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Articles 31 - 60 of 92
Full-Text Articles in Law
Striking A Balance: Finding A Place For Religious Conscience Clauses In Contraceptive Equity Legislation, Staci D. Lowell
Striking A Balance: Finding A Place For Religious Conscience Clauses In Contraceptive Equity Legislation, Staci D. Lowell
Cleveland State Law Review
This note will attempt to address the interrelationship of the Pregnancy Discrimination Act and the First and Fourteenth Amendments in the context of contraceptive equity legislation. To that end, the note will examine states' definitions of a "religious employer" and make recommendations regarding statutory language that is broad enough to cover those organizations with conscientious objections to contraception but narrow enough to allow women to have ready access to contraceptive services. Following this introduction, Part II of the note will provide background information about both contraceptive equity and religious freedom. Part III will discuss current and proposed contraceptive equity legislation …
An Ohio Dilemma: Race, Equal Protection, And The Unfulfilled Promise Of A State Bill Of Rights, Jonathan L. Entin
An Ohio Dilemma: Race, Equal Protection, And The Unfulfilled Promise Of A State Bill Of Rights, Jonathan L. Entin
Cleveland State Law Review
Race was a central issue in Ohio from the very beginning. The original state constitution of 1802 and the successor constitution of 1851 explicitly limited suffrage to whites even as both documents forbade slavery. Moreover, the legislature imposed various legal disabilities and restrictions on African Americans. For much of the Nineteenth Century, however, the Ohio Supreme Court tried to narrow the scope of those restrictions by developing a distinctive jurisprudence that was in some respects more progressive, and in general less obnoxious, than that developed in other states and by the U.S. Supreme Court. Before the end of the century, …
To Exhaust Or Not To Exhaust: The Prisoner Litigation Reform Act Requires Prisoners To Exhaust All Administrative Remedies Before Filing Excessive Force Claims In Federal Court, Danielle M. Mcgill
To Exhaust Or Not To Exhaust: The Prisoner Litigation Reform Act Requires Prisoners To Exhaust All Administrative Remedies Before Filing Excessive Force Claims In Federal Court, Danielle M. Mcgill
Cleveland State Law Review
This Note addresses this issue and recommends that excessive force claims be subject to the PLRA's exhaustion requirement, thereby requiring an inmate to exhaust administrative remedies before filing an excessive force suit in federal court. Requiring exhaustion for excessive force claims will help solve the problems associated with the overabundance of frivolous prisoner litigation and the federal judiciary's unnecessary interference into the nation's prison administrations. Moreover, the excessive force issue is in the forefront because the Supreme Court granted certiorari in Porter v. Nussle, a case dealing exclusively with this issue. The lower court, in Nussle v. Willette, allowed an …
How The Supreme Court's Reiteration Of Sexual Harassment Standards Affirmed In Faragher And Ellerth Would Have Led To Jones' Survival In Jones V. Clinton, Moira Mcandrew
Cleveland State Law Review
This note demonstrates that a cognizable claim of sexual harassment may be predicated on a severe, yet isolated episode of sexual harassment. In this inquiry, we will look to other Supreme Court and Appellate Court decisions regarding sexual harassment law to support the conclusion that a single incident of sexual harassment can constitute an actionable hostile work environment claim. Part II traces the background of sexual harassment law, including what constitutes actionable discrimination and the applicable standards of a hostile work environment claim. Part III outlines the Supreme Court's analysis of actionable employment discrimination based on sexual harassment under Title …
Genetic Technology And Its Impact On Culpability For Criminal Actions , Marcia Johnson
Genetic Technology And Its Impact On Culpability For Criminal Actions , Marcia Johnson
Cleveland State Law Review
This article addresses only one issue, one which our judicial system ultimately must address: the criminal responsibility one will bear for committing a crime when the actions are determined by the actor's genetic make-up. Part I of the article traces the roots of genetic research from Darwinism to eugenics and Nazi racial purity theories. Part II reviews theories and studies which support the concept of genetic influence on social, particularly criminal, behavior. Part III considers the impact of the genetic revolution on our criminal justice system with special emphasis on the effect on our system's fundamental concept of free will. …
The Future Of Affirmative Action: The Legal Imperative Nationally And The Ohio Experience, Jack P. Desario, Thomas L. Colaluca, Gina A. Kuhlman
The Future Of Affirmative Action: The Legal Imperative Nationally And The Ohio Experience, Jack P. Desario, Thomas L. Colaluca, Gina A. Kuhlman
Cleveland State Law Review
This presentation of the legal future of affirmative action will be divided into five sections. The introductory material serves as a general introduction to the issues. The second section will review the origins and evolution of affirmative action. This section will also attempt to provide a definition of this complex concept. The third will provide a detailed analysis of Regents of the University of California v. Bakke. Bakke represents the Supreme Court's first attempt to resolve the legal complexities of affirmative action. The Court's holdings in Bakke have shaped the debate for over 20 years. The fourth segment of this …
The Parma Housing Racial Discrimination Remedy Revisited, W. Dennis Keating
The Parma Housing Racial Discrimination Remedy Revisited, W. Dennis Keating
Cleveland State Law Review
In 1980, the city of Parma, Ohio, Cleveland's largest suburban city was found guilty of violating the Fair Housing Act. Along with the Gautreaux, Mt. Laurel, and Yonkers cases, the Parma case represents a longstanding remedy aimed at eliminating a pattern and practice of municipal discrimination in housing. It raises the issue of how far courts and the federal judiciary in particular, are willing and able to go in order to address systematic patterns of housing segregation. This article reviews the original decision and its appeal, the implementation of the original remedy, and the more recent remedy and its prospects …
Desegregation As A Two-Way Street: The Aftermath Of United States V. Fordice, Chaka M. Patterson
Desegregation As A Two-Way Street: The Aftermath Of United States V. Fordice, Chaka M. Patterson
Cleveland State Law Review
As a result of the problems encountered by these various proposals, I propose a plan of my own that preserves HBUs to the extent that they are desegregated along with the white institutions rather than just eliminated. In this way, the burdens of integration are shared in both communities by both sets of institutions. More specifically, with respect to higher education in Mississippi, I propose the following solution to address the current situation: first, Mississippi should close or merge some of the HWUs but not the HBUs for the reasons previously articulated and then adopt a two tier system of …
Section 1983 Litigation In The Ohio Courts: An Introduction For Ohio Lawyers And Judges, Steven H. Steinglass
Section 1983 Litigation In The Ohio Courts: An Introduction For Ohio Lawyers And Judges, Steven H. Steinglass
Cleveland State Law Review
This review of §1983 litigation in the Ohio courts has three principal goals. First, it provides an introduction to state court §1983 litigation for Ohio lawyers and judges. Commentators have recognized the importance of state court §1983 litigation, and the Supreme Court has begun to pay greater attention to state court §1983 cases. Nonetheless, most §1983 materials focus on the federal courts. Moreover, the few works addressing litigation of §1983 claims in state courts either lack an Ohio focus or, where there is such a focus, deal narrowly with specific Ohio issues. This article seeks to bridge this gap by …
The Recent Respectability Of Summary Judgments And Directed Verdicts In Intentional Age Discrimination Cases: Adea Case Analysis Through The Supreme Court's Summary Judgment Prism, Frank J. Cavaliere
The Recent Respectability Of Summary Judgments And Directed Verdicts In Intentional Age Discrimination Cases: Adea Case Analysis Through The Supreme Court's Summary Judgment Prism, Frank J. Cavaliere
Cleveland State Law Review
The purpose of this Article is to review recent Supreme Court "guidance" on standards for summary judgment and directed verdict and the effect these decisions are having upon ADEA cases.
America's Counterrevolution - Unlearned Lessons, Nathaniel R. Jones
America's Counterrevolution - Unlearned Lessons, Nathaniel R. Jones
Cleveland State Law Review
"America's Counterrevolution - Unlearned Lessons" is about America's social revolution -which saw this nation change from a state that constitutionally sanctioned human degradation in the form of slavery and segregation, into one that enshrined in its basic charter human rights and guarantees of equality before the law for all persons. The revolution, in what Justice Marshall calls our "system of constitutional government", made our legal system the wonder of the world, which others constantly seek to emulate. In order to understand what is required of Americans as they find themselves in this counterrevolutionary period with respect to civil rights, there …
Tester Standing In Employment Discrimination Cases Under 42 U.S.C. 1981, Michelle Landever
Tester Standing In Employment Discrimination Cases Under 42 U.S.C. 1981, Michelle Landever
Cleveland State Law Review
There is little direct evidence about the nature and extent of hiring discrimination in the United States. There is no empirical evidence that discrimination has been eliminated; and even across the political spectrum there is recognition that the problem still persists. As many more claims pertaining to promotions and terminations are filed, there is a misperception that these reflect a more serious problem than that of hiring discrimination. Victims of hiring discrimination are less likely to know that they have been discriminated against, and to have access to information needed to prove it. Thus, as discrimination at the hiring stage …
Uaw V. Johnson Controls: The Supreme Court Fails To Get The Lead Out, Overlooks Fetal Harm Resulting From Workplace Exposure, John M. Tkacik Jr.
Uaw V. Johnson Controls: The Supreme Court Fails To Get The Lead Out, Overlooks Fetal Harm Resulting From Workplace Exposure, John M. Tkacik Jr.
Cleveland State Law Review
UAW v. Johnson Controls, Inc., recently decided by the United States Supreme Court, has resulted in what one commentator described as "[t]he strongest and most important sex-discrimination victory in nearly 30 years." As a result of the decision, employers can no longer bar women from hazardous jobs through fetal-protection policies, except under the most extreme and narrow circumstances. This legal victory for women in the workplace, however, has seriously impacted the debate over the protection of fetal health and safety. The Supreme Court, in a seemingly encore presentation of Roe, again overlooked the harm facing the unborn child in Johnson …
Judicial And Administrative Interpretations Of The Bona Fide Occupational Qualification As Applied To The Age Discrimination In Employment Act, Tracy Karen Finkelstein
Judicial And Administrative Interpretations Of The Bona Fide Occupational Qualification As Applied To The Age Discrimination In Employment Act, Tracy Karen Finkelstein
Cleveland State Law Review
This note will examine administrative and judicial standards used to prevent age discrimination in employment decisions. The first section will analyze the ADEA, enacted in response to the growing concern about age discrimination. The second section will discuss the Bona Fide Occupational Qualification exception to the ADEA's prohibition against age discrimination. Finally, the concerns particular to the airline industry regarding its age-related policies will be presented together with the responses of the FAA, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, and the judiciary in an attempt to clarify and resolve the difficulties inherent in situations where safety is a major concern.
From Class Actions To Miss Saigon: The Concept Of Representation In The Law, Martha L. Minow
From Class Actions To Miss Saigon: The Concept Of Representation In The Law, Martha L. Minow
Cleveland State Law Review
The representation debates over casting "Miss Saigon" and law school faculties reflect the prevalence of contemporary assumptions about group differences. They reflect arguments made on behalf of historically excluded groups that group membership serves as a proxy for shared experiences and especially common experiences as victims of societal prejudice. Opponents, styled as defenders of neutrality, resist such arguments because they undermine the commitment to treating individuals as individuals. Maybe we can understand the debates better by seeing connections to deeper confusions about the concept of representation throughout our society, made especially vivid in legal and political contexts. If treated as …
Section 1983 And The Parratt Doctrine After Zinermon V. Burch: Ensuring Due Process Rights Or Turning The Fourteenth Amendment Into A Font Of Tort Law, Paul F. Wingenfeld
Section 1983 And The Parratt Doctrine After Zinermon V. Burch: Ensuring Due Process Rights Or Turning The Fourteenth Amendment Into A Font Of Tort Law, Paul F. Wingenfeld
Cleveland State Law Review
Over the last thirty years, the Court has decided a number of cases which illustrate an on-going struggle to find the proper place for section 1983 in the federal court system and, consequently, what ultimately qualifies as adequate procedural due process within the context of the statute. This note will examine the history of Court decisions involving section 1983 in order to provide the proper background for examining the Court's most recent decision in Zinermon v. Burch, a case which itself has added to an already confusing field of legal study. Within this historical background, however, the Court has actually …
From Class Actions To Miss Saigon: The Concept Of Representation In The Law, Martha L. Minow
From Class Actions To Miss Saigon: The Concept Of Representation In The Law, Martha L. Minow
Cleveland State Law Review
The representation debates over casting "Miss Saigon" and law school faculties reflect the prevalence of contemporary assumptions about group differences. They reflect arguments made on behalf of historically excluded groups that group membership serves as a proxy for shared experiences and especially common experiences as victims of societal prejudice. Opponents, styled as defenders of neutrality, resist such arguments because they undermine the commitment to treating individuals as individuals. Maybe we can understand the debates better by seeing connections to deeper confusions about the concept of representation throughout our society, made especially vivid in legal and political contexts. If treated as …
Section 1983 And The Parratt Doctrine After Zinermon V. Burch: Ensuring Due Process Rights Or Turning The Fourteenth Amendment Into A Font Of Tort Law, Paul F. Wingenfeld
Section 1983 And The Parratt Doctrine After Zinermon V. Burch: Ensuring Due Process Rights Or Turning The Fourteenth Amendment Into A Font Of Tort Law, Paul F. Wingenfeld
Cleveland State Law Review
Over the last thirty years, the Court has decided a number of cases which illustrate an on-going struggle to find the proper place for section 1983 in the federal court system and, consequently, what ultimately qualifies as adequate procedural due process within the context of the statute. This note will examine the history of Court decisions involving section 1983 in order to provide the proper background for examining the Court's most recent decision in Zinermon v. Burch, a case which itself has added to an already confusing field of legal study. Within this historical background, however, the Court has actually …
The Future Of Minority Set-Aside Programs After City Of Richmond, Judy Kerczewski Kranjc
The Future Of Minority Set-Aside Programs After City Of Richmond, Judy Kerczewski Kranjc
Cleveland State Law Review
One type of controversial affirmative action plan is the minority set-aside program. This Note will focus on the future of these plans in the wake of the recent Supreme Court decision, City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co. First, an examination of the background of affirmative action leading up to set-asides is in order. Second, this Note will analyze City of Richmond and the constitutional and social issues at stake, balancing whether minority set-asides are needed with the recognition that discrimination and lack of economic opportunity for minorities still exists in our society. Finally, the Note will examine several lower …
Runyon Reconsidered: The Future Of Section 1981 As A Basis For Employment Discrimination Claims, Barbara L. Kramer
Runyon Reconsidered: The Future Of Section 1981 As A Basis For Employment Discrimination Claims, Barbara L. Kramer
Cleveland State Law Review
On April 25, 1988, the Supreme Court ignited a controversy by announcing that it would reconsider' its ruling in Runyon v. McCrary, a landmark 1976 civil rights decision, in a case currently before the Court, Patterson v. McClean Credit Union. Runyon affirmed the right of certain minority groups to sue private entities for unlawful discrimination under 42 U.S.C. Section 1981. Patterson calls into question the origin of the present Section 1981. This Note discusses the elements of the controversy unleashed by the Court: the origin and operation of the present Section 1981 and its relation to Title VII of the …
H.R. 4300, The Family And Medical Leave Act Of 1986: Congress' Response To The Changing American Family, Amy K. Berman
H.R. 4300, The Family And Medical Leave Act Of 1986: Congress' Response To The Changing American Family, Amy K. Berman
Cleveland State Law Review
On March 4, 1986, H.R. 4300, The Family & Medical Leave Act of 1986 was introduced in the United States House of Representatives. The purpose of the bill is "to entitle employees to parental leave in cases involving the birth, adoption, or serious health condition of a son or daughter and temporary medical leave in cases involving the inability [of an employee] to work because of a serious health condition." The bill requires an employer to provide up to 18 weeks job-protected family leave and up to 26 weeks job protected medical leave for all temporarily disabled employees. The scope …
Affirmative Action After Bakke, Cordelia A. Glenn
Affirmative Action After Bakke, Cordelia A. Glenn
Cleveland State Law Review
This Note will examine Regents of the University of California v. Bakke and subsequent Supreme Court decisions dealing with affirmative action to determine what effect, if any, these decisions have had on lower court determinations of the validity of affirmative-action programs. This Note will also discuss the problems inherent in judicial review of such programs and the direction that affirmative action has taken as a result of lower court decisions. Affirmative action as it relates to women and to seniority plans is beyond the scope of this Note. However, reference to these types of cases will be made for purposes …
Judicial Remedies In Pattern And Practice Suits Under The Fair Housing Act Of 1968: United States V. City Of Parma, Karen E. Rubin
Judicial Remedies In Pattern And Practice Suits Under The Fair Housing Act Of 1968: United States V. City Of Parma, Karen E. Rubin
Cleveland State Law Review
The elimination of racially segregated housing is a national goal of high priority. This goal is reflected in the pronouncements of law-makers and policy shapers, in decisional law, and in the existence of federal and state legislation designed to eradicate ghettos and replace them with "truly integrated and balanced" communities. Yet segregated housing patterns persist, often finding their source and legitimization in the policies and practices of local governments. This Note will examine an Ohio decision, United States v. City of Parma, and its impact on two issues: the bringing of a "pattern and practice" suit under Title VII of …
The Seniority System Exemption To Title Vii Of The Civil Rights Acts: The Impact Of A New Barrier To Title Vii Litigants, Beth Wain Brandon
The Seniority System Exemption To Title Vii Of The Civil Rights Acts: The Impact Of A New Barrier To Title Vii Litigants, Beth Wain Brandon
Cleveland State Law Review
Congress has prohibited discrimination in employment by enacting Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. Section 703(h) was passed as an exemption to Title VII, in order to protect bona fide systems of seniority. The purpose of Title VII was "the prevention of unlawful employment discrimination and the amelioration and elimination of the effects of past discrimination." To this end, the courts historically have looked at the "effects" of discrimination rather than the "intent" to discriminate, when analyzing a Title VII violation. Recently the Supreme Court, in American Tobacco Co. v. Patterson, has required a showing of intent to …
The Civil Rights Lawyer In The 1980'S, Thelton E. Henderson
The Civil Rights Lawyer In The 1980'S, Thelton E. Henderson
Cleveland State Law Review
There has been a lot of discussion recently about civil rights and the future, if any, of the civil rights movement. Some ask whether the civil rights movement in this country is dead. In response, I hope to answer this question by examining the civil rights movement along with the role of the civil rights lawyer in the 1980's.
The Professional Bondsman: A State Action Analysis, Jim Michael Hansen
The Professional Bondsman: A State Action Analysis, Jim Michael Hansen
Cleveland State Law Review
Principals who have been subjected to illegal or excessive arrest procedures by the bondsman have secured only minimal redress in state judicial forums upon initiating tort actions founded upon false imprisonment, trespass and assault and battery. This Article will explore how an abused principal can attempt to secure legal redress in the federal forum, utilizing 42 U.S.C. § 1983.
Monell V. New York Board Of Social Services: New Liability For Land Use Regulators In Ohio - The Limits Of Regulatory Power, James M. Speros
Monell V. New York Board Of Social Services: New Liability For Land Use Regulators In Ohio - The Limits Of Regulatory Power, James M. Speros
Cleveland State Law Review
Monell places decisions of local agencies regarding land use in an entirely new light. While the exact scope of local governmental liability is yet to be determined, land use decisions can no longer be made without consideration of potential financial consequences from this new civil rights liability. Local governments must be aware that this potential financial responsibility will make challenges to land use decisions far more attractive to landowners. Thus, local governments must pay particular attention to the specific limitations on their power to regulate land use control, for significant financial liability may now be imposed if these bodies exceed …
Equality Between The Sexes In The 1980'S, Nancy S. Erickson
Equality Between The Sexes In The 1980'S, Nancy S. Erickson
Cleveland State Law Review
Any discussion of equality under the law must necessarily revolve around the equal protection clause. Therefore, this discussion will indicate first where equal protection analysis has succeeded ineffectively dealing with sex discrimination and the significance of the judicial policy behind these successes. Secondly, the failures of the equal protection clause will be examined with specific attention to the five methods in which the equal protection clause has failed to eliminate laws discriminating on the basis of sex. Finally, the failures of the equal protection clause will be illustrated as starting points for work in the area of sexual equality in …
Equality Between The Sexes In The 1980'S, Nancy S. Erickson
Equality Between The Sexes In The 1980'S, Nancy S. Erickson
Cleveland State Law Review
Any discussion of equality under the law must necessarily revolve around the equal protection clause. Therefore, this discussion will indicate first where equal protection analysis has succeeded ineffectively dealing with sex discrimination and the significance of the judicial policy behind these successes. Secondly, the failures of the equal protection clause will be examined with specific attention to the five methods in which the equal protection clause has failed to eliminate laws discriminating on the basis of sex. Finally, the failures of the equal protection clause will be illustrated as starting points for work in the area of sexual equality in …
The Immunity Of Public Defenders Under Section 1983, Ellen Keller
The Immunity Of Public Defenders Under Section 1983, Ellen Keller
Cleveland State Law Review
The Circuit Courts of Appeals that have considered the question of a public defender's liability issue have all held public defenders or court-appointed counsel immune from personal liability for actions taken in the course of representing their clients. This note will examine the ways in which the courts have disposed of these cases, discuss factors that have inclined federal courts to grant immunity to public defenders under section 1983, and weigh the advisability of personal liability for malpractice of those who defend indigent defendants in criminal trials.