service provider, like Verizon. Cell-site location information could implicate numerous Fourth Amendment concepts, such as the third-party doctrine, mosaic theory, and public exposure doctrine. Refusing to …

Actual Harm Means It Is Too Late: How Rosenbach V. Six Flags Demonstrates Effective Biometric Information Privacy Law, Chloe Stepney

Loyola of Los Angeles Entertainment Law Review

Technology is rapidly advancing, and the law is trying to keep up. While this challenge is not new, technological advancements are impacting privacy rights in unprecedented ways. Using a fingerprint to clock in at work or face identification to unlock a smartphone provides ease and convenience, but at what cost?

Currently, there is no federal law that regulates the collection, use, and storage of biometric information in the private sector. On a local level, three states have enacted laws that specifically address biometrics. Of those, the Biometric Information Privacy Act (BIPA) in Illinois provides the strongest protections for consumers, who …

Be Honest With Me: How Federal Regulation Of Sports Gambling Must Protect The Integrity Of The Game, Grant Ellfeldt

Loyola of Los Angeles Entertainment Law Review

On May 14, 2018, the Supreme Court struck down the Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act (PASPA). Before the Court’s decision, PASPA had entirely prohibited states from legalizing sports gambling. In light of their newfound liberty, states began to individually legalize and regulate sports gambling. The federal government did not wait long to introduce their own regulations. On December 19, 2018, Congress introduced the Sports Wagering Market Integrity Act (SWMIA). At its core, SWMIA is designed to protect the integrity of professional sports.

To protect the integrity of professional sports and prevent fraud, SWMIA must accomplish three things. First, because …

Courts, Trademarks, And The Icann Gold Rush: No Free Speech In Top Level Domains, Jerome O'Callaghan, Paula O'Callaghan

Loyola of Los Angeles Entertainment Law Review

In recent years, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) expanded top-level domains, such as .com, .net, and .org, to include a very wide variety of new terms. One of the new options is .sucks. This Article examines the potential for conflict when trademark holders seek to protect their mark in the context of the .sucks domain. There is a temptation to see this issue in terms of consumers’ free speech rights pitted against corporate interests. However, the recent privatization of ICANN does not bode well for promoting consumers’ First Amendment rights in domain name battles.

Net Neutrality And The European Union’S Copyright Directive For The Digital Single Market, Nathan Guzé

Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review

The European Union’s Copyright Directive for the Digital Single Market should cause concern for net neutrality advocates. This article casts a critical gaze at Article 17 (previously Article 13) of this new Directive. It chronicles the Directive’s life: starting as a reaction to the perceived inadequate copyright protections provided by the previous Information Society Copyright Directive through to its then-present status circa May 2019. Next, net neutrality is defined, and its benefits and detriments are weighed to ultimately determine the policy is desirable. Article 17’s call for eliminating safe-harbor provisions for content hosts and its call for content filters signal …

An Empirical Examination Of Consumer Survey Use In Trademark Litigation, Katie Brown Ph.D, Natasha T. Brison, Paul Batista

Loyola of Los Angeles Entertainment Law Review

This Article is a comprehensive examination of the use of consumer surveys in trademark litigation cases at the federal level. Previous research has shown consumer surveys can be critical to the outcome of trademark litigation, as they measure the idiosyncratic mental associations and reactions of prospective consumers. For this Article, this study examined 843 trademark infringement and dilution cases spanning 2007 to 2017. The findings reveal consumer surveys are not utilized in trademark litigation as often as research suggests they should be. While consumer surveys are not required in trademark litigation, nor necessarily easy or inexpensive to com- mission, this …

How The Holding In Dent V. National Football League Tackles Collective Bargaining Agreements, Nairi Dulgarian

Loyola of Los Angeles Entertainment Law Review

In 2014, a group of retired professional football players sued the National Football League (“NFL”), claiming that the league distributed con- trolled substances and prescription drugs to them in violation of state and federal laws. The trial court ruled that the players’ state law claims are preempted by section301 of the Labor Management Relations Act (“LMRA”), and that the players should instead follow the arbitration procedures set out in the agreed upon collective bargaining agreement. However, the Ninth Circuit reversed the NFL’s motion to dismiss on the grounds that the players’ claims are not preempted by section 301. Ultimately, the …

Taxation In The Cyber Age: The Future Of Wayfair, Hasmik Hmayakyan

Loyola of Los Angeles Entertainment Law Review

This Comment aims to act as a guiding source for potential issues that will arise from South Dakota v. Wayfair, which was decided in August 2018. The Wayfair decision changed the long-held requirement that states can only collect sales taxes from sellers that have a physical presence within the state.

Under Complete Auto Transit, Inc. v. Brady, the Supreme Court put forth a test that states must meet if they wish to collect a sales tax from sellers. One of the prongs of this test allows a state to collect a sales tax from a seller if the seller has …

Blurred Justice, Allen Madison, Paul Lombardi Ph.D

Loyola of Los Angeles Entertainment Law Review

This article discusses a recent controversial copyright case involving inspiration. Marvin Gaye’s family, who owns the copyright to “Got to Give It Up,” claimed that “Blurred Lines,” made famous by Robin Thicke, infringes on the family’s copyright. The Gaye family prevailed at trial. At summary judgment, the Federal District Court permitted the case to go to trial without determining whether there were elements to “Got to Give It Up” that were unprotected as unoriginal, commonplace musical ideas, or musical building blocks. Had the court made such a determination, it is doubtful the case would have gone to trial. The summary …

Towards A New California Revised Uniform Fiduciary Access To Digital Assets Act, Michael T. Yu

Loyola of Los Angeles Entertainment Law Review

California enacted the Revised Uniform Fiduciary Access to Digital Assets Act (the California RUFADAA) to govern the disclosure (or non-disclosure) of digital assets when a California resident dies. Digital assets include not just emails and social media accounts but may also include online files and assets, digital currencies, domain names, and blogs. The California RUFADAA ostensibly governs the disclosure of digital assets only when a California resident dies, and it, therefore, does not govern the scenario when a California resident becomes incapacitated and can no longer handle his or her digital assets. This scenario is likely to become more common …

The Flsa And The Ncaa's Potential Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day, Sam Ehrlich

Loyola of Los Angeles Entertainment Law Review

The NCAA is at a crossroads with student-athlete compensation. Over the past few decades, the NCAA and its partners have faced lawsuits from several different angles with essentially one consistent argument: Student-athletes deserve to be compensated for what they provide to colleges and universities.

In two such lawsuits—Dawson v. NCAA and Livers v. NCAA—the plaintiffs have attempted a new strategy: arguing that revenue sport student- athletes are employees under the Fair Labor Standards Act (“FLSA”). These cases have gained some traction, and the distinctive protections granted to employees under the FLSA present unique challenges worth exploring.

This Article analyzes the …

Murphy V. Ncaa: The Supreme Court's Latest Advance In Chemerinsky's "Federalism Revolution", Jonathan O. Ballard Jr.

Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review

No abstract provided.

When Sports Stand Against Human Rights: Regulating Restrictions On Athlete Speech In The Global Sports Arena, Faraz Shahlaei

Loyola of Los Angeles Entertainment Law Review

Even after the International Olympic Committee’s quick and harsh response to the “black power salute” in the 1968 Olympic Games— positing that the apolitical Olympic Games were not a suitable venue for domestic political statements—athletes continued using their platform to protest human rights violations. Should such conduct be allowed? Are athletes entitled to display their political opinions on the field? Or should athletic organizations be allowed to regulate their athletes’ protests and political speech in the arena? On the one hand, freedom of speech is a fundamental human right. On the other, sports have a long history of remaining apolitical—limiting …

Loopholes, Licensing, And Legislation: Considering The Needs Of People With Disabilities In The Autonomous Vehicle Revolution, Caroline Glennie-Smith

Loyola of Los Angeles Entertainment Law Review

Self-driving vehicles have the potential to revolutionize transportation for all Americans and will be especially beneficial for the more than fifty-seven million Americans with a disability. This Note offers a primer on a rapidly-developing area of law and policy that will permanently alter how Americans interact with transportation. While public availability of autonomous vehicles is anticipated as early as next year, widespread use of these vehicles is likely at least a decade away. The lag between current-day prototypes and future widespread public availability provides lawmakers, self-driving vehicle manufacturers, and the disability community an important opportunity to work together to shape …

Time's Up: Addressing Gender-Based Wage Discrimination In Professional Sports, Nicole Zerunyan

Loyola of Los Angeles Entertainment Law Review

Gender-based wage discrimination in professional sports is wide-spread. Female athletes, competing individually or as part of a team, are consistently paid substantially less than their male counterparts. To combat such discrimination and eliminate the gender pay gap, Congress passed the Equal Pay Act (“Act”) in 1963. While born of good intentions, the Act falls drastically short of its intended goal. Its restrictive language—specifically, its “same establishment” requirement—excludes separately owned teams. As most men’s and women’s professional sports teams are separately owned, their players are effectively barred from bringing wage-discrimination claims. This Note proposes two ways of addressing that issue: (1) …

Santopietro V. Howell's Misstep And The Need To Correct The Preventable Adverse Impact Of Vendor Licensing Laws On Street Performers' Expressive Conduct, Stephen Touchton

Loyola of Los Angeles Entertainment Law Review

Street performers and artists who engage in expressive activity in traditional public fora are often adversely impacted by the enforcement of vendor licensing laws. Cited, arrested, or negatively impacted in other ways for selling their goods or services, street performers and artists have brought First Amendment challenges to the enforcement of these laws against them. The Ninth Circuit’s recent opinion in Santopietro v. Howelland the Second Circuit’s opinion in Bery v. City of New York demonstrate how courts’ varied approaches to these challenges have led to inconsistent results.

This Comment first discusses why and how local governments should directly address …

Fourth Circuit Fumbles The Ball: Spirit Of Disability Rights Compromised In The Wake Of Class V. Townson University, Dave Peterson

Loyola of Los Angeles Entertainment Law Review

The Fourth Circuit’s recent decision in Class v. Towson University threatens the rights guaranteed to disabled persons under the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) and the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (“Rehab Act”). The Acts demand that disabled persons not be excluded from activities based on unsubstantiated paternalistic concerns, and, where exclusion occurs, the Acts entrust courts to evaluate whether exclusion was warranted in light of the best available objective evidence. This Comment argues that by deferring to the speculative fears and subjective judgment of Towson University—the very entity accused of violating the ADA and Rehab Act in Class …

Filter Wars: The Fight To Determine Filtering Rights Under The Family Movie Act And The Digital Millennium Copyright Act, Amanda Garcia

Loyola of Los Angeles Entertainment Law Review

The development of filtering and streaming technology over the last twenty years has put in to question the purpose and intent of legislation meant to encompass those technologies. This Comment considers the exclusive rights of copyright owners in their protected works, and the circumvention of the encryptions placed on DVD and Blu-Ray discs to prevent the unauthorized decryption, filtering, and streaming of those works. This Comment will weigh the rights of creators of expressive works, such as films and television shows, against the rights of the purchasers to filter the works. A new defense to circumvention liability will be raised …

Judge, Jury, And Executioner: Roger Goodell And The Power To Punish, Ursula Petersen

Loyola of Los Angeles Entertainment Law Review

This Note examines the unbridled disciplinary powers granted to NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell. These powers, granted by the NFL’s Collective Bargaining Agreement, allow Goodell to indiscriminately punish NFL players for violent, off-field behavior. The increased media coverage of domestic violence and sexual assault—perpetrated by NFL players—has damaged the NFL’s public persona and resulted in loss of sponsorship. In response, Goodell has pledged to deter violent behavior and punish player indiscretions by crafting and implementing harsher Personal Conduct Policies.

This Note explores the history of NFL disciplinary policies and the legal challenges to Goodell’s disciplinary powers. Additionally, this Note looks at …

The First Amendment And Content Restrictions In State Film Incentive Programs, Dr. Joel Timmer

Loyola of Los Angeles Entertainment Law Review

In recent years, many states have offered incentive programs to lure film production and its associated economic benefits—increased jobs, spending, and tourism—to their states. Several of these programs have restrictions that deny incentives based on a film’s content. For example, Texas denies film incentives to projects that have “inappropriate content” or portray “Texas or Texans in a negative way.” This article concludes that these restrictions do not violate the First Amendment. Two key considerations factor into this conclusion: First, in granting subsidies, the government may apply criteria that would be impermissible in a regulatory context. Second, the denial of a …

Capitol Records V. Vimeo: How The Digital Millennium Copyright Act Is Outdated And In Need Of Revision, Dustin Johnson

Loyola of Los Angeles Entertainment Law Review

This Comment analyzes the Second Circuit Court of Appeals’ interpretation of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) in Capitol Records, LLC v. Vimeo, LLC, 826 F.3d 78 (2d Cir. 2016). Beginning with a brief overview of the DMCA’s history, this Comment acknowledges the Second Circuit’s holding in Viacom Int’l Inc. v. YouTube, Inc., 676 F.3d 19 (2d Cir. 2012). In Viacom, the Second Circuit set precedent with its interpretation of the knowledge requirements for safe harbor under section 512(c) of the DMCA.

In Capitol Records, the Second Circuit confirmed its holding in Viacom but missed an …

Battle Of The Band: Exploring The Unconstitutionality Of Section 2(A) Of The Lanham Act And The Fate Of Disparaging, Scandalous, And Immoral Trademarks In A Consumer-Driven Market, Tanya Behnam

Loyola of Los Angeles Entertainment Law Review

In the 2016-2017 term, the Supreme Court issued its opinion in Matal v. Tam, holding that the Lanham Act’s section 2(a) ban on disparaging trademarks—which prevents registration of any trademarks that the PTO deems to be disparaging to any groups or institutions—is unconstitutional. Although meant to only apply to section 2(a)’s ban on disparaging trademarks, the Court’s decision increases the likelihood that section 2(a)’s still-standing ban on scandalous and immoral marks are unconstitutional as well.

This Comment first reviews the basic principles of trademark law and the Lanham Act, summarizes Simon Tam’s legal battles, and briefly presents the conflicting …

Stop The 'Nazzi': Why The United States Needs A Full Ban On Paparazzi Photographs Of Children Of Celebrities, Dayna Berkowitz

Loyola of Los Angeles Entertainment Law Review

No abstract provided.

Leveling (Up) The Playing Field: A Policy-Based Case For Legalizing And Regulating Esports Gambling, Matthew Dobill

Loyola of Los Angeles Entertainment Law Review

No abstract provided.

Comment: Ray V. Espn, Inc. And The Need For Further Development In Copyright Preemption Analysis Of The Right Of Publicity In Professional Sports, Thomas Hwang

Loyola of Los Angeles Entertainment Law Review

No abstract provided.

Comment: United States V. Nosal Ii, Futoshi Dean Takatsuki

Loyola of Los Angeles Entertainment Law Review

No abstract provided.

Comment: Equal Access Requires Full Captioning Of Music And Song Lyrics For The Deaf And Hard Of Hearing, Frances Choi

Loyola of Los Angeles Entertainment Law Review

No abstract provided.