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Articles 511 - 540 of 564
Full-Text Articles in Law
Apec Focus: Accomplishment And Challenge, Desaix Anderson
Apec Focus: Accomplishment And Challenge, Desaix Anderson
Washington International Law Journal
The economic opportunities and the challenges the United States faces in the Asia Pacific region are both daunting and exhilarating. Prospects are describable only in megaterms: the doubling of energy needs within the decade; one trillion dollars of new infrastructure projects envisaged over ten years; the integration not only of China into the regional economy, but also the emergence of India, with a population which is expected to exceed China's in the next century; the massive environmental rehabilitation requirements, for example, in China; staggering food supply requirements; exploding telecommunications networks and educational exchange opportunities. Developments in Asia and the Pacific …
Securities Regulation In Thailand: Laws And Policies, Pises Sethsathira
Securities Regulation In Thailand: Laws And Policies, Pises Sethsathira
Washington International Law Journal
This Article provides an overview of the new regulatory structure governing capital markets in Thailand as instituted by the Securities Exchange Act of 1992 ("SEA"). Special attention is given to the rules embodied in the SEA as they affect public offerings, fraud, securities businesses, and publicly held companies. The SEA introduces several new concepts to Thai regulation of securities, and these concepts are analyzed, to the extent they can be, given the lack of experience under the new Act.
Regulatory Mechanisms Of Securities Trading In Malaysia (With Special Reference To Insider Trading), Mohd. Ishaque Qureshi
Regulatory Mechanisms Of Securities Trading In Malaysia (With Special Reference To Insider Trading), Mohd. Ishaque Qureshi
Washington International Law Journal
In 1993, Malaysia established a Securities Commission to make the securities markets more secure and efficient, and to better control insider trading. This Article first presents an overview of the structure of the Securities Commission and the responsibilities of the various divisions and officers. Second, it reviews the common law and statutory law on which the Commission and other government agencies must rely to regulate the securities markets.
Regulation Of The Securities Industry In Singapore, Walter Woon
Regulation Of The Securities Industry In Singapore, Walter Woon
Washington International Law Journal
This Article focuses on the various legal regimes governing securities regulation in Singapore, with an emphasis on the various mechanisms for enforcing anti-insider trading laws and the disclosure requirements connected with those laws. The new regulations promulgated in the wake of the Pan-Electric scandal of 1986, which sent shock waves through the Singapore stock exchange, are much more stringent than the previous ones. The authorities of the Monetary Authority of Singapore, the Securities Industry Council, and the Stock Exchange of Singapore are discussed as they pertain to insider trading, false trading and market rigging, stock market manipulation, dissemination of false …
Rules On Disclosure And Enforcement In The Philippines, Eduardo De Los Angeles
Rules On Disclosure And Enforcement In The Philippines, Eduardo De Los Angeles
Washington International Law Journal
The Philippines modeled its first securities laws on the U.S. Uniform Sales of Securities Act, Securities Act of 1933, and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. In terms of disclosure requirements, the early Philippine laws were more lenient than the U.S. acts, but since 1982 the Philippines has improved its disclosure requirements by implementing its Revised Securities Act. The new Act imposes more consistent reporting rules on issuers and insiders, and levies a broad range of sanctions. Nonetheless, the Revised Securities Act could be improved further by requiring fuller disclosure during registration and by toughening the insider trading provisions. Also, …
Insider Trading By An Issuer Under Japanese Law, Misao Tatsuta
Insider Trading By An Issuer Under Japanese Law, Misao Tatsuta
Washington International Law Journal
This Article explores the impact of the 1994 amendments to the Commercial Code on the Japanese Securities and Exchange Law, especially as they pertain to insider trading by stock issuers. The Article identifies limited situations, both in tender offer and public stock market contexts, in which companies may purchase their own stocks. Specifically, the Article addresses the issuer's repurchase plan, the necessary elements of disclosure, and the penalties for non-disclosure. The Article analyzes the amendments and questions their effectiveness in addressing the problem of insider trading.
Regulation Of Canadian Capital Markets In The 1990s: The United States In The Driver's Seat, Cally Jordan
Regulation Of Canadian Capital Markets In The 1990s: The United States In The Driver's Seat, Cally Jordan
Washington International Law Journal
This Article looks at the regulatory techniques that have been adopted in a small but developed market, Canada, in response to the increasing integration of the North American economy and internationalization of capital markets. One of the most comprehensive experiments has been the Multijurisdictional Disclosure System (MJDS) implemented in Canada and the United States in 1991. Based on principles of reciprocal recognition, the MJDS has in fact created greater pressures for harmonization of the two regulatory regimes and, on the Canadian side, prompted regulatory innovations which have attempted to keep Canadian markets in the global game.
Strangers When We Met: The Influence Of Foreign Labor Relations Law And Its Domestication In Japan, Ryuichi Yamakawa
Strangers When We Met: The Influence Of Foreign Labor Relations Law And Its Domestication In Japan, Ryuichi Yamakawa
Washington International Law Journal
This Article examines the influences of foreign law on Japanese labor relations law and the process by which foreign legal concepts have been domesticated, focusing in particular on the provisions, interpretation, and operation of the Trade Union Law of 1949. Acting on the constitutional right to organize and to bargain and act collectively, the Japanese Diet established the framework for Japanese labor relations law by enacting the Trade Union Law of 1945 which was subsequently amended in 1949. While European constitutions appear to be the model for the constitutional provision regarding the right of workers to organize and German influence …
Child Sex Tourism To Thailand: The Role Of The United States As A Consumer Country, Vickie F. Li
Child Sex Tourism To Thailand: The Role Of The United States As A Consumer Country, Vickie F. Li
Washington International Law Journal
The proliferation of child prostitution in Thailand has been closely linked to the explosive growth of the sex industry. Political, economic, and cultural factors internal to Thailand alongside external forces from foreign sex tourism, have all contributed to the rising number of prostituted children. In September 1994, the United States enacted an amendment to the Mann Act to prosecute citizens for traveling or conspiring to travel abroad with the intent to engage minors in sexual activities. This Comment traces the development of child prostitution in Thailand and examines the effect of U.S. law in deterring sex tourism abroad. Comparisons to …
The Sea Of Okhotsk Peanut Hole: How The United Nations Draft Agreement On Straddling Stocks Might Preserve The Pollack Fishery, Jon K. Goltz
The Sea Of Okhotsk Peanut Hole: How The United Nations Draft Agreement On Straddling Stocks Might Preserve The Pollack Fishery, Jon K. Goltz
Washington International Law Journal
The enclave of international waters in the central Sea of Okhotsk, called the "peanut hole," is surrounded by the 200 mile Exclusive Economic Zone ("EEZ") of the Russian Federation. Since 1991, distant water fishing nations ("DWFNs") have been fishing in the peanut hole in a manner that Russia claims is detrimental to the straddling pollack fish stock that exists both in Russia's EEZ and in the enclave. To prevent destruction of the pollack fishery, Russia imposed a moratorium on all fishing in the enclave; the moratorium is not universally observed. The United Nations Conference on Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly …
Confucian Ethics, Judges, And Women: Divorce Under The Revised Korean Family Law, Kay C. Lee
Confucian Ethics, Judges, And Women: Divorce Under The Revised Korean Family Law, Kay C. Lee
Washington International Law Journal
The historic revision of the South Korean Family Law in 1989 abolished many entrenched legal practices based on Confucian ethics that discriminate against women. Among its many provisions, the law provides for an equitable division of marital property upon divorce and ends the tradition of the father's automatic right to child custody, unless waived. However, in a legal system where judges wield unquestioned authority and wide discretion, judicial decisions based on traditional assumptions about women and family continue to frustrate the democratic intent of the revised law. Given the vague laws that give the judiciary broad discretion, real changes are …
New Developments In Korean Constitutionalism: Changes And Prospects, Dae-Kyu Yoon
New Developments In Korean Constitutionalism: Changes And Prospects, Dae-Kyu Yoon
Washington International Law Journal
This Essay examines constitutionalism, or the legal expression of democracy. Explanations of Korea's underdeveloped sense of constitutionalism which are rooted in the culture of Confucianism do not provide an adequate explanation of the post-1948 Korean experience. A better model is provided by contrasting the uses of law by prior authoritarian regimes with current political developments including the rising role of entrepreneurial interests in Korean politics.
Liability To Tax And Transfer Pricing In The People's Republic Of China: A Comparative Analysis, William A. Thomson
Liability To Tax And Transfer Pricing In The People's Republic Of China: A Comparative Analysis, William A. Thomson
Washington International Law Journal
This Article explains how easy it is to become liable to People's Republic of China ("PRC") income tax, and examines the PRC transfer pricing rules. It compares China's tax regime to that of the United States and Japan, focusing both on China's domestic tax law and its treaty obligations. The purpose of this comparison is to illuminate the inter-related tax rules between China and the United States, and China and Japan. The Article also explains how China has modernized its tax system in line with its economic liberalization, and points out areas of uncertainty regarding China's rules on tax liability …
Regulations On Bid Rigging In Japan, The United States And Europe, Naoaki Okatani
Regulations On Bid Rigging In Japan, The United States And Europe, Naoaki Okatani
Washington International Law Journal
This article provides a comparative perspective on bid rigging in Japan, the United States and Europe. It emphasizes the differences in both institutional structure as well as policy and business culture in the three jurisdictions, particularly in terms of antitrust and criminal law enforcement. It notes the greater tolerance of bid rigging in Japan in the case of construction contracts for public works.
Kodak And Aftermarket Tying Analysis: Some Comparative Thoughts, William R. Andersen
Kodak And Aftermarket Tying Analysis: Some Comparative Thoughts, William R. Andersen
Washington International Law Journal
This article examines three recent cases—one from the U.S. Supreme Court, one from the European Court of Justice and one from the High Court of Osaka—dealing with the antitrust implications of aftermarket tying arrangements. Tying occurs when the manufacturer of a machine refuses to sell spare parts to independent repair and service companies. The antitrust implications of tying will be of growing importance in the future as manufactured equipment becomes ever more complex and dependent on specialized repair parts and service. After an introductory review of conventional tying doctrine, the paper compares the approaches of the three courts, finding them …
A Comparison Of U.S.-Japan Antitrust Law: Looking At The International Harmonization Of Competition Law, Hiroshi Iyori
A Comparison Of U.S.-Japan Antitrust Law: Looking At The International Harmonization Of Competition Law, Hiroshi Iyori
Washington International Law Journal
This article focuses on the legislative history of the Japanese Antimonopoly Law and a comparison between the substantive provisions of the Japanese law and its U.S. origins. It begins with a historical overview of the fundamental differences between the economies of Japan and the U.S., as well as Japan through the postwar period and the contrasting contexts in which competition laws were enacted in each country. It offers a brief outline of the historical development of Japanese competition law, from the enactment of the Antimonopoly Law through amendments and defining judicial interpretations. The article then focuses on coverage, sanctions, and …
Foreign Firm Access To Japanese Distribution Systems: Trends In Japanese Antitrust Enforcement, Jiro Tamura
Foreign Firm Access To Japanese Distribution Systems: Trends In Japanese Antitrust Enforcement, Jiro Tamura
Washington International Law Journal
The Japanese substantive competition law is, in theory, very well equipped to prevent anticompetitive behavior that restricts competition. In reality, the JFTC has been weak in enforcing the law. The JFTC has been particularly weak in two areas, boycotts and non-price vertical restraints, making market entry difficult for foreign firms. In response to criticisms of weakness, the JFTC released the 1991 Guideline that states that boycotts may constitute an unreasonable restraint of trade and be subject to administrative surcharges and possible criminal sanctions. Despite the strengthening of the law against boycotts, no cases have been brought. Furthermore, the JFTC has …
Competition And Trade Policy: Antitrust Enforcement: Do Differences Matter?, John O. Haley
Competition And Trade Policy: Antitrust Enforcement: Do Differences Matter?, John O. Haley
Washington International Law Journal
This article deals with the question of differences in competition policy enforcement regimes in Japan, Europe and the United States. In answer to the question "Do differences matter?", the author concludes that they matter less than conventional wisdom suggests at least in terms of "fairness" and effectiveness. The article challenges the widely held views that Japan's competition rules are ineffectively enforced and that U.S. antitrust enforcement, especially treble damage actions, have had an unfair impact on foreign firms. The article concludes with recommendations for greater cooperation between trade regulation and antitrust enforcement authority in the United States and among competition …
Proposed Changes To Japanese And United States Patent Law Enforcement Systems, Marvin Mostenbocker
Proposed Changes To Japanese And United States Patent Law Enforcement Systems, Marvin Mostenbocker
Washington International Law Journal
Recent changes made to Japanese and American patent procedural laws have not addressed the contentious issue of patent enforcement. Purely technical decisions concerning patent rights and their enforcement need to be consistent between jurisdictions of each country. Courts of both countries are second guessing purely technical decisions of their patent offices and interfering with the smooth and predictable development of new technology and its associated rights. This particularly hurts noncitizen patentees who are unfamiliar with the particular legal customs of the other country. It is proposed that technical patent scope determination during Japanese patent infringement litigation be delegated to the …
The 1991 Constitution Of Thailand, Ted L. Mcdorman
The 1991 Constitution Of Thailand, Ted L. Mcdorman
Washington International Law Journal
In December 1991, Thailand enacted its fifteenth constitution since the Thai military's overthrow of the absolute monarchy in 1932. As was the case with most of the previous Thai constitutions, the promulgation of the 1991 Thai Constitution was preceded by a military coup. Further conforming to Thailand's constitutional history and tradition, the coup-leaders, after suspending the 1978 Constitution, attempted to enact a new constitution legitimizing the military's role in the government. Yet they were less successful than in the past as is indicated by the substance of the 1991 Constitution and the events surrounding its enactment. The public became involved …
Past Is Present: Urban Real Property Rights And Housing Reform In The People's Republic Of China, William D. Soileau
Past Is Present: Urban Real Property Rights And Housing Reform In The People's Republic Of China, William D. Soileau
Washington International Law Journal
Since the early 1980s China has embarked on an ambitious program of reform in the systems of urban real property rights and allocation. In many respects, these reforms recall the policies of private property rights protection which prevailed in the early post-Liberation period of P.R.C. history, but which were subsequently abandoned in the Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution. In the intervening thirty years, however, the system of "public" urban housing ownership and allocation deteriorated to such an extent that no one—neither the state, its agents, nor private individuals—had sufficient incentives to increase or even preserve these resources. Faced with …
Thailand's Board Of Investment: Towards A More Appropriate And Effective Rural Investment Promotion Policy, Michael L. Shain
Thailand's Board Of Investment: Towards A More Appropriate And Effective Rural Investment Promotion Policy, Michael L. Shain
Washington International Law Journal
This Comment analyzes the role of Thailand's Board of Investment in the Thai Government's policy of decentralizing its economy. The Board of Investment is the administrative agency authorized to promote industrial development through the use of investment incentives. In response to the decentralization policy, the Board has created new categories of investment and a new set of upgraded incentives designed to encourage industrial investment in the country's rural provinces. The potential effectiveness of the Board's role, however, is limited. Recent changes in Thailand's tax and trade policy have seriously diminished the value of the Board's fiscal incentives, the backbone of …
China's Gatt Bid: Why All The Fuss About Currency Controls, Chris Brown
China's Gatt Bid: Why All The Fuss About Currency Controls, Chris Brown
Washington International Law Journal
China did not succeed in its bid to join the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) during the Uruguay Round. A key stumbling block was China's mechanism of exchange rate controls. From the mid-1980s to the end of 1993, China used a dual-rate currency mechanism, administering these rates through a loose network of about 100 exchange centers ("swap centers"). The swap centers helped to create partial convertibility of the Chinese currency and were instrumental in creating incentives for China's exporters and in attracting foreign investment. However, the swap centers also caused trade conflicts with the U.S. and within GATT. …
When Body Is Soul: The Proposed Japanese Bill On Organ Transplantations From Brain-Dead Donors, David Forster
When Body Is Soul: The Proposed Japanese Bill On Organ Transplantations From Brain-Dead Donors, David Forster
Washington International Law Journal
Organ transplantations from brain-dead donors have been de facto prohibited in Japan since 1968. Buddhism, Shintoism, the Japanese concept of personhood, Japanese medical and hospital practices, the police, and the Patient's Rights Conference have all contributed to this situation. However, consensus has been growing in Japanese society and government that these operations should be legalized. The Diet began considering a proposed bill to this end on April 12, 1994. This comment argues that the bill ought to be passed. If passed, this bill will save the lives of many Japanese, it will end the difficulties Japanese currently encounter going overseas …
An Agenda For Revising The Taxation Of Philanthropy In Japan, Koji Ishimura
An Agenda For Revising The Taxation Of Philanthropy In Japan, Koji Ishimura
Washington International Law Journal
As the size and scope of Japan's philanthropic activities have grown, so has the need to re-examine Japan's tax policies with regards to charitable giving and volunteerism. In particular, there is a need to review the classification of tax-exempt entities under the Corporate Tax Law to ensure that only bona fide non-profit activities are tax-exempt. Japan should also explore new tax incentives to encourage volunteerism, such as allowing deductions for out-of-pocket expenses incident to charity work, carryovers, and a liberalization of Japan's current system for specific itemized deductions. Finally, Japan's tax policies should be used to encourage more cross-border philanthropy …
Revision Of The Japanese Patent And Utlility Model System, Nobuo Monya, Marvin Motsenbocker, Hiroki Mitsumata
Revision Of The Japanese Patent And Utlility Model System, Nobuo Monya, Marvin Motsenbocker, Hiroki Mitsumata
Washington International Law Journal
As part of the international harmonization of industrial property rights, in the summer of 1992 a U.S. advisory committee published recommendations concerning revisions to the patent system. The Industrial Property Council of Japan also published a report at the end of 1992 concerning revisions to the patent law and utility model law. Soon thereafter the U.S. administration in Washington changed, and the U.S. position on patent law harmonization became unclear. Japan, however, enacted its report into legislation. Japan revised the relevant parts of its Patent Law (Law No. 26 of 1993) on April 16, 1993, and the revisions were promulgated …
Vagueness And Enforceability: Potential Problems Of The 1991 Thai Trademark Act, Sakda Thanitcul
Vagueness And Enforceability: Potential Problems Of The 1991 Thai Trademark Act, Sakda Thanitcul
Washington International Law Journal
In 1991, Thailand adopted a new Trademark Act, which, among other goals, increased protection of trademark and service mark agreements. However, enforcement of these new rules has not been clearly defined. In the first portion of this article, the author examines the new rules for trademark agreements in Thailand. These rules give extensive discretion to the Thai Registrar, yet have potential problems in enforcing standards such as quality control. The next section examines Thai public policy, and analyzes how other industrialized nations enforce their policies on trademarks. Finally, the article recommends that Thailand increase quality control, and more carefully define …
A Comparative Study Of The Formation And Development Of Air & Water Pollution Control Laws In Taiwan And Japan, Chao-Chan Cheng
A Comparative Study Of The Formation And Development Of Air & Water Pollution Control Laws In Taiwan And Japan, Chao-Chan Cheng
Washington International Law Journal
Taiwan and Japan have faced similar environmental problems at comparable stages in their economic development, and have passed through similar stages in the development of their systems of environmental law. Three phases in the development of environmental law making are distinguished: preparatory, formative and developed. This article compares the relative progress of Taiwan and Japan through these stages, and suggests that Taiwan may benefit by studying Japan's analogous prior experiences with pollution prevention and environmental law.
The Development Of China's Environmental Diplomacy, Cai Shouqiu, Mark Voigts
The Development Of China's Environmental Diplomacy, Cai Shouqiu, Mark Voigts
Washington International Law Journal
Over the past decade, activities in the area of international environmental diplomacy have increased. China in particular has increased its efforts to help the global environmental situation, in conjunction with its role as a leader among the rest of the developing world. This essay examines China's historical environmental situation, and presents some of the factors that have influenced, and will continue to motivate, China's environmental decision making.
Environmental Impact Assessments For Major Construction Projects In Taiwan: Problems And Solutions, Ming-Shen Wang, Gow-Liang Huang
Environmental Impact Assessments For Major Construction Projects In Taiwan: Problems And Solutions, Ming-Shen Wang, Gow-Liang Huang
Washington International Law Journal
Taiwan's environmental impact assessment (EIA) process offers little opportunity for genuine public participation, lacks systematic decision-making procedures, and inadequately evaluates and communicates perceptions of risk. This article examines EIA models emphasizing public participation, as well as contemporary theories of conflict management and risk communication, in terms of their potential application towards a restructuring of Taiwan's EIA process.