Other Engineering Commons^™

The Effect Of Foam Configuration On The Cushion Performance, Xiaojing Liu, Min Degruson

Journal of Applied Packaging Research

T

This research exhibits the cushion design process for protecting a product during the distribution environment and examines the effect of the final design by ISTA 1A drop tests. Currently, few research on the principles of cushion design in protective packaging has been undertaken. Rare research on cushion configuration and its performance. The study started with proposed several cushions distribute layouts - face pad, edge pad, and corner pad, along one orientation. Samples were tested, analyzed, and compared by static compress and dynamic drop tests. After manufacturing and engineering consideration were involved, two improved cushion configuration designs were applied to …

Method For Routine Density Measurement Of Sublimating Solid Carbon Dioxide (Dry Ice) For Cold-Chain Quality Control, Kimberly Hafner, Bruce A. Welt, William Pelletier

Journal of Applied Packaging Research

With recent development of vaccines and biologics, interest in dry ice for cold chain shipping has increased. However, understanding of how dry ice properties relate to performance is not well understood. This study introduces a simple method for measuring a key property of dry ice that has been shown to correlate to performance. The method involves a variant of the water displacement method for determining volume, where dense solid particles are used in place of water for volume determination. Three particle types (sieved sand, glass beads, and stainless-steel shot) were tested for suitability with the particle displacement method. Items of …

Warehouse And Logistics: Smart Picking With Vuzix Smart Glasses, Elise Hemink

Frameless

Vuzix is an industry leader in augmented reality (AR) technology. We provide innovative products to an array of industries, a few being defense, security, enterprise, and consumers. Our AR technology provides a perfect balance of engagement in the digital and real worlds thanks to their innovative optics, AI apps and 5G capability.

A Real-Time Gaze Estimation Framework For Mobile Devices, Yu Feng, Nathan Goulding-Hotta, Asif Khan, Hans Reyserhove, Yuhao Zhu

Frameless

Tracking eyes becomes an important component to unleash new ways of human-machine interactions in augmented and virtual reality (AR/VR). To make the eye tracking system responsible, eye tracking systems need to operate at a real-time rate (> 30Hz). However, from our experiments, modern gaze tracking algorithms operate at most 5 Hz on mobile processors. In this talk, we present a real-time eye tracking algorithm that operates at 30 Hz on a mobile processor. Our algorithm achieves sub-0.5° gaze accuracy, while requiring only 30K parameters, which is one to two orders of magnitude smaller than state-of-the-art algorithms.

Reconfigurable Cushion Design For E-Commerce Packaging Using Kirigami Concept, Euihark Lee, Xingguang Pan, Hannah Kim, Kazuko Fuchi

Journal of Applied Packaging Research

In packaging, cushion barriers are needed to provide content protection in a disposable form. However, conventional cushioning materials and designs typically require a large volume, which decreases shipping and storage efficiency and increases environmental impact. Especially in e-commerce, where “shipping and handling” occur at an exceedingly rapid pace in large-scale operations, many packages suffer from being over or under packed through the fulfilment process. To solve this issue, this paper presents deployable kirigami-based cushion designs that can be collapsed or deployed depending on the distribution situation. Kirigami is a variation of origami that involves both cutting and folding of paper. …

Optimization In The Application Of Varnishes Barrier On Cartonboard Packaging, Andre Ramalheiro De Andrade, Maria Isabel Rodrigues Phd, Eduardo Luiz Machado Phd

Journal of Applied Packaging Research

In this work adjustments in the rotogravure printing process are proposed to the varnish water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) aiming to obtain results smaller than 20g/m²/24h. One case study was used for the propositions for improvements, where focused on varnish application process in a gravure printer for an eight-printing unit cartonboard packaging, maximum printing speed of 175 m/min and a 285 g/m² weight cartonboard. The possible variables that influenced the WVTR result were selected from the technical expertise of the people involved in the project, the analysis in the printing process with the application of directed trials using experimental designs …

Evaluation Of Stretch Film Behavior During Long-Term Storage Under Different Atmospheric Conditions, Kyle Dunno, Maria Symanski

Journal of Applied Packaging Research

This study examined the post-application behavior of two 20.3 micron machine stretch films, one categorized as high-performance and one as general-performance, for thirty days while stored at either 23°C or 38°C. For each film type, the stretch film was applied to a simulated unit load to produce neutral and positive applied total stretch scenarios. The relaxation curves developed from each test indicate the relaxation rate of the films varied based on the storage condition. Observed was an average of 41% containment loss for both high-performance and general-purpose films when the simulated loads were stored at 38°C. For simulated loads stored …

Influence Of Fiberboard Container Design On Compression Bulge Displacement, Koushik Saha, Shane Messner, John Dizon, Nirav Chhajed, Jay Singh

Journal of Applied Packaging Research

Bulge effect is the out-of-plane displacement of a panel of a corrugated fiberboard box from its original position. This bulge effect often is the result of excessive weight being placed on a box that rests at the bottom of a palletized load. Panels that are out-of-plane reduce the stacking strength of the box and can result in damage to products inside the containers. This study was designed to find the influence of fiberboard container design on its bulging performance when under compression. The objective of the study was to determine if change in height of a regular slotted container will …

Evaluation Of A Bulge Reduction Technology For Corrugated Fiberboard Containers Under Static Compression, Daan Peleman, Jay Singh, Koushik Saha, S. Roy

Journal of Applied Packaging Research

This research examines the effect of top-to-bottom static compression load on the bulge of RSC containers. The study compares a control regular slotted container (RSC) constructed with corrugated fiberboard to tape-reinforced designs. The bulge reduction, achieved using various tape placements and conditioning environments, were measured. Currently, no research on the effect of reinforcement tape towards reduction in the out-of-plane displacement (bulging) of the corrugated fiberboard panels has been undertaken. Samples related to four different container designs, varying by presence, quantity and the position of the reinforcement tape on the vertical panels, were tested and analyzed. The study involved the use …

Research On Color Matching Model For Color Qr Code, Fei You Dr., Qingli Zhang Dr., Bruce Welt Prof.

Journal of Applied Packaging Research

Objective To provide a faster and more effective way for consumers to obtain the additional information of product, the color quick response (QR) code is printed on product packaging. To improve decoding accuracy of color QR codes. This paper constructs a color matching model with good performance, which restrains aliasing between two color encoding modules of color QR code. Methods By comparing and analyzing the character of several typical color spaces, the HSV color space was chosen for its favorable attributes. Based on the enlarging capacity principle of color QR code and the maximum rule of relative Euclidean distance, 2 …

Design Thinking As A Framework For Teaching Packaging Innovation, Javier De La Fuente, Irene Carbonell, Mary Laporte

Journal of Applied Packaging Research

Students in scientific/technical-oriented disciplines struggle with achieving good levels of innovation when exposed to design problems. Research indicates the need for implementing alternative pedagogical approaches in technical curricula that enhance students’ creative skills. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the implementation of a cross-disciplinary pedagogical approach with a focus on teaching innovation in the field of packaging engineering at a university in the United States. A Design Thinking Project-Based Learning (DTPBL) approach was used to improve the levels of innovation in student work. Its outcomes were compared with those of a Traditional Project-Based Learning (TPBL) approach. The implementation …

Investigation Of Compression Strength Of Bliss Style Corrugated Fiberboard Boxes, Javier De La Fuente, Jay Singh, Rebecca Kisch, Soma Roy, Daan Peleman

Journal of Applied Packaging Research

The global demand for corrugated fiberboard is projected to experience a significant upsurge in the near future. Based on the end-use, packaging for processed and fresh food categories accounted for approximately 39% of the overall consumption of corrugated fiberboard in 2015. With key advantages such as providing an uninterrupted bottom, laminated corners for higher stacking strength, increased material use efficiency, side cutout options for display at retail and a wide range of styles over other styles of containers, Bliss style boxes find prominence in the agriculture sector. While numerous predictive strength models associating corrugated fiberboard material specifications to the box …

Application Of Computational Mbd For Simulation Of Wrap Packaging Performance, Niels Hojen Ostergaard, Stephane Danjou

Journal of Applied Packaging Research

This paper concerns evaluation of the performance of plastic wrap films applied for packaging engineering by numerical simulation. In particular, the feasibility of computational techniques as supporting tool for packaging testing is investigated. A wrap film model constituted by a web of point masses connected by springs and dampers is applied to a number of stacked box-shaped objects. These will be modeled as perfectly rigid using simulation techniques from 3D multibody dynamics. Contact mechanics are simulated by penalization methods. A simple example demonstrates the potential of the developed framework.

Post-Wrapping Behavior Of High-Performance Stretch Film, Jake Wyns, John Cook, Kyle Dunno

Journal of Applied Packaging Research

Compressive force is the energy a stretch film exerts onto the corners of a unit load of product, this paper analyzes the effects of compressive force overtime after application to a unit load. Previous research has shown how storage conditions, pallet configurations, and storage duration affect the performance of various packaging materials, however, there is a lack of this type of study relating to stretch film and load unitization. This paper looks at trends in compressive force depending on whether a film is applied with negative or positive secondary stretch. When a load is stretch wrapped with negative secondary stretch, …

Finding Balance In Generative Product Design, Alex Lobos

Presentations and other scholarship

Generative design develops complex forms and structures similar to those found in nature, taking advantage of automated tasks and high-scale computing power. This approach benefits designers in the creation systems that are efficient, resilient and visually engaging. These systems follow specific rules for form generation and meet clear design goals in terms of shape, strength, mass, and other physical attributes.

There is a large number of methods for creating generative systems, based on establishing desired outcomes and behaviors for how components relate to each other. Examples of methods include L-Systems, Shape Grammars, Swarm Intelligence, Form Optimization, Lattice Design, and many …

Evaluation Of Stability Of Unit Loads For Tilt And Shock Events During Distribution, Jay Singh, Koushik Saha, Tyler Sewell

Journal of Applied Packaging Research

Initiatives to lightweight and reduce packaging materials to achieve sustainability goals have created unit load stability challenges in the transportation and handling of palletized packaged goods. Consequently, an increased focus is being placed on evaluating how current pre-shipment performance tests evaluate load stability. This study was undertaken to address the current need for establishing test methodologies towards observing a unit load’s overall stability during transportation and handling related activities commonly experienced in the distribution environment. With this goal, this study developed two test methods as well as apparatus/measuring tool to observe a palletized load’s overall stability. The experimentation involved unit …

The Advent Of University-Level Packaging Scholarship: The Time, The Place And The People, Diana Twede, Laura Bix

Journal of Applied Packaging Research

In 1952, Michigan State College (MSC), now Michigan State University (MSU), was the first university in the world to offer a Bachelor of Science degree in Packaging. Other universities had previously offered related courses like canning (as part of a food science degree) or military packaging (in wartime), but MSU was the first to propose packaging as its own academic field of scholarship.

Other universities followed, sharing faculty and curriculum models developed at MSU. As a result, graduates’ careers in packaging now have a higher professional status, and universities play a key role in developing our international community of packaging …

Damping Package Design Using Structural Corrugated Board, Qi Zhang, Katsuhiko Saito, Katsushige Nagaoka

Journal of Applied Packaging Research

Packaging is designed to protect products from shock and vibration during transport. In recent years, paper cushioning materials, such as corrugated board and pulp molded packaging, are being increasingly used because they are environmentally friendly and easy to recycle. However, because no efficient packaging-design method yet exists for paper cushioning material, packaging engineers must rely on previous experience and the so-called trial-and-error method to design packaging. One reason for this situation is that, for most cases, the paper cushioning material used for protective packaging has a complicated structure and deforms after being subjected to repetitive shock and vibration. To address …

Evaluation Boundary And Design Method For Insulating Packages, Liao Pan, Jun Wang, Lixin Lu

Journal of Applied Packaging Research

To evaluate the failure potential of insulated packaging to heat outside, a so-called evaluation boundary for insulating packages was proposed for designing and estimating insulating packages based on the heat transfer law between the environment and a packaged product through packaging. Three evaluation parameters were suggested for describing the failure mechanism of insulating packages. The validity of the presented evaluation boundary was verified by the experimental data. Finally, a new design method of insulating packages based on the boundary was proposed and an application example was performed as a demonstration. The results indicated that the three evaluation parameters (which are …

Mechanical Characterization Of Coir Fiber And Cotton Fiber Reinforced Unsaturated Polyester Composites For Packaging Applications, Balaji V, Senthil Vadivu K.

Journal of Applied Packaging Research

The aim of this work is to develop a natural fiber composites that can become a substitute for plywood and medium density fiber boards used in packaging application. In this work, the composite was fabricated with randomly oriented chopped coir and cotton fiber reinforced with unsaturated polyester resin. The different types of composite materials were prepared with different quantity of coir fiber and cotton fiber reinforced with unsaturated polyester by using hand lay-up technique. Mechanical properties such as tensile, flexural, impact and hardness strength are evaluated. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was conducted on the fabricated composite to analysis the interfacial …

Effects Of Transportation Hazards On High Barrier Flexible Packaging Films, Kyle Dunno

Journal of Applied Packaging Research

Two flexible food packaging barrier material film structures were employed for this research study to evaluate the effects of over-the-road truck transport. The films containing different barrier materials, ethylene-vinyl alcohol (EVOH) or aluminum oxide (AlOx), were selected based on their abundant use within the flexible food packaging arena. Pouches were formed and filled with tomato paste before being thermally processed then palletized for shipment. Pouches were shipped over-the-road via truck transport a distance of 2,500 miles. After transport, the oxygen transmission rate (OTR) of the pouches located on the bottom and top layers of the palletized loads were obtained and …

Proposal Of Hybrid Damping Package Design, Qi Zhang, Katsuhiko Saito, Katsushige Nagaoka

Journal of Applied Packaging Research

To protect products from shock and vibration during transport, Cushioning Packaging Design is implemented. The cushioning performance and anti-vibration performance of a package is tested by a drop test and a vibration test. The effectiveness of the cushioning during a drop test is predictable because the cushioning material`s thickness and bearing area are determined by the cushion curves which are plotted based on the results of the tests. However, an effective package-design method which can predict the package vibration of all the static stresses that are suitable for cushioning package design has not been established yet.thus, it remains uncertain until …

Predicting The Effect Of Gaps Between Pallet Deckboards On The Compression Strength Of Corrugated Boxes, Matthew Baker, Laszlo Horvath, Marshall S. White

Journal of Applied Packaging Research

The majority of corrugated boxes are transported and stored on pallets where the reduced support area due to deckboard gaps has an adverse effect on the strength of the corrugated boxes Therefore, an adjustment factor is used to adjust the box compression strength to account for the lack of support, but these factors were developed for a limited range of deckboard gaps, box sizes, and box orientations. In addition, there is no predictive model that can estimate the reduction in compression strength based on the size of the box and the size of the gap. The main objective of this …

Mems Based Tracking Devices For Measuring Distribution Hazards On The Product And Package, Changfeng Ge, Tom Oh, Daniel Johnson, Anthonio Mondragon, Kai Lei

Journal of Applied Packaging Research

This paper introduces two microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) based working data logger prototypes and the cloud based data analysis system that were trademarked and patented as Pak-Track^TM-I and Pak-Track^TM-II. The Pak-Track^TM-I is designed to wirelessly record and report information in real time about individually packaged products during transit. The system allows the user to immediately view the data with a Global Positioning System (GPS) location via a secured website or Android tablet or smart phone. The Pak-Track^TM-II is a standalone device that stores all measurements on internal memory without communicating over a network. …

Decision Making Framework Using Probabilistic Pareto For Sustainable Packaging Life Cycle Assessment, Euihark Lee, Huihui Qi, Hae Chang Gea

Journal of Applied Packaging Research

The Packaging industry is one of the largest industries in the world and is associated with many environmental concerns. To reduce its environmental impacts, designing sustainable packaging has been one of the top priorities in packaging industries. A common tools for evaluating the environmental impact of a package design is the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) which provides information on environmental impacts for different indicators. However, making decisions based on the LCA results leaves us with major challenges. First, the LCA tools should consider various uncertainties such as measurement and data quality. Second, the LCA may give conflicting results on different …

Consumer Perceptions Towards Package Designs: A Cross Cultural Study, Romica Chandra Lal, Fritz Yambrach, Lucy Mcproud

Journal of Applied Packaging Research

The choice of one package or the other can be an economic decision or can be influenced by cultural acceptance or perception of individual convenience. Product package systems can be designed for one-time use or multiple-use purposes. Package perceptions in different countries typically develop from a variety of factors, including climate, lifestyle, and cultural acceptance with regard to particular products. In an increasingly global economy with multinational firms marketing products worldwide, it is important to understand the differences between consumer needs and consumer responses to product-package systems.

The objective of this research was to examine consumer perceptions of different product …

Evaluation Of Distribution Environment In Ltl Shipment Between Central Europe And South Africa, Peter Borocz, Paul Singh, Jay Singh

Journal of Applied Packaging Research

Due to the global expansion of transportation and handling companies, the distribution and supply chains of both raw materials and finished products now requires a better understanding of the shipping environment. This international shipping and handling information describing the physical and climatic conditions provides packaging engineers the required technical information to design better packaging to provide protection to products in various segments of the supply chain. In these global supply chains, products emerging from Central Europe also play an increasingly important role today. From this region, the truck and vessel combination is the most dominant transportation mode for non-time sensitive …

Measuring And Analysing The Effect Of Openings And Vibration On Reusable Pharmaceutical Insulated Boxes With Daily Distribution, Péter Böröcz, Ákos Mojzes, Péter Csavajda

Journal of Applied Packaging Research

To control the climate when temperature sensitive drugs are delivered is an essential consideration of shippers and freight forwarders. It is common practice to utilize insulated boxes. A survey was conducted to determine the properties of these daily deliveries and factors were observed that influence the climate environment of drugs during travel. These factors included opening intervals, number of openings, trip times and distances. Then the results of the survey were used to perform the recorded circumstances of distribution in laboratory tests as close to reality as possible and analyse the effect of the above-mentioned factors. During real distribution the …

Evaluation Of Vibration Profiles For Uld Dollies At Air-Cargo Sorting Hubs, Jay Singh, Paul Singh, Koushik Saha

Journal of Applied Packaging Research

This study measured and analyzed the vibration characteristics of an important component of the air package shipping environment which has not been previously studied or included in the pre-shipment testing of packages. This is the movement of packages between aircraft after they are flown in to an airport-hub and being taken into a facility to conduct a sort, or after being sorted as they are transferred back on to aircraft. These transfers at airport-hubs between trucks, building sortation facilities and aircraft are done using material handling equipment called “dollies” or carts. These carts often are connected with each other into …

Shock Pulse Filtering Evaluation On Package Size And Cost, Matthew P. Daum Ph.D.

Journal of Applied Packaging Research

Distribution packaging design often relies on cushion curves to determine required material thickness needed for product protection during shipment. The material thickness chosen based on cushion curves establishes overall package size, a key determiner of logistics costs. Cushion curves are constructed by dropping a mass onto a cushion, and interpreting the resulting shock pulse deceleration. The reported deceleration can be highly influenced by applying a “filter” to the shock pulse, a useful standar d prac - tice that removes unwanted high frequency elements superimposed on top of the basic shock pulse shape. Standard test methods for generating cushion curves generally …