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- Keyword
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- Flotation concentrate (6)
- Arsenopyrite (3)
- Bacterial leaching (3)
- Gold (3)
- Organic carbon (3)
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- Pyrite (3)
- Sulfide minerals (3)
- Acidophilic associations of iron-sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (2)
- Activated carbon (2)
- Alloy (2)
- Angle of repose (2)
- Belt conveyor (2)
- Carbon removal (2)
- Cinder (2)
- Coefficient of internal friction (2)
- Copper (2)
- Geochemical activity (2)
- Gold ores (2)
- Gold. (2)
- Hydrometallurgy. (2)
- Insulation (2)
- Leaching (2)
- Mathematical model. (2)
- Microflora (2)
- Microwave power (2)
- Mound (2)
- Reagents (2)
- Refractory gold ore (2)
- Silumin (2)
- Sulfuric acid (2)
Articles 1 - 30 of 37
Full-Text Articles in Other Engineering
Study Of The Change In The Concentration Of Metal Ions In Bacterial Oxidation Of Floto Concentrate In The Liquid Phase, K. Sanakulov, B.F. Muhiddinov, S.Sh. Sharipov, A.T. Umrzakov
Study Of The Change In The Concentration Of Metal Ions In Bacterial Oxidation Of Floto Concentrate In The Liquid Phase, K. Sanakulov, B.F. Muhiddinov, S.Sh. Sharipov, A.T. Umrzakov
Gorniy vestnik Uzbekistana
The article presents the results of a study of the qualitative and quantitative analysis of metal ions in the bacterial oxidation of flotation concentrate in the liquid phase by mass spectroscopy. Changes in the concentration of metal ions (Na, Si, K, Ca, Fe, etc.) and ions of noble metals (gold, silver) in the process of bacterial oxidation of flotation concentrate were determined and changes in their concentration in the process were substantiated
Improving The Quality Of Cathodic Precipitation Coming To The Gmz-2 Of The State Enterprise "Navoi Mmc", Adizov L.A., Sh.R. Kodirov, Tazhibaev D.Yu., Ergashev N.U.
Improving The Quality Of Cathodic Precipitation Coming To The Gmz-2 Of The State Enterprise "Navoi Mmc", Adizov L.A., Sh.R. Kodirov, Tazhibaev D.Yu., Ergashev N.U.
Gorniy vestnik Uzbekistana
In this article, the object of research was the cathode precipitation of GMZ-4, obtained by electrolytic precipitation of rich gold-containing solutions after intensive leaching of gravioconcentrates. As a result of the conducted research, to improve the quality of cathode precipitation in the conditions of GMZ-2, the optimal method of nitric acid treatment was chosen. This method is implemented on an industrial scale in the shop of finished products and is used when cathode precipitation is below the required quality
Innovative Centrifugal Concentrator Bowl From Sepro Mineral Systems, Van Kleek Mark, A. Pariy, M. Grodowski
Innovative Centrifugal Concentrator Bowl From Sepro Mineral Systems, Van Kleek Mark, A. Pariy, M. Grodowski
Gorniy vestnik Uzbekistana
Modern centrifugal concentrators have become standard equipment for most precious metal extraction technologies due to their simplicity, cost-effectiveness and efficiency. However, as with any other technology, there is always room for improvement. Sepro Mineral Systems, Canada's largest supplier of mineral processing equipment, has developed a new Frontier centrifugal concentrator bowl (patent pending), which will soon be installed on all Falcon gravity concentrators, and will also be able to serve as a replacement part for most Knelson concentrator models.
Schemes Of Fast Automatic Input Of The Reserve For Electricity Systems With High-Voltagemi Asynchronny Electric Motors, Kholboev G.O., Aliyor Hamidov, Ataullaev A.O., Rasulova B.I.
Schemes Of Fast Automatic Input Of The Reserve For Electricity Systems With High-Voltagemi Asynchronny Electric Motors, Kholboev G.O., Aliyor Hamidov, Ataullaev A.O., Rasulova B.I.
Gorniy vestnik Uzbekistana
The main purpose of developing a fast-acting automatic reserve inclusion system is to reduce the impact of transition processes, mechanical impacts on engines and current throws while maintaining uninterrupted power supply to the engines at a time when power is disrupted from one of the power sources and the load is switched to the second source.
Thermodynamic Functions Of Silumin Ak12m2, H.M. Nazarov, Okil Osimi, Ganiev I.N.
Thermodynamic Functions Of Silumin Ak12m2, H.M. Nazarov, Okil Osimi, Ganiev I.N.
Gorniy vestnik Uzbekistana
The article presents the results of studying the thermodynamic functions of silumin grade AK12M2. The temperature and cooling time dependences obtained during the experiment are described by the equations that are necessary for calculating the cooling rate of alloys. It is shown that as enthalpy increases, enthalpy, entropy, specific heat and heat transfer coefficient of alloy AK12M2 increase, and Gibbs energy decreases
Study Of Gold Encapsulation In Maghemite During Microwave Roasting Of Flotation Concentrate, K. Sanakulov, O.U. Fuzaylov
Study Of Gold Encapsulation In Maghemite During Microwave Roasting Of Flotation Concentrate, K. Sanakulov, O.U. Fuzaylov
Gorniy vestnik Uzbekistana
The article presents the results of a study of the encapsulation of gold in maghemite during microwave processing of refractory gold-bearing concentrate. The magnetic separation of the MW calcine showed the concentration of gold in the magnetic fraction. The results of XRD analysis confirmed the high content of maghemite in the magnetic fraction. An obvious correlation was found between gold and maghemite, since most of the gold recovered in the magnetic fraction where the maghemite content is 48.7%. Sulfuric acid leaching of the magnetic fraction in order to dissolve iron oxides made it possible to increase the rate of gold …
Inclusions In Granodiorites Of The Auminzinsky Intrusion (Central Kyzylkum), Amirov E.M.
Inclusions In Granodiorites Of The Auminzinsky Intrusion (Central Kyzylkum), Amirov E.M.
Gorniy vestnik Uzbekistana
Based on a study of the composition, petro- and geochemical features of the inclusions and hostgranitoid rocks of the Auminzatau mountains, their identity was established and a conclusion was drawn on the correspondence of melonratic fragments to the earlier phase of the earlier phase of the granitoid complex under consideration, reflecting the nature of the gravitational differentiation of a single magma chamber, which formed these varieties of intrusive formations
Extraction Of Iron From Acid Waste Solutions Of The Process Of Bioxidation Of Sulfide Gold-Containing Concentrates, Sanakulov U.K., Tazhibaev D.Yu., Ergashev Ulugbek Abdurasulovich
Extraction Of Iron From Acid Waste Solutions Of The Process Of Bioxidation Of Sulfide Gold-Containing Concentrates, Sanakulov U.K., Tazhibaev D.Yu., Ergashev Ulugbek Abdurasulovich
Gorniy vestnik Uzbekistana
The article presents the results of laboratory studies on the extraction of iron from acidic waste solutions of the process of bacterial leaching of sulfide gold-bearing concentrates. The aim of this work is to extract iron from technogenic arsenic-containing acidic wastes, to increase the efficiency of using mineral raw materials with obtaining additional products. The studies were carried out on a solution taken from the biooxidation unit of the NMMC. The main task of this work was to determine the optimal parameters for the processing of acid waste solutions and the separation of iron from the solution without arsenic impurities. …
Prospects For Attracting Foreign Investment For The Development Of Non-Metallic Minerals In The Complex On The Example Of The "Vaush" Deposit, Mirzaev B.A., Sharipov Sh.F., Istablaev F.F.
Prospects For Attracting Foreign Investment For The Development Of Non-Metallic Minerals In The Complex On The Example Of The "Vaush" Deposit, Mirzaev B.A., Sharipov Sh.F., Istablaev F.F.
Gorniy vestnik Uzbekistana
This article provides information about the Dolomites, bentonite clays and quartz Sands of The vaush Deposit located in the Navoi region. The analysis of physical and chemical properties and composition of natural mineral raw materials is carried out. The prospects of developing the “VAUSH” field are proved.
Geomechanical Features Of The State Of Mining Operations In The Development Of The Eastern Part Of The Charmitan Gold Deposit, Kalmykov V.N., Ravil Kulsaitov, Isfandiyor Sodikov, T.U. Khudoyarov
Geomechanical Features Of The State Of Mining Operations In The Development Of The Eastern Part Of The Charmitan Gold Deposit, Kalmykov V.N., Ravil Kulsaitov, Isfandiyor Sodikov, T.U. Khudoyarov
Gorniy vestnik Uzbekistana
Increasing the depth of mining operations at Charmitan vein Deposit complicates the geomechanical situation, which is expressed in an increase in the number of col- lapses of host rocks in the treatment space, where the workers of the treatment unit are located. The only way to normalize the geomechanical environment is to implement development systems with a bookmark of the developed space. In connection with the above, full-scale methods of measuring the stress state by the finite element method, modeling of the geomechanical situation were carried out. In the course of research, the parameters of force fields in natural and …
Researches In The Field Of Technology Of Extraction Concentration Of Rhenium From Desorbates, M.A. Kurbanov, Sh.Sh. Alikulov, D.S. Ganieva, N.M. Karimov
Researches In The Field Of Technology Of Extraction Concentration Of Rhenium From Desorbates, M.A. Kurbanov, Sh.Sh. Alikulov, D.S. Ganieva, N.M. Karimov
Gorniy vestnik Uzbekistana
New progressive methods include air-purged drilling. This method is fundamentally different from washing with a liquid in that a gaseous agent, in particular compressed air, is used to clean the bottom of the sludge. Drilling practice has proven that the use of compressed air as a cleaning agent provides a significant increase in the mechani- cal drilling speeds and reduces the time required to eliminate geological complications, due to which
Effect Of Gold Nanoparticle Parameters On Indicators Of Technology Of Its Extraction From Ores, A.E. Vorobev, T.V. Chekushina, К.А Vorobev, A.G. Oganesyan
Effect Of Gold Nanoparticle Parameters On Indicators Of Technology Of Its Extraction From Ores, A.E. Vorobev, T.V. Chekushina, К.А Vorobev, A.G. Oganesyan
Gorniy vestnik Uzbekistana
The authors proposed the isolation of a large piece from the conveyor belt with a layer of small particles of bulk cargo to reduce dynamic loads. They suggest installing a device for forced segregation of bulk cargo under a loaded belt. The authors developed a mathematical model for the behavior of a large piece on a conveyor belt.
Study Of Gold Ore Deposits Of Aristantau For Resilience And Search Technologies For Its Processing, Kuvandik Sanakulov, Omon Fuzaylov, J.A. Kenbaeva
Study Of Gold Ore Deposits Of Aristantau For Resilience And Search Technologies For Its Processing, Kuvandik Sanakulov, Omon Fuzaylov, J.A. Kenbaeva
Gorniy vestnik Uzbekistana
The article presents the results of research of chemical, material, mineralogical and rational analyses of persistent gold-bearing ore of The aristantau Deposit. The re- sults of experiments indicated the content of sulfide sulfur, organic carbon, arsenic and antimony. As a result, the technological scheme included operations for oxidative firing of the flotation concentrate. Various forms of fine-grained gold were found in pyrite, arsenopyrite, and sphalerite.
The Role Of Chinese Mining Industry In Domestic And Global Economy, Suen Li Chan, Djulibekov M.K.
The Role Of Chinese Mining Industry In Domestic And Global Economy, Suen Li Chan, Djulibekov M.K.
Gorniy vestnik Uzbekistana
The article describes the impact of the Chinese gold industry on the world gold market and the economic growth of China for the period 2000-2020. Despite a slowing economic trend, the Chinese mining industry continues to experience growth. China produces about half of the world's steel, imports more than 70% of the world’s seaborne iron ore, and produces around 90% of the world’s rare earth metals. The paper demonstrates the importance of the Chinese mining sector and describes the key concepts of the successful government and business strategies.
Microwave Treatment Of A Refractory Gold Concentrate, K. Sanakulov, Omon Fuzaylov, J.A. Kenbaeva
Microwave Treatment Of A Refractory Gold Concentrate, K. Sanakulov, Omon Fuzaylov, J.A. Kenbaeva
Gorniy vestnik Uzbekistana
The article presents the results of microwave processing of gold-containing sulfidic carbonaceous flotation concentrate, with the aim to oxidize sulfide minerals and organic carbon, in which gold is associated. The flotation concentrate was processed in a microwave oven with an output power of 700 W, so that after every 2 minutes of treatment the magnetron was turned off, the sample was mixed, then turned on. The degree of removal of sulfide sulfur was 96%. Organic carbon is removed by 76.7%. The IR spectra of the initial flotation concentrate and microwave treatment product are given, as well as the results of …
Forced Large Load Loads By Conveyor Belt, A.Yu. Zakharov, N.V. Erofeeva
Forced Large Load Loads By Conveyor Belt, A.Yu. Zakharov, N.V. Erofeeva
Gorniy vestnik Uzbekistana
The authors proposed the isolation of a large piece from the conveyor belt with a layer of small particles of bulk cargo to reduce dynamic loads. They suggest installing a device for forced segregation of bulk cargo under a loaded belt. The authors developed a mathematical model for the behavior of a large piece on a conveyor belt.
Anodic Dissolution Of Alloy Ak12m2 Doped By Antimony In Aqueous Solutions Of Sodium Chloride, H.M. Nazarov, Okil Osimi
Anodic Dissolution Of Alloy Ak12m2 Doped By Antimony In Aqueous Solutions Of Sodium Chloride, H.M. Nazarov, Okil Osimi
Gorniy vestnik Uzbekistana
The results of the study on the effect of antimony alloy anodic behavior AK12M2 alloy, in a neutral environment (at different concentrations - 0.03; 0.3 and 3.0% NaCl). It should be noted that in all cases, the corrosion potential of samples immersin into a solution after some time shifts in the positive direction and then stabilized. In this case, if the stabilization in undoped alloy corrosion potential is observed within 50 minutes, then in doped alloys it occurs twice as fast, within 25-30 minutes, indicating a relatively higher influence of antimony passivation additives.
Superhydrophobes In The Way Of Warning For The Free On The Forecast, M.P. Baranova, A.I. Karshibаev, F. N. Rakhmonov, A.A. Hamidov
Superhydrophobes In The Way Of Warning For The Free On The Forecast, M.P. Baranova, A.I. Karshibаev, F. N. Rakhmonov, A.A. Hamidov
Gorniy vestnik Uzbekistana
This article discusses the option of using superhydrophobic coating as a method of combating the formation of ice on the wires of high voltage power lines. Super- hydrophobic coating, a coating whose main property is the repulsion of liquids. A similar effect in nature is called the Lotus effect. The principle of this property is based on the use of special substances that contribute to the creation of a nano relief on the surface of the object to be coated, which counteracts adhesion. Application of a protective layer to the surface is one of the methods to ensure a long …
Prospects For The Development Of Mortgage Works In Underground Mines, T.U. Khudoyarov, I.Yu Sodiko
Prospects For The Development Of Mortgage Works In Underground Mines, T.U. Khudoyarov, I.Yu Sodiko
Gorniy vestnik Uzbekistana
This article presents analyzes of international experience in the application of laying works and their prospects in the development of deposits with a complex geome- chanical situation. Various options for the composition of the filling mixture are also considered.
Prospects Of Development Of Deposits Of Nonmetallic Minerals Kyzylkum Such As Quartz Sands, A.U. Mirzaev, S.V. Pochtoviy, F.F. Istablaev, Sh.R. Kurbonova
Prospects Of Development Of Deposits Of Nonmetallic Minerals Kyzylkum Such As Quartz Sands, A.U. Mirzaev, S.V. Pochtoviy, F.F. Istablaev, Sh.R. Kurbonova
Gorniy vestnik Uzbekistana
Quartz sand plays essential role in the construction and glass industry, but construction organizations of Uzbekistan has not paid due attention to use quartz sand from domestic deposits. This article provides information about the prospects of the development of deposits of quartz sand in Kyzylkum, and also presents a project of a factory for the enrichment of Dzheroy sands with a capacity of 1 thousand tons per day of sand concentrate being developed by the Navoi branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan using a washing device as a washing machine pulsating columns.
Production Of Nitric Acid Ethers Of Cellulose In The Environment Of Low Concentrated Nitric Acid, H.Ch. Mirzakulov, T.T. Safarov, H.S. Beknazarov, G.O. Mamazhanov
Production Of Nitric Acid Ethers Of Cellulose In The Environment Of Low Concentrated Nitric Acid, H.Ch. Mirzakulov, T.T. Safarov, H.S. Beknazarov, G.O. Mamazhanov
Gorniy vestnik Uzbekistana
The article proposes a new method for producing cellulose nitrate esters by pretreatment of cellulose with low concentrated nitric acid. Optimal conditions for the esterifi- cation reaction have been developed. Some properties of mono- and di- and trisubstituted nitrates were studied: degree of substitution, solubility, degree of polymerization, IR spectra, X-ray diffraction patterns are given.
Volcanism Role In Formation Of Burned Breeds On Brown-Coal Fields Southern Fergana Coal Basin, A.E. Vorobev, O.Sh. Shamshiev, N.T Tolobaeva
Volcanism Role In Formation Of Burned Breeds On Brown-Coal Fields Southern Fergana Coal Basin, A.E. Vorobev, O.Sh. Shamshiev, N.T Tolobaeva
Gorniy vestnik Uzbekistana
Are shown a volcanism role in formation of burned breeds on brown-coal fields of the Southern Fergana coal basin (Kyrgyzstan). So far burned breeds traditionally were considered as products of thermal transformation clay, clay алевритовых breeds, formed as a result of the underground fires of layers of coal. However, the complex of geological factors revealed recently when studying burned breeds, allows to assume their origin not only due to the underground fires of layers of coal, but also and a vol- canogenic and sedimentary way. Field works included supervision, drawing up litologo-petrographic, mineral and geochemical, structural and lithologic cuts with …
Development Of Technology For Processing Of Sulfide Ore Deposits Of Kokpatas And Daugyztau., K.S. Sanakulov, H. Ahmedov, I.S. Nurmukhamedov
Development Of Technology For Processing Of Sulfide Ore Deposits Of Kokpatas And Daugyztau., K.S. Sanakulov, H. Ahmedov, I.S. Nurmukhamedov
Gorniy vestnik Uzbekistana
In clause are given the short review on material structure persistent sulfide gold containing ores of deposits Kokpatas and Daugiztau. Also in clause the results of laboratory researches executed in SE "IMR" on study of mineral structure and enrichment of tests of ores of deposits Kokpatas and Daugiztau, and also pyro- and hydrometallurgical processing of the received concentrates are resulted. At flotation enrichment of ores an opportunity of application local reagents is considered. At cyaniding, the rest of alkaline processing the burned material of a mixed concentrates of the deposits, received from ores, Kokpatas and Daugiztau the extraction of gold …
Determination Of The Suitability Of Balance Ores "Almalyk Mmc" Jsc To Processing By Method Biodinstellation, M.G. Sagdieva, Sh. T. Khidirov, A.M. Mavzhudova, R.Ch. Omonov
Determination Of The Suitability Of Balance Ores "Almalyk Mmc" Jsc To Processing By Method Biodinstellation, M.G. Sagdieva, Sh. T. Khidirov, A.M. Mavzhudova, R.Ch. Omonov
Gorniy vestnik Uzbekistana
Over the 70 years of operation, Almalyk Mining and Metallurgical Combine (AGMK) has accumulated 155 million tons of waste ore and 1,350 million tons of flotation tailings of a copper-processing plant in the territory of the Almalyk region, which occupy huge areas and pose an environmental hazard. The objects of research at the Almalyk ore field were: A-4 blade (oxidized ore), A-7 (sulfide ore), 9a (oxidized ore), and open-pit ore of Kalmakyr deposit. The paper presents the microflora of all the studied dumps, from which the most active acidophilic associations of iron-sulfur-oxidizing bacteria were selected. Laboratory studies have been carried …
Mechanism Of Fluid Migration In Reservoirs-Collectors, A.E. Vorobev, Z.T. Martin, K.A. Vorobev
Mechanism Of Fluid Migration In Reservoirs-Collectors, A.E. Vorobev, Z.T. Martin, K.A. Vorobev
Gorniy vestnik Uzbekistana
The mechanism of fluid migration in stratium - reservoirs is revealed. The relevance of the study of the mechanism of migration of fluids is determined by the high (up to 90%) water cut of recoverable oil. It has been established that the migration of water and oil is mainly influenced by the type, nature and parameters of their interaction with host rocks, which have different values of wettability and sorption capacity. The amount of wettability is influenced by the pH values of water and oil. It is shown that pores and capillaries often have a mixed type of wettability, depending …
Determination Of The Suitability Of Balance Ores "Almalyk Mmc" Jsc To Processing By Method Biodinstellation, M.G. Sagdieva, Sh. T. Khidirov, A.M. Mavzhudova, R.Ch. Omonov
Determination Of The Suitability Of Balance Ores "Almalyk Mmc" Jsc To Processing By Method Biodinstellation, M.G. Sagdieva, Sh. T. Khidirov, A.M. Mavzhudova, R.Ch. Omonov
Gorniy vestnik Uzbekistana
Over the 70 years of operation, Almalyk Mining and Metallurgical Combine (AGMK) has accumulated 155 million tons of waste ore and 1,350 million tons of flotation tailings of a copper-processing plant in the territory of the Almalyk region, which occupy huge areas and pose an environmental hazard. The objects of research at the Almalyk ore field were: A-4 blade (oxidized ore), A-7 (sulfide ore), 9a (oxidized ore), and open-pit ore of Kalmakyr deposit. The paper presents the microflora of all the studied dumps, from which the most active acidophilic associations of iron-sulfur-oxidizing bacteria were selected. Laboratory studies have been carried …
Development Of Technology For Processing Of Sulfide Ore Deposits Of Kokpatas And Daugyztau., K.S. Sanakulov, H. Ahmedov, I.S. Nurmukhamedov
Development Of Technology For Processing Of Sulfide Ore Deposits Of Kokpatas And Daugyztau., K.S. Sanakulov, H. Ahmedov, I.S. Nurmukhamedov
Gorniy vestnik Uzbekistana
In clause are given the short review on material structure persistent sulfide gold containing ores of deposits Kokpatas and Daugiztau. Also in clause the results of laboratory researches executed in SE "IMR" on study of mineral structure and enrichment of tests of ores of deposits Kokpatas and Daugiztau, and also pyro- and hydrometallurgical processing of the received concentrates are resulted. At flotation enrichment of ores an opportunity of application local reagents is considered. At cyaniding, the rest of alkaline processing the burned material of a mixed concentrates of the deposits, received from ores, Kokpatas and Daugiztau the extraction of gold …
Comprehensive Management Countermeasures To Coal Mining Subsidence Areas, Bingnan Hu
Comprehensive Management Countermeasures To Coal Mining Subsidence Areas, Bingnan Hu
Gorniy vestnik Uzbekistana
The ecological environment in mining area had been damaged seriously by mining subsidence, which made directly influence on the sustainable development of mining industry. The current situations and existing problems of the coal mining subsidence areas in china were analyzed. Three different management stages are divided, including pre-mining, during-mining, and post-mining, based on mining time sequence. After analysis, effective comprehensive management countermeasures were provided systematically for subsidence control, combined with the related laws, mining technology and management technology on coal mining subsidence areas.
Comparative Study Of The Structure Of Castings Fromwear Resistant Chuguns, Ganiyev Y.U., Jumaev Akhmat, Komilov J.M., Khudoyberdiyev R.Kh.
Comparative Study Of The Structure Of Castings Fromwear Resistant Chuguns, Ganiyev Y.U., Jumaev Akhmat, Komilov J.M., Khudoyberdiyev R.Kh.
Gorniy vestnik Uzbekistana
In this article, white wear-resistant cast irons of the grades 280H29NL and 300H32N2M2TL are investigated, the chemical compositions and their structures are compared. It has a composition close to eutectic, but is prone to brittle chipping. At high magnifications in the metal base, the places of chipping are found, and where the chipping has not yet passed, gray sulphides are clearly visible. The carbide sizes of the cast irons under investigation vary widely from 8.6 μm to 31 μm.
Improvement Of Scheme Of Drug Training At Hydrometallurgical Plant №2, K. Sanakulov, Ergashev Ulugbek Abdurasulovich, Tkachenko Evgeniy, Vasilyonok O.P.
Improvement Of Scheme Of Drug Training At Hydrometallurgical Plant №2, K. Sanakulov, Ergashev Ulugbek Abdurasulovich, Tkachenko Evgeniy, Vasilyonok O.P.
Gorniy vestnik Uzbekistana
The article discusses the issues of improvement of grinding schemes, aimed at improving the productivity of ore preparatory redistribution on the example of the current production of GMZ-2. Based on the analysis of the results of testing mill blocks, the reserves for increasing their productivity were revealed. The results of industrial tests and the introduction of an improved scheme on an industrial scale.