Law Commons^™

High Time For Change: The Legalization Of Marijuana And Its Impact On Warrantless Roadside Motor Vehicle Searches, Molly E. O'Connell

Washington and Lee Law Review Online

The proliferation of marijuana legalization has changed the relationship between driving and marijuana use. While impaired driving remains illegal, marijuana use that does not result in impairment is not a bar to operating a motor vehicle. Scientists have yet to find a reliable way for law enforcement officers to make this distinction. In the marijuana impairment context, there is not a scientifically proven equivalent to the Blood Alcohol Content standard nor are there reliable roadside assessments. This scientific and technological void has problematic consequences for marijuana users that get behind the wheel and find themselves suspected of impaired driving. Without …

Advocates’ Perspectives On The Canadian Prison Mother Child Program, Martha Paynter, Clare Heggie, Ruth Martin-Misener, Adelina Iftene, Gail Tomblin Murphy

Articles, Book Chapters, & Popular Press

Over twenty years ago, Correctional Services Canada launched the Mother Child Program (MCP) to mitigate harms of separating incarcerated mothers from their babies. It has never been subjected to internal evaluation or independent study. The aim of the qualitative study was to explore the experiences of advocates employed by Elizabeth Fry Societies (EFS), community organizations dedicated to the support of incarcerated women, with respect to supporting people who were pregnant or had young children while federally incarcerated and did or did not participate in the MCP.

A Not-So-Clean Slate: A Progress Report Of Pa’S Automated Record Sealing Law, Matt B. Saboe, Tekia Huger-Burton

Sustainability Research & Practice Seminar Presentations

Professor Matt B. Saboe, Economics and Finance, and Tekia Huger-Burton - A Not-So-Clean Slate: A Progress Report of PA’s Automated Record Sealing Law

The Fourth Amendment And The Problem Of Social Cost, Thomas P. Crocker

Northwestern University Law Review

The Supreme Court has made social cost a core concept relevant to the calculation of Fourth Amendment remedies but has never explained the concept’s meaning. The Court limits the availability of both the exclusionary rule and civil damages because of their “substantial social costs.” According to the Court, these costs primarily consist of letting the lawbreaker go free by excluding evidence or deterring effective police practices that would lead to more criminal apprehension and prosecution. But recent calls for systemic police reform by social movements have a different view of social cost. So too do calls for reforming qualified immunity. …

Law School News: Should Prison Be Abolished? 10-6-2022, Michael M. Bowden

Life of the Law School (1993- )

No abstract provided.

The Impermissibility Of Police Deception In Juvenile Interrogations, Gina Kim

Fordham Law Review

Although perjury is a criminal offense in all states and a felony in many, law enforcement may routinely lie to suspects during interrogations. This widespread, judicially authorized practice consists of interrogators making false promises of leniency that the suspect will receive a lighter sentence in exchange for a confession, and making misrepresentations about the evidence against the suspect. Police deception in interrogations becomes even more problematic when used against juvenile suspects because the psychological vulnerability of minors may lead them to succumb to deceptive pressures and even to falsely confess.

This Note explores the debate surrounding the use of police …

Sentencing After Stash Houses: Addressing Manipulation Of The Federal Sentencing Guidelines, Elizabeth Foy Gudgel

Fordham Law Review

In the realm of undercover work, law enforcement has broad discretion to define the contours of a criminal offense. Due to quantity-based provisions in the Federal Sentencing Guidelines, federal agents or their informants may coerce an individual into a higher sentencing range by escalating their behavior to align with mandatory minimums or quantifiable offense levels. Because this type of offense is police-initiated, law enforcement has discretion to select the individuals subject to these tactics and influence their eventual sentences. The defenses of sentencing entrapment and sentencing manipulation are meant to combat this discretion. However, these defenses are rarely invoked successfully …

Sentencing Co-Offenders, Ehud Guttel, Ittai Paldor, Gideon Parchomovsky

All Faculty Scholarship

Tort law and criminal law are the two main vehicles utilized by the state to deter wrongful behavior. Despite the many similarities between the two legal fields, they differ in their treatment of collaborations. While tort law divides liability among joint-tortfeasors, criminal law abides by a no-division rule that imposes on each co-offender the full brunt of the sanction. Thus, each of two offenders who jointly steal $1,000, will be subject to the full corresponding penalty (rather than the divided penalty for stealing $500).

This Article demonstrates that in property and financial crimes, the no-division regime of criminal law harms …

Does Brady Apply To Supervised Release Revocation Hearings?, Alex Breindel

Fordham Law Review

Many federal offenders face a term of supervised release upon leaving prison. The successor to the federal parole system, supervised release places conditions upon individuals’ freedom. Violation of a condition may result in revocation of release and reimprisonment. To revoke release, the government must prove to a judge by a preponderance of the evidence that a violation occurred. At this proceeding, known as a “revocation hearing,” the individual may contest the alleged violation and present their own evidence.

Under Brady v. Maryland and its progeny, due process requires the government to disclose material exculpatory evidence to criminal defendants. This Note …

Green Crimes In The Empire State: Analyzing The Criminal Enforcement Of Environmental Law In New York, Joshua Ozymy, Melissa Jarrell Ozymy

Pace Environmental Law Review

Ensuring compliance with federal and state environmental laws and deterring future offenses can require the application of criminal enforcement tools. Yet we have a limited understanding of how the criminal enforcement of environmental laws has progressed historically in The Empire State. To explore this phenomenon, we undertake content analysis of federal prosecution summaries for all environmental crime prosecutions stemming from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency criminal investigations from 1983 to 2019. We explore which federal environmental laws were violated, determine which charging statutes were used, analyze sentencing patterns, and illustrate the broader themes that emerge in such prosecutions over 37 years. …

Decarceration's Inside Partners, Seema Tahir Saifee

Fordham Law Review

This Article examines a hidden phenomenon in criminal punishment. People in prison, during their incarceration, have made important—and sometimes extraordinary—strides toward reducing prison populations. In fact, stakeholders in many corners, from policy makers to researchers to abolitionists, have harnessed legal and conceptual strategies generated inside the walls to pursue decarceral strategies outside the walls. Despite this outside use of inside moves, legal scholarship has directed little attention to theorizing the potential of looking to people on the inside as partners in the long-term project of meaningfully reducing prison populations, or “decarceration.”

Building on the change-making agency and revolutionary ideation inside …

Police Vehicle Searches And Racial Profiling: An Empirical Study, Griffin Edwards, Stephen Rushin

Fordham Law Review

In 1981, the U.S. Supreme Court held in New York v. Belton that police officers could lawfully search virtually anywhere in a vehicle without a warrant after the arrest of any occupant in the vehicle. Then, in 2009, the Court reversed course in Arizona v. Gant, holding that police could only engage in vehicle searches after such arrests in a smaller number of extenuating circumstances. This series of cases became a flash point for the broader debate about the regulation of policing. Law enforcement groups argued that administratively complex rules, like those established in Gant, risk officer safety. …

The Law And Politics Of Ransomware, Asaf Lubin

Articles by Maurer Faculty

What do Lady Gaga, the Royal Zoological Society of Scotland, the city of Valdez in Alaska, and the court system of the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul all have in common? They have all been victims of ransomware attacks, which are growing both in number and severity. In 2016, hackers perpetrated roughly four thousand ransomware attacks a day worldwide, a figure which was already alarming. By 2020, however, ransomware attacks reached a staggering number, between 20,000 and 30,000 per day in the United States alone. That is a ransomware attack every eleven seconds, each of which cost victims …

The Politics Of The Criminal Enforcement Of The U.S. Clean Air Act, Joshua Ozymy, Melissa Jarrell Ozymy

William & Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review

Criminal prosecution has always existed in a political context. Democratic and Republican presidents have treated environmental regulation very differently over time and this may have a profound effect on how the criminal enforcement of air pollution laws has proceeded in the United States both historically and in the future. There was enough of a bipartisan consensus to allow the institutionalization of resources for the policing and prosecution of air pollution crimes that began in the 1980s and lasted until the early 1990s, where criminal investigators and specialized prosecutors were hired; institutionalized places for these operations to specialize and collaborate were …

Courts Without Court, Andrew Guthrie Ferguson

Articles in Law Reviews & Other Academic Journals

What role does the physical courthouse play in the administration of criminal justice? This Article uses recent experiments with virtual courts to reimagine a future without criminal courthouses at the center. The key insight of this Article is to reveal how integral physical courts are to carceral control and how the rise of virtual courts helps to decenter power away from judges. This Article examines the effects of online courts on defendants, lawyers, judges, witnesses, victims, and courthouse officials and offers a framework for a better and less court-centered future. By studying post-COVID-19 disruptions around traditional conceptions of place, time, …

Defending The Less Dead: Using The Decriminalization Of Sex Work To Combat The High Incidence Of Serial Homicide Of Street-Based Sex Workers, Lauren E. Fernandez

William & Mary Journal of Race, Gender, and Social Justice

Sex workers have historically represented a disproportionate percentage of all victims of serial murder. Several serial murderers in the past thirty years have evaded detection for years, taking the lives of dozens of victims, by targeting sex workers, playing off the biases of society and law enforcement, and counting on the halfhearted investigation techniques that often followed missing person reports for less valued members of society, or the “less dead.” This Note argues that the decriminalization of all aspects of sex work is the surest way to improve the safety of street-based sex workers and reduce high victimization of this …

Shaky Science: Shaken Baby Syndrome And Its Disproportionate Impact On False Convictions Of Women Of Color, Shae A. Woodburn

William & Mary Journal of Race, Gender, and Social Justice

Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS) is a controversial diagnosis and an even more controversial basis for conviction. The syndrome is questioned by scientists and doctors who have yet to come to a consensus on its diagnosis. Courts have permitted SBS evidence to be admitted in criminal trials, and many people have been convicted solely on the basis of this controversial diagnosis. This Note seeks to analyze the history of SBS, the conflicts in the medical and scientific community, standards of evidence that permit its admission in court, and how all of these factors converge in a way that disproportionately impacts women …

Overcoming The Peremptory's Greatest Challenge, Brian A. Wilson

Faculty Scholarship

Four decades after the Supreme Judicial Court ("SJC") first proscribed certain group-based peremptory challenges, eradicating unlawful discrimination in jury selection has gained renewed interest. Yet so long as Massachusetts retains the inherently flawed three-step "Batson-Soares" test, lawyers seeking to exclude jurors for impermissible reasons will proceed virtually undeterred.

The solution is not to abolish peremptory challenges, as Arizona did in 2022. When exercised lawfully, they enable litigants to remove jurors they legitimately perceive as biased where a challenge for cause, due to its narrow scope, legally cannot. Eliminating peremptories would provide the parties little opportunity to influence who decides the …

An Algorithmic Assessment Of Parole Decisions, Hannah Lacqueur, Ryan W. Copus

Faculty Works

Objectives: Parole is an important mechanism for alleviating the extraordinary social and financial costs of mass incarceration. Yet parole boards can also present a major obstacle, denying parole to low-risk inmates who could safely be released from prison. We evaluate a major parole institution, the New York State Parole Board, quantifying the costs of suboptimal decision-making.

Methods: Using ensemble Machine Learning, we predict any arrest and any violent felony arrest within three years to generate criminal risk predictions for individuals released on parole in New York from 2012–2015. We quantify the social welfare loss of the Board’s suboptimal decisions by …

January 6, Ambiguously Inciting Speech, And The Overt-Acts Rule, Alan Z. Rozenshtein, Jed Handelsman Shugerman

Faculty Scholarship

A prosecution of Donald Trump for his role in the January 6 attack on the Capitol would have to address whether the First Amendment protects the inflammatory remarks he made at the “Stop the Steal” rally. A prosecution based solely on the content of Trump’s speech—whether for incitement, insurrection, or obstruction—would face serious constitutional difficulties under Brandenburg v. Ohio’s dual requirements of intent and likely imminence. But a prosecution need not rely solely on the content of Trump’s speech. It can also look to Trump’s actions: his order to the remove the magnetometers from the entrances to the rally and …

War Crimes: History, Basic Concepts, And Structures, Richard J. Wilson

Articles in Law Reviews & Other Academic Journals

On May 24, 20022, the Washington Post carried front-page news that a court in Ukraine had sentenced a 21-year-old Russian soldier, Vadim Shishimarin, to life imprisonment for the war crime of premeditated murder of a civilian, 62-year-old Oleksandr Shelipov. The session was the first war crimes trial in Ukraine since Russia's invasion three months earlier.

Model Pencantuman Asas Hukum Dalam Pembentukan Hukum Perikatan Nasional, Djumikasih Djumikasih

Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan

Indonesia is currently trying to draft a law of engagement. In the drafting process, there are differences of opinion as to whether the principles of binding law will be written explicitly or implicitly. Based on the results of the discussion, it can be concluded that, the nature of legal principles is a very important and fundamental thing, which comes from ethical values that exist in society, which is very useful because it is a direction guide, for the formation of legal norms and law enforcement itself. The function of legal principles is not only as a foundation, heart or bridge …

Tanggung Jawab Hukum Inventor Atas Invensi Kecerdasan Buatan (Artificial Intelligence) Di Indonesia, Deslaely Putranti, Kurnia Dewi Anggraeny

Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan

The pace of technological development can no longer be restrained until the emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) which later, turns out to have a negative impact on its application. AI is a computer system program created by humans. However, the invention of AI in one hand makes human work easier, it is also noticeable that there are several criminal cases "performed" by AI. This research is qualitative research with doctrinal research. The data used include secondary data consisting of primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials. The method of data collection is done through document study. This research concludes that the …

Menelisik Sikap Pemerintah Indonesia Dalam Menghadapi Kelangkaan Alat Pelindung Diri Ditengah Wabah Pandemi Coronavirus Disease (Ditinjau Dari Undang-Undang Nomor 36 Tahun 2009 Tentang Kesehatan), Marisca Gondokesumo, Nabbilah Amir

Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan

World Health Organization (WHO) has established coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC), WHO recommends all countries to anticipate COVID-19. One important element needed to deal with the virus is personal protective equipment that is used by medical personnel to carry out medical treatment for patients infected with COVID-19, but the item is scarcity in Indonesia. What is the attitude of the Indonesian government in responding to the scarcity of personal protective equipment. The research method used is empirical juridical. The results showed that the scarcity of the availability of personal protective equipment due to …

Redistribusi Tanah Bekas Hak Erfpacht Dalam Kaitannya Dengan Pilot Project Of Agrarian Reform Guna Mewujudkan Sustainable Development Di Desa Galengdowo, Kabupaten Jombang, Fadila Fernanda, Adhitya Widya Kartika

Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan

The redistribution of land with erfpacht right in Galengdowo village is one of the agrarian reform programs in the form of distributing state land to cultivators by giving ownership right to the land they cultivate. These freehold land certificates can then be used as collateral to obtain business capital through Community Land Empowerment (CLE) which is aimed at becoming a pilot project for an agrarian reforma village producing coffee and dairy products by developing regional-level businesses to become national scale. This study uses an empirical legal research method that examines the implementation of law in society. The approach used is …

Dewan Pertimbangan Presiden Dalam Struktur Ketatanegaraan Indonesia, Brilliant Bintang Prasetya, Ryan Muthiara Wasti

Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan

The existence of the Presidential Advisory Council is inseparable from the history of state administration with the political phenomenon of law. Various ideas of pros and cons questioned the position and authority of the country's advisory institutions. The institution which at the beginning of its formation was named the Supreme Advisory Council then turned into a Presidential Advisory Council under the executive rule after the amendment to the 1945 Constitution. The shift raises the peculiarities of the position of advisors not under the authority given by advice. Reflecting on the discourse, this paper reviews how the position and extent of …

Database Floklore Dalam Undang-Undang Tentang Hak Cipta Dan Undang-Undang Tentang Pemajuan Kebudayaan, Lora Sinta Sulistiorini

Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan

Law 28/2014 on Copyright and Law 5/2017 on Cultural Promotion have a major role in regulating and protecting floklore. This can be seen from the norms that regulate the mechanism for protecting floklore in Article 38 paragraph (2) of the Copyright Law, which states that the state is obliged to make an inventory, maintain, and maintain traditional cultural expressions.law a quo also regulates the procedures for recording as contained in Articles 66-72. Not only that, the Law for the Advancement of Culture also regulates the floklore database through Articles 16-26 of a quo. The two laws then raise the question, …

Analisis Politik Hukum Islam Berbasis Maqoshid Syari’Ah (Studi Terhadap Konsep Anak Sah Dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 Tentang Perkawinan), Asmuni Asmuni, Agus Firman

Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan

This article aims to use maqashid sharia to analyze the conformity of the rules regarding legitimate children in Article 42 of the Marriage Law (UUP) with sharia principles. At the level of application of the law, it will also be seen whether the regulation is in accordance with the basic principles of maqashid. The results of this study indicate that the provisions of Article 42 UUP which equate the status of children born 'as a result of' and 'in' a legal marriage, are not in accordance with sharia principles. The Office of Religious Affairs (KUA) in determining marriage guardians for …

Pembaruan Pemahaman Bahasa Hukum Indonesia Dalam Penafsiran Konstitusi Untuk Jaminan Kepastian Hukum, Normand Edwin Elnizar

Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan

This article attempts to explain legal language aspects need to be improved in implementing laws that uphold justice while at the same time provide legal certainty. The study is limited to the constitution as the highest law in the national legal system. The explanation of the linguistic aspect including foreign legal terminology in the constitutional interpretation and the constitutional interpretation as a discourse analysis. It was conducted by literature research to compare the paradigm of constitutional interpretation theory with linguistic aspects in linguistic theory. Decision Number 84/PUU-XVI/2018 used as example for this research. This qualitative research describes some linguistic aspects …

Deregulasi Terhadap Paradoks Vaksin Covid-19 Sebagai Barang Publik Dan Vaksin Berbayar Dalam Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Nomor 19 Tahun 2021, Fikri Ahsan

Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan

The Coronavirus Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine coronavirus (COVID-19) on pandemics is public goods that make public use of all societies in general, but in the regulation of the minister of health number 19 of 2021 regarding the second amendment to the regulation of the minister of health number 10 of 2021 regarding the implementation of vaccinations in the wake of the corona virus virus 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine, Explains the cooperative vaccination that funding is imposed on individuals/individuals (paid). This goes against public goods and tends to become commercial private goods, so in this pandemic of covid-19 should not be …