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Articles 1 - 30 of 33
Full-Text Articles in Law
Underwater Mortgages For Underwater Homes: The Elimination Of Signals In The Coastal Lending Market, Peyton J. Klein
Underwater Mortgages For Underwater Homes: The Elimination Of Signals In The Coastal Lending Market, Peyton J. Klein
Vanderbilt Law Review
Climate change and sea level rise threaten to increase the default risk of mortgages on homes in coastal areas. Faced with this reality, small coastal lenders have begun selling more climate-sensitive mortgages to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, thereby transferring the risk of climate-induced default off the lenders’ books. Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac play a crucial role in supporting America’s mortgage finance system by purchasing qualifying private home loans, packaging them into investable security pools, and guaranteeing timely payment of principal and interest to outside investors. Through selling mortgages to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, lenders can use their …
Inclusive Economics And Home Loan Policies For Informal Workers, Kim Vu-Dinh
Inclusive Economics And Home Loan Policies For Informal Workers, Kim Vu-Dinh
Faculty Scholarship
The United States has been suffering from a housing crisis that existed long before the proliferation of sub-prime loans and the Great Recession of 2008-2009. For decades, millions of gainfully employed workers have been institutionally excluded from homeownership, simply because they work in the informal economy. Because of this, the economic growth of households in this demographic has been stymied by discriminatory banking policies that heavily prioritize short-term profit maximization over borrower reliability, or loan viability. Many of those affected are historically disenfranchised people, who systematically have been excluded from the American dream of “a chicken in every pot and …
Regarding Docket No. Fr-6111-P-02, Hud’S Implementation Of The Fair Housing Act’S Disparate Impact Standard, Sonia Gipson Rankin, Alfred Mathewson, Melanie Moses, G. Matthew Fricke, Kathy Powers, Gabriel R. Sanchez, Christopher Moore, Elizabeth Bradley, Mirta Galesic, Joshua Garland
Regarding Docket No. Fr-6111-P-02, Hud’S Implementation Of The Fair Housing Act’S Disparate Impact Standard, Sonia Gipson Rankin, Alfred Mathewson, Melanie Moses, G. Matthew Fricke, Kathy Powers, Gabriel R. Sanchez, Christopher Moore, Elizabeth Bradley, Mirta Galesic, Joshua Garland
Faculty Scholarship
The is a Comment on the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Proposed Rule: FR-6111-P-02 HUD’s Implementation of the Fair Housing Act’s Disparate Impact Standard . This comment examines how algorithms in housing applications may be inherently biased against certain groups of people.
Their arguments against the proposed legislation:
1. To ensure that an algorithm does not have disparate impact, it is not enough to show that individual input factors are not “substitutes or close proxies” for protected characteristics.
2. It is impossible to audit an algorithm for bias without an adequate level of transparency or access to the …
Testing Fannie Mae's And Freddie Mac's Post-Crisis Self-Preservation Policies Under The Fair Housing Act, Shelby D. Green
Testing Fannie Mae's And Freddie Mac's Post-Crisis Self-Preservation Policies Under The Fair Housing Act, Shelby D. Green
Cleveland State Law Review
Beginning in the 1930s, the federal government adopted programs and policies toward safe and decent housing for all. The initiatives included the creation of the Federal Housing Administration that, among other things, spurred mortgage lending by guaranteeing mortgage loans to low- and moderate-income borrowers. The creation of the secondary mortgage market by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac (GSEs) helped provide more liquidity for loan originators. However, somewhere along the way, these GSEs lost their way, as they pursued profitability without regard to risk and heedlessly bought mortgages without considering quality.
The overabundance of poor quality mortgages led to the housing …
Testing Fannie Mae's And Freddie Mac's Post-Crisis Self-Preservation Policies Under The Fair Housing Act, Shelby D. Green
Testing Fannie Mae's And Freddie Mac's Post-Crisis Self-Preservation Policies Under The Fair Housing Act, Shelby D. Green
Elisabeth Haub School of Law Faculty Publications
Beginning in the 1930s, the federal government adopted programs and policies toward safe and decent housing for all. The initiatives included the creation of the Federal Housing Administration that, among other things, spurred mortgage lending by guaranteeing mortgage loans to low- and moderate-income borrowers. The creation of the secondary mortgage market by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac (“GSEs”) helped provide more liquidity for loan originators. However, somewhere along the way, these GSEs lost their way, as they pursued profitability without regard to risk and heedlessly bought mortgages without considering quality.
The overabundance of poor quality mortgages led to the housing …
Priority Of Liens Between Construction Mortgagee And Mechanic's Lienors; Wayne Building & Loan Of Wooster V. Yarborough, Allan S. Hoffman
Priority Of Liens Between Construction Mortgagee And Mechanic's Lienors; Wayne Building & Loan Of Wooster V. Yarborough, Allan S. Hoffman
Akron Law Review
Ohio follows the generally accepted rule that where there is a mortgage securing future advances such advances create liens only as they are actually made, unless the mortgagee is obligated to make the advances. In the latter case the mortgagee's lien will date from the time of its recording. In addition to this nonstatutory method by which a mortgagee can obtain lien priority, there is a statutory method by which he can do so, namely the procedure provided by § 1311.14 of Ohio Rev. Code. This statute is not new, having been enacted in 1915. However, in 1919 the Ohio …
Tmi About Pmi: A Basic Guide To Private Mortgage Insurance, Marie Sarantakis
Tmi About Pmi: A Basic Guide To Private Mortgage Insurance, Marie Sarantakis
Marie Sarantakis
Purchasing a home for the first time can be an intimidating and overwhelming experience for the average consumer. In an economic downturn, Private Mortgage Insurance (PMI) is a commonly utilized mechanism that affords homebuyers the ability to purchase a residence with a minimal down payment while insulating the lender as the beneficiary of the policy. PMI is an often dreaded and misunderstood expense. This basic guide provides a rudimentary understanding of PMI for a real estate novice.
Treading Water: Can Municipal Efforts To Condemn Underwater Mortgages Prevail?, Michael S. Moskowitz
Treading Water: Can Municipal Efforts To Condemn Underwater Mortgages Prevail?, Michael S. Moskowitz
Pepperdine Law Review
No abstract provided.
Mers Remains Afloat In A Sea Of Foreclosures, Shelby D. Green
Mers Remains Afloat In A Sea Of Foreclosures, Shelby D. Green
Elisabeth Haub School of Law Faculty Publications
Despite the simple premise of the MERS System, opponents--or those simply trying to invalidate or forestall enforcement of their mortgages--have leveled various challenges to MERS's practices and even its basic business model. Taking an aerial view of the challenges, it is possible to discern a certain pattern as one challenge seemed to morph into the next (often following rejection of the earlier one in the courts). Some borrowers have asserted that MERS lacked legal standing to foreclose because it was a mere nominee and not the owner of the note. Even if MERS's legal standing was upheld, borrowers pointed to …
Eminent Domain For The Seizure Of Underwater Mortgages, Sarah Thompson
Eminent Domain For The Seizure Of Underwater Mortgages, Sarah Thompson
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform Caveat
Like many cities in the United States, Richmond, California suffered greatly from the recent mortgage crisis. The foreclosure crisis hit Richmond hard in 2009, when more than 2,000 homes in Richmond went into foreclosure. This figure is especially shocking given that there were 18,659 owner-occupied housing units in the city at that time. In 2012, the city saw an additional 914 foreclosures and a foreclosure rate of thirty out of 1,000 homes (well above the national average of thirteen of every 1,000 homes). Today, it is reported that nearly forty-six percent of homes in Richmond are “underwater,” meaning that what …
Certainty Of Title: Perspectives After The Mortgage Foreclosure Crisis On The Essential Function Of Effective Recording Systems, Donald J. Kochan
Certainty Of Title: Perspectives After The Mortgage Foreclosure Crisis On The Essential Function Of Effective Recording Systems, Donald J. Kochan
Donald J. Kochan
Recording systems for property play a pivotal, market-facilitating role for the players engaged in any transaction, the judiciary that must resolve disputes between the players, and others members of the general public by informing each about the true nature of ownership of the real property things in the world. This symposium article explores the essential character of such systems in providing certainty of title, and takes a tour through the mortgage foreclosure crisis to see where adherence to and respect for these systems’ roles broke down. Leading up to the crisis, as securitization became vogue and the housing boom blurred …
The Value(S) Of Foreclosure Law Reform, Melissa B. Jacoby
The Value(S) Of Foreclosure Law Reform, Melissa B. Jacoby
Pepperdine Law Review
This symposium contribution examines the starkly different values reflected in traditional legal literature on foreclosure law reform in the U.S. as compared to some more recent entries in the wake of the rise of subprime lending and high rates of residential mortgage default. I highlight economist Dean Baker’s “right to rent” proposal, which would give former homeowners leasehold rights at market rates, to illustrate a more progressive set of housing policy considerations and to challenge the assumption that ownership is essential or optimal to promoting various housing objectives.
Foreclosure By Arbitration?, R. Wilson Freyermuth
Foreclosure By Arbitration?, R. Wilson Freyermuth
Pepperdine Law Review
No abstract provided.
Bringing Manufactured Housing Into The Real Estate Finance System, Ann M. Burkhart
Bringing Manufactured Housing Into The Real Estate Finance System, Ann M. Burkhart
Pepperdine Law Review
Eight percent of the United States population - more than 23 million people - live in manufactured homes (also called mobile homes). In some years, more than 30% of the new homes sold have been manufactured. Moreover, manufactured housing is the most important form of unsubsidized affordable housing in this country. Up to two-thirds of the new affordable homes built each year have been manufactured. However, the manufactured housing industry currently is struggling to survive a meltdown in its sales and finance markets. A tremendous obstacle to the industry’s recovery is that most manufactured homes are characterized as personal property, …
Maryland Foreclosure Mediation - Working Or Waning? A Critical Look At The State's Foreclosure Mediation Program, Chelsea Jones
Maryland Foreclosure Mediation - Working Or Waning? A Critical Look At The State's Foreclosure Mediation Program, Chelsea Jones
University of Maryland Law Journal of Race, Religion, Gender and Class
No abstract provided.
Re-Appraising The Appraisers: Expanding Liability To Buyers And Borrowers In The Story Of The 2008 Financing Industry Crisis, Shelby D. Green
Re-Appraising The Appraisers: Expanding Liability To Buyers And Borrowers In The Story Of The 2008 Financing Industry Crisis, Shelby D. Green
Elisabeth Haub School of Law Faculty Publications
On the surface, suing in negligence seems the most promising avenue for recovery against appraisers, because liability depends on an examination of defendant's conduct alone and does not require an examination or defendant's mental state to show intent or agreement. But historically insuperable hurdles have operated to prevent recovery under this seemingly simple cause of action. One hurdle is lack of privity. The appraiser's legal relationship is with the hiring party--the lender--to assess the risks of the loan transaction and not with the purchaser, who may rely on the appraisal in making the decision to purchase. Because of the lack …
Above All Else Stop Digging: Local Government Law As A (Partial) Cause Of (And Solution To) The Current Housing Crisis, Darien Shanske
Above All Else Stop Digging: Local Government Law As A (Partial) Cause Of (And Solution To) The Current Housing Crisis, Darien Shanske
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
So many things have gone wrong with our housing market that it is hard to know where to start. One simple diagnosis is that we invested too much in houses that were not worth as much as we thought. Looked at in this way, it is relatively easy to see how innovations like interest-only loans contributed to an over-valuation of housing. Certain actions of the federal government were and are also clearly problematic, such as the longstanding tax breaks for home ownership.
This Article looks at state and local government law, and particularly at financing mechanisms created by state law …
Home Foreclosures: Will Voluntary Mortgage Modification Help Families Save Their Homes? Part Ii? : Hearing Before The H. Comm. On The Judiciary Subcomm. On Commercial And Administrative Law, 111th Cong., Dec. 11, 2009 (Statement Of Associate Professor Adam J. Levitin, Geo. U. L. Center), Adam J. Levitin
Testimony Before Congress
The results to date from MHAP are deeply disappointing. Even the most optimistic view of HAMP and HARP’s potential would now project the programs as having only a minor impact on the foreclosure crisis. Until and unless the problems of unemployment; negative equity, and servicer capacity, incentives, and contract restrictions are addressed, we are unlikely to see noticeably different results. These issues cannot be addressed within the current structure of HAMP.
Unfortunately, none of the solutions for foreclosures due to unemployment are particularly satisfying, and without addressing unemployment, foreclosures will remain at elevated levels. Bankruptcy presents possible solutions to negative …
The Foreclosure Crisis And The Anti-Fragmentation Principle In State Property Law, David A. Dana
The Foreclosure Crisis And The Anti-Fragmentation Principle In State Property Law, David A. Dana
Faculty Working Papers
Secured credit in homes has been divided and over-divided and spun into so many separate interests that economically rational, socially beneficial modifications of loans are impossible. The mortgage story is a new one but the excessive fragmentation of property and the creation of waste and inefficiency is not new. And our legal tradition of state property law has an answer, in the form of an anti-fragmentation principle. Consistent with this principle, federal government trustees should be authorized to review mortgages and, where modification would yield greater total return than foreclosure, modify the loans. Blind trustee review, moreover, can be achieved …
Home Mortgage Problems Through The Lens Of Bankruptcy, Melissa B. Jacoby
Home Mortgage Problems Through The Lens Of Bankruptcy, Melissa B. Jacoby
Melissa B. Jacoby
Based on a lecture at a predatory lending conference at Loyola University New Orleans School of Law, this brief paper discusses the 2007 Consumer Bankruptcy Project and how the empirical study of bankruptcy law informs our understanding of the intersection of mortgages and homeownership with financial distress, and whether bankruptcy can provide meaningful redress.
Issue Brief: Overcoming Legal Barriers To The Bulk Sale Of At-Risk Mortgages, Michael S. Barr, James A. Feldman
Issue Brief: Overcoming Legal Barriers To The Bulk Sale Of At-Risk Mortgages, Michael S. Barr, James A. Feldman
Other Publications
This memorandum argues that the sale of loans and loan pools to new owners would help to stabilize housing prices, and that such a modification to the REMIC rules would be desirable and well within Congress’ constitutional authority. Furthermore, it would not lead to successful legal claims by investors in securitized loan pools under the Just Compensation or Due Process clauses, which provide the primary constitutional protections for property interests.
Expanding Homeownership Opportunity Ii: The Softsecond Loan Program, 1991-2006, Jim Campen
Expanding Homeownership Opportunity Ii: The Softsecond Loan Program, 1991-2006, Jim Campen
Gastón Institute Publications
This report provides data on lending by the SoftSecond Loan Program during the most recent three-year period (2004-2006) as well as over the sixteen-year life of the program. The Mortgage Lending Committee of the Massachusetts Community & Banking Council (MCBC) has had a special interest in the SoftSecond program since its inception and has carefully monitored the performance of its loans. The report updates an earlier report prepared for MCBC by the present author in 2004: Expanding Homeownership Opportunity: The SoftSecond Loan Program, 1991-2003. Detailed information about the origins and evolution of the program, and about the details of …
Moving From Colonias To Comunidades: A Proposal For New Mexico To Revisit The Installment Land Contract Debate, Elizabeth M. Provencio
Moving From Colonias To Comunidades: A Proposal For New Mexico To Revisit The Installment Land Contract Debate, Elizabeth M. Provencio
Michigan Journal of Race and Law
Communities of Mexican Americans in the Southwest, known as colonias, have provided many low-income buyers with affordable opportunities. Affordability, however, comes at a high price for the colonias residents. Most of the buyers live in colonias pursuant to installment land contracts, devices which allow buyers to spread the purchase price of property over a number of years but leave them without legal title or equity under New Mexico law. The buyers sacrifice their legal rights to "own" small, unimproved lots of land in developments that are often without electricity, gas, a sewage system, and indoor plumbing. The author argues …
Opening Doors: How To Cut Discrimination By Supporting Neighborhood Integration, John Yinger
Opening Doors: How To Cut Discrimination By Supporting Neighborhood Integration, John Yinger
Center for Policy Research
The last few years have witnessed a quantum leap in the enforcement of fair housing and fair lending legislation. The 1988 Fair Housing Amendments Act gave new enforcement powers to the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) and the Department of Justice. For example, HUD can how initiate complaints against housing agents who discriminate. Moreover, several events, including release of the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act data, which show wide disparities in loan acceptance rates between whites on the one hand and blacks and Hispanics on the other, have led financial regulatory agencies such as the Federal Reserve Board …
Mortgaging The American Dream: A Critical Evaluation Of The Federal Government's Promotion Of Home Equity Financing, Julia Patterson Forrester Rogers
Mortgaging The American Dream: A Critical Evaluation Of The Federal Government's Promotion Of Home Equity Financing, Julia Patterson Forrester Rogers
Faculty Journal Articles and Book Chapters
In this Article, I advocate elimination of federal promotion of home equity financing, recommending that the federal government permit home equity financing without encouraging it. In Part Il of this Article, I discuss some of the problems caused by federal promotion of home equity financing. While home equity loans carry a risk to the borrowers of losing their homes, homeowners cannot properly assess this risk due to their tendency to underestimate the probability of default and foreclosure. Homeowners who do lose their homes to foreclosure may be devastated, both financially and psychologically. Despite the risks of a home equity loan, …
Eliminating The Labyrinth: A Proposal To Simplify Federal Mortgage Lending Discrimination Laws, Stephen M. Dane
Eliminating The Labyrinth: A Proposal To Simplify Federal Mortgage Lending Discrimination Laws, Stephen M. Dane
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
The object of this Article is to demonstrate that the statutory and regulatory framework established by the federal government in its efforts to fight mortgage-lending discrimination is an extremely complicated labyrinth of dead ends, false passages, and elusive goals. Instead of addressing the mortgage-lending discrimination problem directly and comprehensively, Congress has taken a piecemeal and incomplete approach that generally has failed to bring the mortgage-lending industry into equal access compliance.
After pointing out the problems and deficiencies in the current statutory and regulatory scheme, this Article suggests a bold, comprehensive solution to the problem that, if implemented effectively, should ensure …
Preserving Low Income Housing In Maine - An Inventory Of Assisted Housing, Elizabeth H. Mitchell
Preserving Low Income Housing In Maine - An Inventory Of Assisted Housing, Elizabeth H. Mitchell
Maine Collection
Preserving Low Income Housing In Maine - An Inventory of Assisted Housing
Maine State Housing Authority, Augusta , Maine, 1988.
Enforcement Of Acceleration Provisions And The Rhetoric Of Good Faith, R. Wilson Freyermuth
Enforcement Of Acceleration Provisions And The Rhetoric Of Good Faith, R. Wilson Freyermuth
Faculty Publications
Today, virtually all mortgages contain acceleration clauses permitting the mortgagee to accelerate the mortgage indebtedness upon default by the mortgagor as defined in the mortgage loan documentation. Section 8.1 of the new Restatement (Third) of Property: Mortgages [hereinafter Mortgages Restatement]1 endorses the view that these mortgage acceleration provisions are generally enforceable after default in accordance with their terms. Following default and acceleration, the mortgagor may prevent foreclosure only by redeeming the property from the mortgage debt, i.e., “only by paying or tendering to the mortgagee the full accelerated mortgage obligation.” Section 8.1(d)(3), however, places certain constraints upon the mortgagee's right …
State Regulation Of Federally Chartered Financial Institutions: Washington's Anti-Redlining Act, Richard H. Cleva
State Regulation Of Federally Chartered Financial Institutions: Washington's Anti-Redlining Act, Richard H. Cleva
Washington Law Review
The purpose of this comment is to analyze the law on state regulation of federal financial institutions and then to apply that analysis to the Washington act in order to determine whether the act can validly be applied to national banks and federal savings and loan associations. Part II critically describes the Washington act and compares it with federal law on the same subject. Part III surveys the judicially developed limits on state regulation of federal financial institutions. Part IV then considers the validity of the Washington act as applied to federal financial institutions in light of the judicial limits …
Effect Of Usury Laws On Home Ownership Needs, Richard S. Stoddart, Earl R. Hoover
Effect Of Usury Laws On Home Ownership Needs, Richard S. Stoddart, Earl R. Hoover
Cleveland State Law Review
In this paper we examine usury laws which thwart the thrift industry, particularly savings and loan associations, from entering fully into the needed home financing picture of the 1970's. If there is virtue in owning a home, be it a normal house, mobile home, condominium or a 99-year leasehold, (and the very basis of American life suggests that there is), and if the predicted housing boom is actually to occur, substantial changes should be made in laws which frustrate home financing.