Law Commons^™

International Rights Affecting The Covid–19 Vaccine Race, Samantha Johnson

University of Miami Inter-American Law Review

The impact of the COVID–19 pandemic has been felt world-wide, and despite having several vaccines in the market at this point, there are still issues of accessibility for certain countries. International intellectual property law has been a breeding ground for the exploration of intellectual curiosity and creation as it provides strong protections to creators. These strong protections have allowed for the monopolization of certain goods, such as vaccines, under the concept of patents. While patents are important to incentivize pharmaceutical companies to create life–saving medicines, these protections have also become a barrier for access to medicines, especially in less–developed countries. …

Epidemics And International Law: The Need For International Regulation, Claudio Grossman

University of Miami International and Comparative Law Review

This article presents comments by the author made to open the Miami Law Review conference on Epidemics1 and International Law.2 Its main purpose is to refer to the impact of COVID-19 on different norms and legal regimes, focusing mainly on the 2005 International Health Regulations (IHR), addressing areas of reform as well as the interactions of those norms with international human rights law. This will include the proposals of change for the 2005 IHR, designed to better protect vulnerable peoples in future global health crises. Some of the ideas presented in this contribution are included in a proposal that I …

The Power Of Being Present: Lessons From Diplomacy In Latin America And The Caribbean For The Private Sector, Kimberly Breier, Daniel Korn

University of Miami Inter-American Law Review

Successful modern diplomacy and private sector engagements require being physically present. Based on the experience of the authors in diplomacy and corporate government affairs, this article argues that the trust that forms the basis of effective diplomacy and corporate engagement with the communities in which they operate is established best through direct physical interaction. With examples from Latin America and the Caribbean, the article explores how both diplomacy and corporate government affairs have evolved into a model of being present that emphasizes seeking to empower local populations. The article delves into how and why the United States carries out its …

Out Of Reach: The Mdlea’S Impermissible Extraterritorial Reach On Maritime Drug–Traffickers, Andres Chinchilla

University of Miami Inter-American Law Review

46 U.S.C. § 70503, known as the Maritime Drug Law Enforcement Act (MDLEA), prohibits individuals on board covered vessels from manufacturing, distributing, or possessing with an intent to distribute or manufacture, a controlled substance. The statute, as enacted, permits the prosecution of individuals arrested beyond U.S. jurisdiction and even within the territorial seas of other States. This provision is argued to be an impermissible extraterritorial reach absent a nexus requirement—showing a connection between the drug smuggling activity and the U.S. Recently, the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals held the statute’s extraterritorial reach and lack of nexus requirement as unconstitutional under …

Defend Forward & Sovereignty: How America’S Cyberwar Strategy Upholds International Law, Elya Taichman

University of Miami Inter-American Law Review

To thwart a seemingly neve rending bombardment of cyberattacks, the U.S. Department of Defense recently implemented a new strategy – defending forward. This approach demands persistently engaging the enemy on a daily basis to disrupt cyber activity. Rather than waiting to be attacked, the United States is bringing the fight to the enemy. However, this strategy poses fascinating and complex questions of international law. In particular, because most defend forward operations fall within the gray zone of warfare, it remains unclear whether these operations violate the sovereignty of American adversaries or even third party nation states in whose cyberspace U.S. …

Information Age Imperialism: China, ‘Race,’ And Neo-Colonialism In Africa And Latin America, James Dever, Jack Dever

University of Miami Inter-American Law Review

No abstract provided.

Deforestation Of The Brazilian Amazon Under Jair Bolsonaro’S Reign: A Growing Ecological Disaster And How It May Be Reduced, Richard Perez

University of Miami Inter-American Law Review

No abstract provided.

Front Matter & Table Of Contents

University of Miami Inter-American Law Review

No abstract provided.

Masthead

University of Miami Inter-American Law Review

No abstract provided.

The Right To Live: How North Atlantic Right Whales Are Going Extinct Despite Environmental Protections, Justin Weatherwax

University of Miami Inter-American Law Review

No abstract provided.

Treatment Of Section 232 Duties In Commerce Antidumping Proceedings, Elizabeth J. Drake

University of Miami International and Comparative Law Review

The goal of antidumping methodologies is to achieve a fair comparison between the price of a product in the United States (“U.S. price”) and the price at which it is sold in the exporters’ home market (or other normal value) in order to quantify and remedy the amount of dumping that has occurred. Thus, the law requires U.S. import duties to be deducted from U.S. price in order to permit an apples-to-apples comparison between U.S. prices and home market prices that do not bear any U.S. import duties. The U.S. Department of Commerce (“Commerce”) has created an exception to this …

Divergent Strategies: A Legal History Of The Wto’S National Security Exception In The Context Of A Globalized Economy, 1983-2019, William J. Gardner Jr.

University of Miami International and Comparative Law Review

This student note provides a legal history of the World Trade Organization’s (WTO) adjudication of “national security” disputes under Article XXI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The skeptical German historian Oswald Spengler noted, “History is direction—but Nature is extension—ergo everyone gets eaten by a bear.” Tracing the history of landmark GATT and WTO decisions from the 1983 US—Trade Measures Affecting Nicaragua case, this note weaves through the WTO’s relatively consistent reluctance to engage in domestic policy, detailing the WTO’s massive deviation from that policy in the 2019 Russia—Measures Concerning Traffic in Transit case. In doing so, …

Satellites & Hong Kong’S Independence: How The Trade Of Commercial Satellites Impacts Democracy Abroad And National Security At Home, Nicholas A. Beekhuizen

University of Miami International and Comparative Law Review

Trade laws have always struck a balance between political freedom and national security. The trade of commercial communication satellites (“CCS”) between the United States and Hong Kong is no exception. Until recently, Hong Kong held a special trade designation that allowed it to purchase CCS from the United States. This exception from the strict ban on sales of certain advanced technologies to China was allowed due to Hong Kong’s semi-autonomous status. However, China’s continued encroachment on Hong Kong’s autonomy led the United States to strip Hong Kong of its special trade status and ban the free exchange of advanced technologies. …

Balancing Trade And Economic Security: Andritz V. United States And The Role Of Customs And Border Protection In Enforcing The Plant Protection Act, Alexandra Khrebtukova

University of Miami International and Comparative Law Review

This paper examines the case of Andritz v. United States—first filed in the U.S. Court of International Trade then transferred to the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Texas—as a demonstrative case study highlighting the collaboration between U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) of the Department of Homeland Security and the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of the Department of Agriculture. CBP is charged with facilitating legitimate trade and travel while safeguarding the borders of the United States to protect against, inter alia, the entry of dangerous goods, including through agricultural import and entry inspection. …

An Inside Scoop On Scopes: An Overview Of The Laws And Policies Governing The Scopes Of Trade Remedy Orders, Scott D. Mcbride

University of Miami International and Comparative Law Review

The globalization of supply and processing chains has led to an increase in the complexity of international trade laws and the necessity for the United States Department of Commerce to provide clarity in the enforcement of trade remedy orders and procedures. It is therefore no surprise that over the past few years, Commerce has experienced a surge in requests for rulings on whether or not certain imported products are covered by the scope of antidumping and countervailing duty orders. Furthermore, Commerce has conducted several inquiries to determine if imported products which are outside the scope of an antidumping or countervailing …

Privacy Before Trade: Assessing The Wto-Consistency Of Privacy-Based Cross-Border Data Flow Restrictions, Julian Rotenberg

University of Miami International and Comparative Law Review

The first decades of the 21st century have been characterized by the growth of digital trade fueled by new business models based on cross-border data flows. With data taking a central role in the digital economy, governments and their constituents have become increasingly concerned about the commercial handling and commoditization of personal data. Consequently, governments have entered the business of regulating cross-border data flows, especially with the aim of protecting the privacy of their citizens. This regulatory trend does not occur in a vacuum: The World Trade Organization (WTO) through the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) regulates the …

Coining New Tax Guidance: How The Irs Is Falling Behind In Crypto, David C. Mcdonald

University of Miami International and Comparative Law Review

In October 2019, the Internal Revenue Service offered its first guidance on cryptocurrency reporting standards in nearly five years. As digital investments become more commonly accepted, the need for regulation and guidance becomes clearer. Issues such as how to classify cryptocurrencies and how a transaction’s purpose impacts reporting standards are currently being addressed across the globe as governments work to develop protocols that organize this rapidly developing field. This note analyzes the developing reporting standards of select countries and the potential impacts on use as cryptocurrencies become more mainstream as a potential investment and method of payment.

A Case For The Potential For Destabilization As A Threshold Criterion To The Use Of Military Action By States Under The Doctrine Of Humanitarian Intervention, Richard A.C. Alton, Jason Reed Struble

University of Miami Inter-American Law Review

No abstract provided.

Prefatory Matter And Table Of Contents

University of Miami Inter-American Law Review

No abstract provided.

Nicolás Maduro’S Impunity Is A Foregone Conclusion: A Case For Replacing The Treaty-Based Rule Of Law Model With Universal Jurisdiction, Alec Waid

University of Miami Inter-American Law Review

No abstract provided.

Pluralism, Democracy, And The Conflict Within: Challenging The State’S Narrative By Artistic Forms Of Protest, Alexandra V. Orlova

University of Miami International and Comparative Law Review

This article follows the Pussy Riot case from the 2012 trial decision to the 2018 challenge before the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). The case revolved around the “punk prayer” performed by three women in Christ the Saviour Cathedral in Moscow. While the case, which centered on violation of freedom of expression, may be framed as a matter of political speech vs. religious speech, it has broader implications. Pussy Riot’s performance and subsequent legal cases were about the ability of pluralism and dissent to counter the carefully constructed government narrative of “traditional values” and moral sovereignty. For democracy to …

Their Cheese Has Holes But Their Gun Policy Doesn’T: A Review Of The Swiss Gun Policy Compared To The United States, Nikolaos Manuel Hernandez

University of Miami International and Comparative Law Review

“With the right to bear arms come a great responsibility to use caution and common sense on handgun purchases.” – Ronald Reagan

The left will say we need more gun control, the right will say it is our constitutional right to bear arms. Is one truly better than the other? Does the answer lie simply in gun education? This note will scrutinize the history of the Second Amendment to the United States Constitution as it relates to gun rights, gun laws, and gun violence. Next, this note will compare those rights, laws, and statistics to that of Switzerland. Switzerland’s gun …

The Shortcomings Of The “Public Charge” Doctrine: Why The Dhs Final Rule Should Be Abandoned And Why The United States Should Look To The Progressive Immigration Policies Of Sweden, Emily Demetree

University of Miami International and Comparative Law Review

The United States has a longstanding history of denying aliens admission based on a wide range of grounds that we have deemed to demonstrate the alien would be either dangerous to society or a financial burden on the state. “Self-sufficiency” has been a basic principle of US immigration law since the country’s earliest immigration statutes. It is the contention of the Department of Homeland Security that the availability of public benefits can create an incentive for immigration to the United States at a rate that cannot be financially supported by the government. Certain European countries, such as Sweden, see a …

Popular Consultation And Referendum In The Making Of Contemporary Cuban Socialist Democracy Practice And Constitutional Theory, Larry Catá Backer, Flora Sapio

University of Miami International and Comparative Law Review

The language of democracy and democratic organization is usually spoken only in the vernacular of liberal democracy. Liberal democracy, mostly of western origin centers legitimacy of a political order on open, full, and free election for representatives, as well as a substantially unregulated civic space in which individuals and others can engage in political discourse. This essentially exogenous form of democratic organization has been increasingly challenged in the 21st century by an alternative model of endogenous democracy more compatible with states organized along Marxist Leninist principles. These emerging forms of endogenous democratic practices have been developed along two distinct lines, …

Reforming Expansive Crime Control & Sentencing Legislation In An Era Of Mass Incarceration: A National And Cross-National Study, Rebecca Wasif

University of Miami International and Comparative Law Review

No abstract provided.

Environmental Racism: How Governments Are Systematically Poisoning Indigenous Communities & The U.N.’S Role, Maia Dombey

University of Miami International and Comparative Law Review

This note examines the practice of toxic waste dumping on indigenous lands and how it fits within the broader concept of environmental racism. It further evaluates the international human rights framework and how the United Nations and other international bodies interact with this concept and provide means for protection against this illicit practice. Further, it examines the role of the Special Rapporteur on the Implications for Human Rights of the Environmentally Sound Management and Disposal of Hazardous Substances and Wastes and how he, in his role as Special Rapporteur, can provide relief to indigenous communities suffering the effects of this …

Cuban Asset Control Regulations: The Transfer Of Estate Assets To Cuban Heirs Under The Obama And Trump Administrations, Madeleine N. Elser

University of Miami Inter-American Law Review

No abstract provided.

Masthead

University of Miami Inter-American Law Review

No abstract provided.

Front Matter And Table Of Contents

University of Miami Inter-American Law Review

No abstract provided.

The Chinese Law Of Secured Transactions In Personal Property At A Crossroads: An Analysis And Suggestions, Boris Kozolchyk

University of Miami International and Comparative Law Review

No abstract provided.