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Articles 31 - 60 of 104
Full-Text Articles in Law
Interpreting Urugual Round Agreements Act Section 102(B)'S Safeguards For State Sovereignty: Reconciling Judicial Independence With The United States Trade Representative's Policy Expertise, Brandon Johnson
Michigan Journal of International Law
In this Note, I address the concerns of one aspect of this academic commentary-the claim that the WTO Agreement may cause a tectonic shift in domestic regulatory power, away from the states and toward the federal government and/or the WTO. I argue that while the concerns about the loss of national sovereignty are exaggerated, there is a very real threat to the sovereignty of the States. Congress was aware of this danger and included a variety of provisions designed specifically to protect state sovereignty from federal encroachment in the Uruguay Round Agreements Act (URAA), the federal legislation incorporating the WTO …
The Anatomy Of An Institutionalized Emergency: Preventive Detention And Personal Liberty In India, Derek P. Jinks
The Anatomy Of An Institutionalized Emergency: Preventive Detention And Personal Liberty In India, Derek P. Jinks
Michigan Journal of International Law
Despite many indications of an emerging transnational consensus on the scope of human rights law, fundamental disagreements persist. These disagreements are, in many respects, structured around important cleavages in the international community such as: North/South, East/West, and capitalist/socialist. Whether these cleavages are understood as cultural, economic, or political, international lawyers must develop a better understanding of the specific practices that generate divergent interpretations of human rights standards. Without such an understanding, these factions seem to underscore an irreducibly political conception of human rights. Indeed, the prospects of a global "community of law" turn on the degree to which fundamental differences …
Time For Final Action On 18 U.S.C. § 3292, Abraham Abramovsky, Jonathan I. Edelstein
Time For Final Action On 18 U.S.C. § 3292, Abraham Abramovsky, Jonathan I. Edelstein
Michigan Journal of International Law
18 U.S.C. § 3292 was enacted in order to meet a compelling prosecutorial need-the increasing necessity of obtaining evidence from abroad via procedures which are frequently time-consuming. However, the statute contains numerous ambiguities, as well as built-in disadvantages both to prosecutors and defendants, which diminish its value as a prosecutorial evidence-gathering device while increasing the possibility that defendants' rights and expectations will be violated. However, it is possible to interpret the statute in a manner which is consistent with its terms and purpose and which concomitantly preserves the rights of the Government and of grand jury targets.
The New Rules On Cross-Border Tender And Exchange Offers, Business Combinations And Rights Offerings: Competition Or Harmonization?, Julian T. Perlmutter
The New Rules On Cross-Border Tender And Exchange Offers, Business Combinations And Rights Offerings: Competition Or Harmonization?, Julian T. Perlmutter
Michigan Journal of International Law
This note introduces the Cross-Border Rules in the context of the rapidly changing securities markets and highly competitive regulatory systems noted above. It addresses the elements and impact of internationalization on cross-border tender offers and the modern U.S. regulatory response. The SEC has avoided any public moves to harmonize the U.S. system with those of other major capital markets and has instead made incremental changes aimed at maintaining the system's perceived strengths. The Cross-Border Rules represent a somewhat ungainly attempt to placate U.S. investors by bending the Williams Act tender offer rules using exemptions for certain transactions.
The Limited Public Offer In German And U.S. Securities Law: A Comparative Analysis Of Prospectus Act Section 2(2) And Rule 505 Of Regulation D, David B. Guenther
The Limited Public Offer In German And U.S. Securities Law: A Comparative Analysis Of Prospectus Act Section 2(2) And Rule 505 Of Regulation D, David B. Guenther
Michigan Journal of International Law
This Note examines the "limited circle of persons" exception in section 2(2) of the Prospectus Act in comparison to similar provisions of U.S. federal securities law, particularly Section 3(b) of the Securities Act of 1933 (the "Securities Act") and Rule 505 of Regulation D ("Rule 505"). Comparison of the Prospectus Act to U.S. securities law seems both warranted and useful. Certain aspects of German securities law are broadly modeled on U.S. precedents. U.S. securities laws reflect more than sixty-five years of experience defining (and re-defining) public and limited public offers and private placements. U.S. securities regulators have also displayed in …
Are Extraterritorial Restrictions On Bribery A Viable Policy Goal Under The Global Conditions Of The Late Twentieth Century? Increasing Global Security By Controlling Transnational Bribery, Philip M. Nichols
Michigan Journal of International Law
This paper argues that global security can no longer be evaluated in the realist terms of the sovereignty of nations, and that global insecurity does not arise merely from a handful of relatively straightforward issues. As an analytical tool, this paper turns instead to the concept of "complex interdependence" put forward by Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye. This paper then demonstrates how transnational bribery damages the quality of transnational relationships, thus endangering global security. The paper concludes by examining empirical observations. Empirically, transnational bribery has contributed significantly to global instability. On the other hand, no empirical observations suggest that extraterritorial …
Customary International Law And Human Rights Treaties Are Law Of The United States, Jordan J. Paust
Customary International Law And Human Rights Treaties Are Law Of The United States, Jordan J. Paust
Michigan Journal of International Law
The Founders clearly expected that the customary law of nations was binding, was supreme law, created (among others) private rights and duties, and would be applicable in United States federal courts. For example, at the time of the formation of the Constitution John Jay had written: "Under the national government… the laws of nations, will always be expounded in one sense… [and there is] wisdom… in committing such questions to the jurisdiction and judgment of courts appointed by and responsible only to one national government...” In 1792, the supremacy of the customary law of nations within the United States was …
Using Immigration Law To Protect Human Rights: A Legislative Proposal, William J. Aceves, Paul L. Hoffman
Using Immigration Law To Protect Human Rights: A Legislative Proposal, William J. Aceves, Paul L. Hoffman
Michigan Journal of International Law
This Article suggests that the rationale underlying the Nazi persecution and genocide provisions of the Immigration and Nationality Act should be extended to all cases where aliens have participated in gross human rights violations. Quite simply, the logic underlying these provisions applies with equal rigor and intensity to all forms of human rights violations regardless of where or when they took place. Immigration relief is truly a priceless treasure. The United States should not become a haven for those aliens who have violated the most fundamental norms of international human rights law. Accordingly, immigration relief must not be provided to …
The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act As A Threat To Global Harmony, Steven R. Salbu
The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act As A Threat To Global Harmony, Steven R. Salbu
Michigan Journal of International Law
Focusing primarily on the pragmatic and moral perils of cultural imperialism, I also alluded very briefly to a "political peril" that arises from the FCPA. This peril consists of the added risk of cross-national hostility that is attributable to officious and overreaching legislation across national borders. This article will examine the political hazard in greater detail, explaining why the proliferation of FCPA-style legislation unjustifiably increases the threat to global harmony.
Policing Illicit U.S. Business Actions Overseas, Paula Stern, Alexander W. Koff
Policing Illicit U.S. Business Actions Overseas, Paula Stern, Alexander W. Koff
Michigan Journal of International Law
Review of The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act: Coping with Corruption in Transitional Economies by Jeffrey P. Bialos & Gregory Husisian
Translating & Interpreting Foreign Statutes, Andrew N. Adler
Translating & Interpreting Foreign Statutes, Andrew N. Adler
Michigan Journal of International Law
This article aspires to address academics and anyone who must translate or interpret foreign statutes without previous in-depth education in the alien language and law. To make matters more interesting, the author concentrates on the plight of the minority of judges who want to arrive at independently reasoned interpretations of foreign law when given the opportunity. Most judges strive mightily to avoid even having to glance at foreign laws. And, when it becomes absolutely necessary to read a foreign code, most judges and litigators retain the centuries-old habit of relying too slavishly on tendentious expert testimony. Furthermore, while most states …
Securitization Of State Ownership: Chinese Securities Law, Minkang Gu, Robert C. Art
Securitization Of State Ownership: Chinese Securities Law, Minkang Gu, Robert C. Art
Michigan Journal of International Law
Part I of this article establishes the scope of analysis and defines the Chinese use of the term "security," which is more limited than under American law. Parts II and III briefly examine the history of Chinese securities laws and the understanding of securities by the Chinese people. Part IV focuses on the government's motivations in establishing the securities markets. Part V discusses the distinctively Chinese approach of classifying shares according to the characteristics and nationality of permitted shareholders. Part VI addresses the future development of Chinese securities markets. The conclusion reflects on the significance of western forms of securities …
Laws Separating Commercial Banking And Securities Activities As An Impediment To Free Trade In Financial Services: A Comparative Study Of Competitiveness In The International Market For Financial Services, Sarah A. Wagman
Michigan Journal of International Law
By comparing U.S., Japanese, and European institutions' competitiveness in the international market for financial services, this Note focuses on the possible implications of the Glass-Steagall Act in the international trade context as a means of exploring some of the additional arguments which have emerged in favor of reforming U.S. bank regulation.
Bringing Down Private Trade Barriers- An Assessment Of The United States' Unilateral Options: Section 301 Of The 1974 Trade Act And Extraterritorial Applications Of U.S. Antitrust Law, Aubry D. Smith
Michigan Journal of International Law
This note examines how the antitrust and trade law options operate, with the two-fold purpose of providing some idea of their potential effectiveness and also suggesting what limitations, if any, should be placed on their use. Parts I and II analyze the mechanics of applying the antitrust and Section 301 remedies to eliminate foreign trade-restrictive business practices. In light of this discussion of how the two processes work, Part III considers whether they are likely to get out of control and suggests how they ought to be restrained. Part III finds that Section 301 is subject to a number of …
Extraterritorial Application Of Rico: Protecting U.S. Markets In A Global Economy, Kristen Neller
Extraterritorial Application Of Rico: Protecting U.S. Markets In A Global Economy, Kristen Neller
Michigan Journal of International Law
The Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO) was enacted by Congress in 1970 to combat organized crime in America. Since its enactment, it has been used extensively in both the civil and criminal arenas. With the participation of foreign corporations, foreign subsidiaries, and foreign actors in general in the U.S. economy, it is only a matter of time before foreign defendants will be sued under RICO. This Note will discuss whether RICO should be applied extraterritorially: that is, whether federal courts should assume jurisdiction over foreign entities as defendants in RICO claims. First, RICO's language, legislative history and application …
Withdrawal And Expulsion In Germany: A Comparative Perspective On The "Close Corporation Problem", Hugh T. Scogin Jr.
Withdrawal And Expulsion In Germany: A Comparative Perspective On The "Close Corporation Problem", Hugh T. Scogin Jr.
Michigan Journal of International Law
This article will examine the German legal system's experience with fashioning remedies for the "close corporation problem" and the underlying concepts that have shaped these remedies. Part I will trace the growth of the doctrines of withdrawal and expulsion in the context of Germany's troubled history. Part II will compare German and U.S. approaches on both practical and conceptual levels. On one level, the focus of the article is narrow. It deals with specific, technical solutions to only the most extreme examples of the close corporation problem. Such cases are not frequently litigated. Their doctrines do, however, constitute default rules …
Environmental Reforms In Post-Communist Central Europe: From High Hopes To Hard Reality, Margaret Bowman, David Hunter
Environmental Reforms In Post-Communist Central Europe: From High Hopes To Hard Reality, Margaret Bowman, David Hunter
Michigan Journal of International Law
This article surveys the environmental law reforms taking place throughout the region and some of the important issues surrounding these reforms. Two caveats to this approach should be highlighted at the outset. First, information from the region is still somewhat incomplete. Precise translations of laws, in particular, are not always available. This article can provide only a general guide to legislative and regulatory trends in the region and should not form the basis for specific action or decisions. Second, every country in the region is different, with its own complexities. Despite our failure to resist the temptation to generalize about …
Above All, Do No Harm: The Application Of The Exon-Florio Amendment To Dual-Use Technologies, Gerald T. Nowak
Above All, Do No Harm: The Application Of The Exon-Florio Amendment To Dual-Use Technologies, Gerald T. Nowak
Michigan Journal of International Law
In support of this proposition, this Note will first examine the legislative history and executive enforcement of the Exon-Florio Amendment, followed by a discussion of the goals of Exon-Florio and the applicability of Exon-Florio to dual-use technologies. Then, after an examination of the attitudes and experience of the European Community with regards to such protectionism, specifically in France and the United Kingdom, this Note will argue that vigorous enforcement of the Exon-Florio Amendment, and a fortiori passage of the Technology Preservation Act, is likely to result in less, not more, domestic production of dual-use technologies. As a matter of defense …
Can Antidumping Law Apply To Trade In Services?, Hideaki Kubo
Can Antidumping Law Apply To Trade In Services?, Hideaki Kubo
Michigan Journal of International Law
In this paper, the author will investigate whether current U.S. antidumping law can apply to trade in services. Because service industries vary significantly in nature, the author takes an industry-specific approach, selecting three service industries - insurance, banking, and construction - and discussing possible problems in applying the U.S. antidumping law to these industries.
Child Welfare Legislation In India: Will Indian Children Benefit From The United Nations Convention On The Rights Of The Child, Shahana Dasgupta
Child Welfare Legislation In India: Will Indian Children Benefit From The United Nations Convention On The Rights Of The Child, Shahana Dasgupta
Michigan Journal of International Law
The subject of children's rights has been dealt with both directly and indirectly in a number of international legal instruments over the years. Initially, there were differences concerning the need for a Convention over and above the already existing legislation. Some countries felt that children should not be treated as a category set apart from other human beings and thereby be the object of a separate legal document. On the other hand, countries in favor of a Convention wanted to create a single legal instrument which would take into account children's requirements on a universal scale. They also saw the …
Section 301 And The Appearance Of Unilateralism, Warren Maruyama
Section 301 And The Appearance Of Unilateralism, Warren Maruyama
Michigan Journal of International Law
Despite extensive criticism, section 301 is a modest statute. It directs the United States Trade Representative (USTR), subject to the direction of the President, to take action if (1) the rights of the United States under a trade agreement are being denied, or (2) an act, policy, or practice of a foreign government is "unjustifiable" and burdens or restricts U.S. commerce. It also authorizes the USTR, again subject to the direction of the President, to act if (3) an act, policy, or practice of a foreign government is "unreasonable" and burdens or restricts U.S. commerce.
Translation Of Legal Texts: Three English Versions Of The Swiss Federal Statute On Private International Law, Walter König
Translation Of Legal Texts: Three English Versions Of The Swiss Federal Statute On Private International Law, Walter König
Michigan Journal of International Law
Working with translated legal materials can be frustrating and treacherous. Lawyers who are regularly forced to do this soon realize their limitations and end up wishing they had taken the trouble to study the original language. They also appreciate the difficulties confronting the translator. Mastery of the languages involved is necessary, but not sufficient, particularly where the user of a translation expects a literal translation, the legal systems of the starting languages and target language differ fundamentally and the subject matter is highly abstract.
Regulation Of Imports And Foregn Investment In The United States On National Security Grounds, David Scott Nance, Jessica Wasserman
Regulation Of Imports And Foregn Investment In The United States On National Security Grounds, David Scott Nance, Jessica Wasserman
Michigan Journal of International Law
Traditionally, concerns over the effects of trade and investment on national security have centered upon the transfer of products and technologies with potential military uses. However, national security concerns also arise with respect to the economic and military impact of imports and of foreign acquisition of domestic assets. The United States has a longstanding statute, section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, that allows the President to restrict imports of goods on national security grounds. More recently, another statute, popularly referred to as the Exon-Florio Act, provides the President with authority to bar the acquisition of United States …
The Impact Of U.S. Trade Law On Government Policy Making In The Republic Of China, P. K. Chiang
The Impact Of U.S. Trade Law On Government Policy Making In The Republic Of China, P. K. Chiang
Michigan Journal of International Law
Since President Reagan signed the Omnibus Trade Act on August 23, 1988, the U.S. government has completed a series of investigations according to the provisions of the Act. Consultations aimed at forcing its trading partners to adjust their trade- policies which are regarded as unfair to U.S. trade have also been held in the past ten months or so. Being one of the most important trading partners of the U.S. – both in terms of its overall trade volume and its surplus with the U.S. – the Republic of China on Taiwan (ROC) seems to have become a target of …
Publish And Perish: Congress's Effort To Snip Snepp (Before And Afsa), Michael J. Glennon
Publish And Perish: Congress's Effort To Snip Snepp (Before And Afsa), Michael J. Glennon
Michigan Journal of International Law
Over three million present and former federal employees, of the Executive as well as the Congress, are parties to so-called "pre-publication review agreements," which require that they submit any writings on topics related to their employment for Executive review prior to publication. In Section 630 of the Omnibus Continuing Resolution for Fiscal Year 1988, Congress attempted to restrict the use of funds to implement or enforce certain of those agreements. On May 27, 1988, however, the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, in American Foreign Service Association v. Garfinkel ("AFSA "), struck that section down, …
Political Questions In International Trade: Judicial Review Of Section 301?, Erwin P. Eichmann, Gary N. Horlick
Political Questions In International Trade: Judicial Review Of Section 301?, Erwin P. Eichmann, Gary N. Horlick
Michigan Journal of International Law
Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974 ("Section 301") has become an increasingly potent and widely-used tool in the U.S. arsenal of trade policy measures. The past few years have seen a proliferation of Section 301 cases, affecting the trade of goods and services in Europe, Asia, and Latin America. Even so, in the debate over the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988 ("Omnibus Trade Act"), Congress expressed impatience with the President's discretion in not undertaking more Section 301 retaliations. But while much attention has focused on the politics and policy aspects of Section 301, little has been …
The Anti-Dumping Systems Of Australia, Canada, The Eec And The United States Of America: Have Anti-Dumping Laws Become A Problem In International Trade?, Edwin A. Vermulst
The Anti-Dumping Systems Of Australia, Canada, The Eec And The United States Of America: Have Anti-Dumping Laws Become A Problem In International Trade?, Edwin A. Vermulst
Michigan Journal of International Law
This article, part of an in-depth comparative study of municipal anti-dumping laws in Australia, Canada, the European Economic Community and the United States, does not purport to undertake a comprehensive comparative analysis of the anti-dumping laws of the four jurisdictions. Its aim is, rather, to examine the core concepts and some of the core salient features of the laws as developed in actual practice, and to consider the problems that have arisen in these jurisdictions and their solutions. For this purpose, section I will analyze procedural issues, section II substantive issues of dumping, and section III substantive issues of injury. …
United States V. Palestine Liberation Organization: Continued Confusion In Congressional Intent And The Hierarchy Of Norms, Andrew R. Horne
United States V. Palestine Liberation Organization: Continued Confusion In Congressional Intent And The Hierarchy Of Norms, Andrew R. Horne
Michigan Journal of International Law
This Note concludes that while the court's rationale is disingenuous and misleading, the final decision was an appropriate reaffirmation of the importance which American jurisprudence places on international obligations. In Part One, this Note discusses whether the dispute resolution provisions of the Headquarters Agreement precluded the district court's jurisdiction over the parties and subject matter of this case. Part Two examines the constitutional hierarchy of the ATA and the Headquarters Agreement to determine which should govern this dispute. If the court had concluded that it lacked jurisdiction, the case would have been dismissed from the U.S. court system, leaving the …
Comparison: Japanese And American Plant Closing Laws, Allison Zousmer
Comparison: Japanese And American Plant Closing Laws, Allison Zousmer
Michigan Journal of International Law
This Note analyzes the American and Japanese approaches to plant closings and discusses to what extent the American government can apply the successful Japanese approach to its own labor relations system. The first part examines the specific provisions of the two nations' laws. Second, it illustrates how the divergent social rules and historical backgrounds influence the operation of the plant closing laws in both nations. Part three explores the impact and applicability of Japanese labor policies to American industrial practices. The Note concludes that although the Japanese provide a general model for a labor management system which combines cooperation and …
Isolationism Or Deference? The Alien Tort Claims Act And The Separation Of Powers, Victor A. Pappalardo
Isolationism Or Deference? The Alien Tort Claims Act And The Separation Of Powers, Victor A. Pappalardo
Michigan Journal of International Law
This Note examines the rationales behind Filartiga and other cases which have had the opportunity to pass upon its holding, notably the holdings in Tel-Oren v. Libyan Arab Republic and Forti v. Suarez- Mason. It then focuses on the validity of these rationales with respect to the constitutional separation of powers scheme. In so doing, it analyzes Filartiga's conclusions in light of the act of state and political question doctrines, two closely interrelated doctrines which have been at the forefront of the separation of powers criticisms of Filartiga. This Note concludes by suggesting that a clear case exists …