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Articles 31 - 60 of 81
Full-Text Articles in Law
Women In Afghanistan: A Human Rights Tragedy Ten Years After 9/11, Hayat Alvi
Women In Afghanistan: A Human Rights Tragedy Ten Years After 9/11, Hayat Alvi
Human Rights & Human Welfare
Ten years after the September 11th attacks in the United States and the military campaign in Afghanistan, there is some good news, but unfortunately still much bad news pertaining to women in Afghanistan. The patterns of politics, security/military operations, religious fanaticism, heavily patriarchal structures and practices, and ongoing insurgent violence continue to threaten girls and women in the most insidious ways. Although women’s rights and freedoms in Afghanistan have finally entered the radar screen of the international community’s consciousness, they still linger in the margins in many respects.
Socio-cultural and extremist religious elements continue to pose serious obstacles to reconstruction …
Rape As A Weapon Of War: Women's Human Rights During The Dissolution Of Yugoslavia, Elizabeth A. Kohn
Rape As A Weapon Of War: Women's Human Rights During The Dissolution Of Yugoslavia, Elizabeth A. Kohn
Golden Gate University Law Review
This article will discuss rape as a violation of women's human rights in wartime, specifically addressing the mass rapes in Bosnia, and will analyze the human rights documents currently in place to prevent and punish this violation. The author will discuss the current initiatives before the United Nations (U.N.), such as the Draft Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women. This article will also discuss whether international law can effectively protect women from human rights violations.
Left Out In The Cold: Trafficking Victims, Gender, And Misinterpretation Of The Refugee Convention's "Nexus" Requirement, Martina Pomeroy
Left Out In The Cold: Trafficking Victims, Gender, And Misinterpretation Of The Refugee Convention's "Nexus" Requirement, Martina Pomeroy
Michigan Journal of Gender & Law
Victims of human trafficking who seek international protection in their country of destination face a steep uphill battle. Special visa programs designed to regularize their status are often riddled with conditions that make them inaccessible to all but a very few victims. Despite widespread international agreement that the manifold harms inflicted upon the majority of trafficked persons generally rise to the level of persecution, and therefore that victims should be eligible to apply for asylum, many national courts misinterpret international refugee law standards and routinely deny refugee status to deserving applicants. Courts often refuse to recognize persecution on the basis …
Chinese Women And Economic Human Rights, Lisa Fry
Chinese Women And Economic Human Rights, Lisa Fry
Human Rights & Human Welfare
Women’s human rights in China have an intriguing history and a challenging present. In ancient China, Confucianism espoused the virtues of silent women who stayed at home. During the Maoist period, on the other hand, gender equality was prioritized by the state, and women were equally appointed to leadership positions and agricultural collectives with men. After Mao’s death, the country transitioned to a social market economic system that resulted in a loss of state support for gender equity. Today, the rights of women in China are not clearly defined, protected, or promoted. China’s patriarchal traditions have reasserted themselves, obstructing women’s …
Opuz V. Turkey: Europe's Landmark Judgment On Violence Against Women, Tarik Abdel-Monem
Opuz V. Turkey: Europe's Landmark Judgment On Violence Against Women, Tarik Abdel-Monem
Human Rights Brief
No abstract provided.
Migration, Development, And The Promise Of Cedaw For Rural Women, Lisa R. Pruitt
Migration, Development, And The Promise Of Cedaw For Rural Women, Lisa R. Pruitt
Michigan Journal of International Law
Part I of this Essay provides an overview of the rural-to-urban migration phenomenon, a trend the author calls the urban juggernaut. This Part includes a discussion of forces compelling the migration, and it also considers consequences for those who are left behind when their family members and neighbors migrate to cities. Part II explores women's roles in food production in the developing world, and it considers the extent to which international development efforts encourage or entail urbanization. Part III attends to the potential of human rights for this population, analyzing the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination …
Rape At Rome: Feminist Interventions In The Criminalization Of Sex-Related Violence In Positive International Criminal Law, Janet Halley
Rape At Rome: Feminist Interventions In The Criminalization Of Sex-Related Violence In Positive International Criminal Law, Janet Halley
Michigan Journal of International Law
This Article examines the work of organized feminism in the formation of new international criminal tribunals over the course of the 1990s. It focuses on the statutes establishing the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), and the International Criminal Court (ICC). It offers a description of the evolving organizational style of feminists involved in the legislative processes leading to the establishment of these courts, and a description of their reform agenda read against the outcomes in each court-establishing statute. At each stage, the Article counts up the feminist victories and defeats, …
Exploring Universal Rights: A Symposium, Jamie Mayerfeld, Brooke Ackerly, Henry Shue, Jack Donnelly, Kok-Chor Tan, Charles Beitz
Exploring Universal Rights: A Symposium, Jamie Mayerfeld, Brooke Ackerly, Henry Shue, Jack Donnelly, Kok-Chor Tan, Charles Beitz
Human Rights & Human Welfare
A review of:
Which Rights Should Be Universal? by William J. Talbott. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2005. 232pp.
Sanctioned Abuses: The Case Of Migrant Domestic Workers, Nisha Varia
Sanctioned Abuses: The Case Of Migrant Domestic Workers, Nisha Varia
Human Rights Brief
No abstract provided.
Casa Of Maryland And The Battle Regarding Human Trafficking And Domestic Workers’ Rights, Elizabeth Keyes
Casa Of Maryland And The Battle Regarding Human Trafficking And Domestic Workers’ Rights, Elizabeth Keyes
University of Maryland Law Journal of Race, Religion, Gender and Class
No abstract provided.
Falling Through The Cracks: The Impact Of Vawa 2005’S Unfinished Business On Immigrant Victims Of Domestic Violence, Mary B. Clark
Falling Through The Cracks: The Impact Of Vawa 2005’S Unfinished Business On Immigrant Victims Of Domestic Violence, Mary B. Clark
University of Maryland Law Journal of Race, Religion, Gender and Class
No abstract provided.
Technological Advancement And International Human Rights: Is Science Improving Human Life Or Perpetuating Human Rights Violations?, Christine A. Khalili-Borna
Technological Advancement And International Human Rights: Is Science Improving Human Life Or Perpetuating Human Rights Violations?, Christine A. Khalili-Borna
Michigan Journal of International Law
This Note assesses the practices of pre-implantation and prenatal genetic screening and sex-determination through an international human rights framework founded in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Universal Declaration), the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW).
The Role Of Women In Peacekeeping And Peacemaking: Devising Solutions To The Demand Side Of Trafficking, Connie De La Vega, Chelsea E. Haleynelson
The Role Of Women In Peacekeeping And Peacemaking: Devising Solutions To The Demand Side Of Trafficking, Connie De La Vega, Chelsea E. Haleynelson
William & Mary Journal of Race, Gender, and Social Justice
No abstract provided.
A Sign Of "Weakness"? Disrupting Gender Certainties In The Implementation Of Security Council Resolution 1325, Dianne Otto
A Sign Of "Weakness"? Disrupting Gender Certainties In The Implementation Of Security Council Resolution 1325, Dianne Otto
Michigan Journal of Gender & Law
This Article will examine whether efforts to implement the Resolution suggest new ways to address the old problems: the reliance on stereotyped gender representations to rally women in the cause of peace and the vexed strategic question of how movements for transformative change might influence the mainstream institutions of international law and politics. The first concerns the way that the category of gender is deployed by women's peace activism and by international institutions as they respond to it. The author’s question is whether it is possible to rally women to promote peace, while also challenging the gender dichotomies that underpin …
Enhancing Human Security: U.S. Policies And Their Health Impact On Women In Sub-Saharan Africa, Tamera Fillinger
Enhancing Human Security: U.S. Policies And Their Health Impact On Women In Sub-Saharan Africa, Tamera Fillinger
University of Maryland Law Journal of Race, Religion, Gender and Class
No abstract provided.
Feminist Legal Theory And Human Trafficking In The United States: Towards A New Framework, Cynthia L. Wolken
Feminist Legal Theory And Human Trafficking In The United States: Towards A New Framework, Cynthia L. Wolken
University of Maryland Law Journal of Race, Religion, Gender and Class
No abstract provided.
The United States As Global Sheriff: Using Unilateral Sanctions To Combat Human Trafficking, Janie Chuang
The United States As Global Sheriff: Using Unilateral Sanctions To Combat Human Trafficking, Janie Chuang
Michigan Journal of International Law
By situating the U.S. rise to dominance in historical and political context, this Article underscores the significance of U.S. unilateralism for international anti-trafficking law and policy.
Global Sex Trafficking And The Trafficking Victims Protection Act Of 2000: Legislative Responses To The Problem Of Modern Slavery, Rosy Kandathil
Global Sex Trafficking And The Trafficking Victims Protection Act Of 2000: Legislative Responses To The Problem Of Modern Slavery, Rosy Kandathil
Michigan Journal of Gender & Law
Human trafficking is becoming the fastest growing criminal activity in the world. Generally, trafficking is defined as the transportation of persons across international borders for labor purposes, by means of force, fraud, or coercion. Commerce directly related to human slavery yields approximately $7-$10 billion a year, trailing only behind drugs and weapons trade for international profit. According to recent congressional findings, over 700,000 human beings are trafficked across international borders each year, including approximately 50,000 women and children into the United States. Women and girl children are the primary targets for sexual exploitation into prostitution, pornography, sex tourism, and other …
The Evolving, Yet Still Inadequate, Legal Protections Afforded Battered Immigrant Women, Indira K. Balram
The Evolving, Yet Still Inadequate, Legal Protections Afforded Battered Immigrant Women, Indira K. Balram
University of Maryland Law Journal of Race, Religion, Gender and Class
No abstract provided.
Pornography As Trafficking, Catharine A. Mackinnon
Pornography As Trafficking, Catharine A. Mackinnon
Michigan Journal of International Law
In material reality, pornography is one way women and children are trafficked for sex. To make visual pornography, the bulk of the industry's products, real women and children, and some men, are rented out for use in commercial sex acts. In the resulting materials, these people are then conveyed and sold for a buyer's sexual use. Obscenity laws, the traditional legal approach to the problem, do not care about these realities at all. The morality of what is said and shown remains their focus and concern. The injuries inflicted on real people to make the materials, or because they are …
Profitable Proposals: Explaining And Addressing The Mail-Order Bride Industry Through International Human Rights Law, Vanessa Brocato
Profitable Proposals: Explaining And Addressing The Mail-Order Bride Industry Through International Human Rights Law, Vanessa Brocato
San Diego International Law Journal
This Article looks at the MOBI in the United States through the lens of international human rights. Part II will describe the MOBI. Part III will evaluate the MOBI within an international human rights framework. Part IV will examine current U.S. legislation relating to the MOBI. Part V suggests strategies for addressing the MOBI. Nations will not be able to solve the problem independently because the MOBI is a transnational phenomenon. Conducting a critique of marriage brokers in a human rights context can help place problems caused by the MOBI at the forefront of international debate. Applying current human rights …
The Use Of Human Rights Discourse To Secure Women's Interests: Critical Analysis Of The Implications, Renu Mandhane
The Use Of Human Rights Discourse To Secure Women's Interests: Critical Analysis Of The Implications, Renu Mandhane
Michigan Journal of Gender & Law
This article highlights the significant theoretical constraints of universalism, the tendency of human rights advocates to ignore the underlying cause of rights violations, as well as problems associated with the concept of and informal hierarchy between rights. The article suggests that there are certain circumstances in which INGOs that rely primarily on human rights language in their advocacy efforts may wish to supplement their analysis with explicit reference to feminist legal theory in order to more effectively secure women's interests globally. These ideas will be developed with ongoing reference to the recent and successful campaign initiated by Nepali women to …
Copyright Infringement, Sex Trafficking, And Defamation In The Fictional Life Of A Geisha, Susan Tiefenbrun
Copyright Infringement, Sex Trafficking, And Defamation In The Fictional Life Of A Geisha, Susan Tiefenbrun
Michigan Journal of Gender & Law
Memoirs of a Geisha has sold and made millions for Arthur Golden since 1997. This is his first novel, and it has earned him worldwide acclaim. A feature film version directed by Steven Spielberg is in the works. The book is translated into more than twenty languages. This article uses the book and the legal controversy that ensued after its publication to ask, and hopefully answer, two questions: First, is the geisha tradition as described by Golden in his fictional biography a variant of sex trafficking and sexual slavery which, despite possible cultural justifications, should be abolished by law? Second, …
Sexual Slavery And The International Criminal Court: Advancing International Law, Valerie Oosterveld
Sexual Slavery And The International Criminal Court: Advancing International Law, Valerie Oosterveld
Michigan Journal of International Law
This Article explores the advancement of the international crime of sexual slavery, from its initial inclusion in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court through further development in the delineation of the ICC's Elements of Crime document. This Article begins with a detailed exploration of the negotiation process that led to the inclusion of the crime of sexual slavery in the Rome Statute. The first Section describes the decision to include both sexual slavery and enforced prostitution as crimes, as well as the debate on listing sexual slavery as a crime separate from that of enslavement. Next, the Section …
Asylum, Social Group Membership And The Non-State Actor: The Challenge Of Domestic Violence, Michael G. Heyman
Asylum, Social Group Membership And The Non-State Actor: The Challenge Of Domestic Violence, Michael G. Heyman
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
This Article argues that the current approaches to asylum claims based on "social group" membership under the U.N. convention Relation to the Status of Refugees are deeply flawed. The Refugee Convention confers asylum on persons persecuted for their membership in a particular social group. Courts have struggled with the boundaries of the social group definition, and there appears to be no coherent way to reconcile all of the court decisions on what groups qualify as social groups under the Refugee Convention.
This Article suggests that courts adopt a consistent definition of what constitutes a social group. The definition proposed in …
Sexual Violence As Genocide: The Developing Law Of The International Criminal Tribunals And The International Criminal Court, Jonathan M.H. Short
Sexual Violence As Genocide: The Developing Law Of The International Criminal Tribunals And The International Criminal Court, Jonathan M.H. Short
Michigan Journal of Race and Law
This note will explore the treatment of the two primary violent sexual acts, rape and forced pregnancy, in modern international criminal law; more specifically in its treatment as genocide. The woman as an individual is the primary sufferer of sexual violence during armed conflict, however sexual violence is a calculated means by which perpetrators seek to destroy an entire ethnic group. Sexual violence is both an attack against the woman and an attack against the ethnic group, and should be prosecuted as such. While crimes against individuals are best prosecuted as crimes against humanity or under domestic law, crimes committed …
Point/Counterpoint: Treaty For The Rights Of Women Deserves Full U.S. Support, Nora O’Connell, Ritu Sharma
Point/Counterpoint: Treaty For The Rights Of Women Deserves Full U.S. Support, Nora O’Connell, Ritu Sharma
Human Rights Brief
No abstract provided.
Cedaw: It’S Old, It Doesn’T Work, And We Don’T Need It, Lester Munson
Cedaw: It’S Old, It Doesn’T Work, And We Don’T Need It, Lester Munson
Human Rights Brief
No abstract provided.
Trafficking As A Human Rights Violation: The Complex Intersection Of Legal Frameworks For Conceptualizing And Combating Trafficking, Joan Fitzpatrick
Trafficking As A Human Rights Violation: The Complex Intersection Of Legal Frameworks For Conceptualizing And Combating Trafficking, Joan Fitzpatrick
Michigan Journal of International Law
The author will focus on three legal instruments: (1) the 2000 Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime (the Trafficking Protocol); (2) the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act (VTVPA), enacted by the U.S. Congress in 2000; and (3) the regulations issued in 2002 by the U.S. Department of Justice to implement the T visa for trafficking victims. The U.S. response to trafficking illustrates the difficulties faced by human rights advocates in source, transit, and destination countries to insure that anti-trafficking and other migration …
A Ghost Is Haunting Europe, Maria Grahn-Farley
A Ghost Is Haunting Europe, Maria Grahn-Farley
Michigan Journal of International Law
Review of Responsible Selves: Women in the Nordic Legal Cultures (Kevät Nousiainen, Åsa Gunnarsson, Karin Lundström, & Johanna Niemi-Kiesiläinen eds.)