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Articles 1 - 30 of 177
Full-Text Articles in Mechanical Engineering
Atomistic Insights Into The Mechanisms Of Ultrasonic Bonding, Milad Khajehvand
Atomistic Insights Into The Mechanisms Of Ultrasonic Bonding, Milad Khajehvand
Engineering Ph.D. Theses
This thesis research uses a combination of computational and experimental approaches to provide atomistic insights into the mechanisms of ultrasonic bonding (UB), a family of solid-state metal-metal joining techniques, including ultrasonic wire bonding, ultrasonic flip-chip bonding, ultrasonic additive manufacturing, and ultrasonic spot welding. The work investigates the atomic-scale contact formation (i.e., the so-called Jump-to-Contact (JC) mechanism) between the UB counterparts, generation of a network of dislocations (i.e., one-dimensional crystallographic defects) at their interface, and the evolution of the network when the interface is under ultrasonic vibration. In particular, the thesis delivers invaluable insights on the mechanisms for contact formation, bond …
Active Car Spoiler, Kaiden Marouf, Connor Mccabe, Shane Nelson
Active Car Spoiler, Kaiden Marouf, Connor Mccabe, Shane Nelson
Mechanical Engineering Senior Theses
This following thesis presents the development and evaluation of an active car spoiler system designed to adjust its angle of attack based on the prevailing driving conditions in real-time. The project aimed to enhance the vehicle's acceleration, handling, and braking, by actively modifying the spoiler's angle of attack to optimize downforce and drag for a variety of driving scenarios. Research was conducted using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software and vehicle dynamics modeling to collect precise calculations and results for a number of wind speeds. The analysis process incorporated iterative refinement of the airflow around the spoiler considering factors such as …
Aiaa Design, Build, Fly: Aerodynamics, Julian Brown, Victor Bueno Garcia, Kyle Lam, Keaton Viadro
Aiaa Design, Build, Fly: Aerodynamics, Julian Brown, Victor Bueno Garcia, Kyle Lam, Keaton Viadro
Mechanical Engineering Senior Theses
As part of the Santa Clara University Senior Design Project, the AIAA Design, Build, Fly: Aerodynamics team was responsible for designing and testing the wings, tail, and control surfaces of an aircraft designed to participate in future AIAA Design, Build, Fly competitions. Named Evergreen in honor of professor John J. Montgomery, the unmanned aerial vehicle was designed and constructed in collaboration with the AIAA Design, Build, Fly: Structures and Controls senior design team. Aiming to construct a competitive aircraft for the competition, the team decided that a target weight of approximately 3.5 kg and a cruise speed of 25 m/s …
Aiaa Design, Build, Fly: Structures And Controls, George Simon, Peyton Clark, Gabe Shedid, Jonathan Kleinman
Aiaa Design, Build, Fly: Structures And Controls, George Simon, Peyton Clark, Gabe Shedid, Jonathan Kleinman
Mechanical Engineering Senior Theses
For their Santa Clara University Senior Design Project, this team chose to create an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) with the intent of participating in the AIAA Design, Build, Fly competition. Divided into two subteams, Aerodynamics and Structures & Controls, the teams worked together to model and construct a working prototype aircraft. The Aerodynamics team focused on selecting adequate airfoil and wing dimensions for the main wing and tail through the use of aircraft design software and CFD simulations. Aiming at a cruise speed of approximately 25 m/s, the team decided that the NACA 4416 airfoil would be the most suitable, …
Rhea Breast Pump: Implementation Of Biomimicry Technology, Harper Daniels, Leanne James, Laini Reynolds, Courtney Rowe, Julia Yaklich
Rhea Breast Pump: Implementation Of Biomimicry Technology, Harper Daniels, Leanne James, Laini Reynolds, Courtney Rowe, Julia Yaklich
Interdisciplinary Design Senior Theses
Rhea Breast Pump is an innovative breast pump that implements biomimicry informed technology for a more efficient and comfortable breastfeeding experience. Our design implements a tongue actuator in conjunction with vacuum to mimic the suckling motion of a baby’s mouth, a heating element for pain alleviation, and a soft flange to maximize comfort. The development of this device is motivated by the goal of empowering women, specifically nursing mothers, to maintain their independence and individuality while raising a family. Our team, consisting of all female engineers, strongly believes in and supports the notion that women can and should have the …
Stabilization Trajectory And Recovery System For High Altitude Weather Balloon Payloads (S.T.A.R.), Robert Canalas, Aaron Juan, Miles Nguyen, James Oblitas, Anne Paloma
Stabilization Trajectory And Recovery System For High Altitude Weather Balloon Payloads (S.T.A.R.), Robert Canalas, Aaron Juan, Miles Nguyen, James Oblitas, Anne Paloma
Mechanical Engineering Senior Theses
Of the 657,000 global balloon launches each year, only 20% of payloads are recovered, leading to unsustainable business and environmental practices. This paper details the development and evaluation of the S.T.A.R. (Stabilization, Trajectory, and Recovery) system, which increases the recovery rate of weather balloon sensors by enabling ideal landing conditions. System testing concludes that S.T.A.R. is capable of housing weather sensors in a fully controllable glider capable of targeted landing. If properly scaled up and redesigned for mass production, the S.T.A.R. system increases weather-sensing equipment recovery for weather-reporting institutions around the world. Although the featured iterations consist of basswood, carbon …
Reactive Particle Swarm Control Architecture And Application For Scalar Field Adaptive Navigation, Shae Taylor Hart
Reactive Particle Swarm Control Architecture And Application For Scalar Field Adaptive Navigation, Shae Taylor Hart
Engineering Ph.D. Theses
Adaptive navigation is a subcategory of navigation techniques that attempts to identify goal locations that satisfy specific criteria in an unknown area. In 2D scalar field adaptive navigation (SFAN), primitives navigate to or along features of interest in an unknown, possibly time-varying, planar scalar field. Features include extrema, contours, and fronts. This work solves the 2D SFAN problem using swarm robotic techniques. Robotic swarms are a subset of multi-robot systems that use decentralized control of simple interchangeable robots to perform collective actions. A subgroup of swarms is the Reactive Particle Swarm (RPS), characterized based on its simplicity, reactivity to its …
Soft Shell Helmet Cover, Jo Espiritu, Caleb Chiang, Jay Laborin, Serry Srouji, Mathew Franke
Soft Shell Helmet Cover, Jo Espiritu, Caleb Chiang, Jay Laborin, Serry Srouji, Mathew Franke
Mechanical Engineering Senior Theses
Lattice structures usage for attenuation is growing in popularity as 3D printing methods allow for the easier production of complex structures. The application of these impact attenuators allows for wider applications that can lead to better products in sports such as football to prevent head trauma. In this paper, we aim to design and test lattice structures to determine a lattice model that best prevents impacts through drop and compression testing to provide an outer layer of protection for football players. Initial validity through finite element analysis provided four potential lattice structures with a single parameter. Physical testing determined the …
Nautilus Rov Robot Manipulator, Dana Stefanides, Jenny Huynh, Andrew Stewart, Steven Reimer, Andrew Nguyen, Rebecca Walters, Matt Hayes
Nautilus Rov Robot Manipulator, Dana Stefanides, Jenny Huynh, Andrew Stewart, Steven Reimer, Andrew Nguyen, Rebecca Walters, Matt Hayes
Interdisciplinary Design Senior Theses
Global warming and climate change are prevalent issues in today’s society. As a result, research in the ocean, our world’s biggest ecosystem, is imperative in efforts to protect the environment. Santa Clara University’s Robotic Systems Lab contributes to this field through work and developments on remotely operated vehicles (ROVs). An existing ROV system called Nautilus consists of a robot arm, end effector, and storage system in order to collect various types of sediments at a depth of 300 feet. However, the previous system does not meet that requirement. In direct collaboration with researchers within the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, …
Robotic Arm Extrusion End Effector, Nicholas Viamin, David Blouin, Savannah Hunt, Nico Figueroa
Robotic Arm Extrusion End Effector, Nicholas Viamin, David Blouin, Savannah Hunt, Nico Figueroa
Interdisciplinary Design Senior Theses
This senior design project aims to enhance the capabilities of the Rotrics AIO Desktop Arm (Dexarm) by designing and implementing an extrusion device capable of smooth and consistent extrusion for 3D printing applications. The project focused on ensuring safety, affordability, and ease-of-use for users, while achieving precise control over the extrusion process. Various mechanical and electrical components were carefully selected to ensure compatibility with the Dexarm and to provide optimal performance. To maintain safety, extensive testing and risk assessments were conducted to minimize any potential hazards associated with the extrusion process. To achieve smooth and consistent extrusion, precise control mechanisms …
Self-Diffusion In Misoriented Aluminum (111) Substrates After Jump-To-Contact, Noah Kane Manuel
Self-Diffusion In Misoriented Aluminum (111) Substrates After Jump-To-Contact, Noah Kane Manuel
Mechanical Engineering Master's Theses
Self-diffusion between misoriented aluminum (111) substrates after jump-to-contact (JC) is studied using molecular dynamics simulations. Diffusive behaviors of three twist misorientation angles, 2.45°, 4.40° and 6.00°, are studied at temperatures ranging from 75% to 95% of the melting temperature of aluminum. The existence of the post-JC interface is found to enhance diffusive behavior of atoms near the interface. The 4.40° misorientation angle has the highest pre-exponential factor of diffusion and the lowest activation energy, when compared to the other angles. For all misorientations the activation energies in the direction perpendicular to the JC interface was found to be the lowest. …
Experimentation And Modeling Of Laser Radiation Scattering Through Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers, Steven P. Shepard
Experimentation And Modeling Of Laser Radiation Scattering Through Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers, Steven P. Shepard
Engineering Ph.D. Theses
With the prevalence of carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRPs) in aerospace platforms, there is a need to better understand radiative heat transport through the material. A laboratory experiment was constructed and a computational zonal Monte Carlo (ZMC) model developed to quantify and understand the laser scattering properties of CFRPs. The ZMC model builds off of the zonal method (ZM)—developed by Hottel et al. and expanded by researchers such as Yuen et al.—by incorporating Monte Carlo techniques into the ZM. The ZMC method is superior in efficiency to the ZM and alternative ray tracing methods, which enables larger mediums of exchange …
San Francisco Space Saving Bike Rack, Silas Viskovich, James Mertke, Webster Mertke, Evan Josa
San Francisco Space Saving Bike Rack, Silas Viskovich, James Mertke, Webster Mertke, Evan Josa
Mechanical Engineering Senior Theses
Large cities like San Francisco can experience congested streets and crowded sidewalks. Increasing bike ridership has been shown to alleviate some of these pains, but they are currently being undersupported. In order to properly account for the growing cyclist population, more efficient bike storage solutions need to be made available. Current bike racks take up too much space, are not reasonably theft resistant, and are not adaptable to a variety of both indoor and outdoor spaces. In this paper, we designed and constructed a bike rack to take advantage of vertical space in order to reduce the footprint that storing …
Frugal Leafy Green Shredding & Washing Machines, Seth Brown, Guillermo Escobar, Shane Murphy, Leslie Valenzuela, Ben Voelz
Frugal Leafy Green Shredding & Washing Machines, Seth Brown, Guillermo Escobar, Shane Murphy, Leslie Valenzuela, Ben Voelz
Mechanical Engineering Senior Theses
The goal of this project is to create specialized frugal appliances to assist women in rural Cameroon by reducing the amount of time it takes to prepare food. Specifically, the project focuses on two tasks: slicing eru leaves and washing bitter leaves. After researching the market and collecting information from women in South Cameroon, two appliances were designed: an eru leaf shredder and a bitter leaf washer. The shredder is a manual shredding device that uses a rotating blade and shaft subsystem to slice leaves, reducing labor time by 62% and increasing safety with features such as a hopper and …
Cart Loader, Hayelom Fitsum, Dalveer Grewal, Ishan Kumar, Sean Mccauley, Nick O'Brien
Cart Loader, Hayelom Fitsum, Dalveer Grewal, Ishan Kumar, Sean Mccauley, Nick O'Brien
Mechanical Engineering Senior Theses
For this senior design project, the team partnered with a startup, Dishcraft Robotics, to design and create a device that would decrease the time it takes to unload and load their products in and out of a truck. The team’s design, Cart Loader, consists of an aluminum structure that is able to hold their products. Outfitted with a rail system on the truck and the liftgate, the Cart Loader can move onto the liftgate and roll inside the truck, where the products can then be rolled off the Cart Loader. There was extensive finite element analysis done to ensure that …
Robovac: A Combined Vacuum Blower Toolkit For Agricultural Robots, Ershad Forghany, Joe Galang, Nico Urdanivia, Alessandro Zagni
Robovac: A Combined Vacuum Blower Toolkit For Agricultural Robots, Ershad Forghany, Joe Galang, Nico Urdanivia, Alessandro Zagni
Mechanical Engineering Senior Theses
Robotics and automation are the multi-billion dollar future of farming, but many labor-intensive tasks including bug and moisture control are still performed by hand. The new RoboVac toolkit will streamline and economize these operations as one neat compact system. It is a fully electric bug vacuum solution that is intended for pest management on various crops. For this project, it was tested on chives. It features a retrofitted leaf blower repurposed into a vacuum, mounted onto a portable modular aluminum frame with efficient electronics that can be easily integrated into an autonomous vehicle platform. The intended future operation platform will …
Ava: The Roving Vending Machine, Nicholas Elwell, Jordan Hibbs, Jagos Jovanovic, Alec Lindeman, Antonio Matusich
Ava: The Roving Vending Machine, Nicholas Elwell, Jordan Hibbs, Jagos Jovanovic, Alec Lindeman, Antonio Matusich
Mechanical Engineering Senior Theses
AVA is an undergraduate engineering senior project that focuses on the design and integration of a roving vending machine. Such a product looks to utilize passing period foot traffic on college campuses when students and faculty do not have time to walk to a dining hall. In an effort to showcase a proof of concept, the team built a working prototype that consists of multiple subsystems. The vehicle has the ability to move with the use of remote control, autonomously sense obstacles and stop on its own, quickly dispense chilled beverages at a convenient customer location, and power itself with …
Neurogen: Eeg And Near-Infrared Light Stimulation Device, Louisa Mantilla, Samantha Perez, Michelle Wong
Neurogen: Eeg And Near-Infrared Light Stimulation Device, Louisa Mantilla, Samantha Perez, Michelle Wong
Interdisciplinary Design Senior Theses
Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Dementia, and Parkinson’s affect hundreds of millions of people across the nation and world each year. While medications targeting disease pathways have often resulted in debilitating side effects, neurodegenerative diseases may be targeted by common pathways that promote healing of tissues via reduced inflammation, increased perfusion, and increased energy production. Photobiomodulation (PBM) targets all of these physiological processes with non-invasive near infra-red light stimulation and for this application the treatment will be applied to the head. Transcranial PBM has been used to effectively treat neurodegenerative diseases with improved cognitive and motor control outcomes. PBM applied …
Latam Intelligent Filter For Education (Life), Andrew Lemus, Jonathan Woo, Edison Yang, Cinthya Jauregui, Daniel Mccann-Sayles
Latam Intelligent Filter For Education (Life), Andrew Lemus, Jonathan Woo, Edison Yang, Cinthya Jauregui, Daniel Mccann-Sayles
Interdisciplinary Design Senior Theses
The LIFE system is designed to inspire primary-aged students in Latin American schools to pursue higher education in STEM related fields. We hope the students educate others in their community about the public health implications stemming from the lack of clean water and grow to bring about more lasting solutions to the water crisis. Many family’s lives are stymied by the inability to access clean drinking water, with many students ending up spending hours carrying water or spending time recovering water themselves in lieu of attending school. The LIFE team created a tabletop water filter and pump system accompanied by …
Smart Bike Rack, Santiago Hinojosa Andonegui, Max Luna, August Rosedale, Connor Mcgoldrick
Smart Bike Rack, Santiago Hinojosa Andonegui, Max Luna, August Rosedale, Connor Mcgoldrick
Mechanical Engineering Senior Theses
With more and more people turning to bicycles as their main method of transportation every year, bike theft has become a pressing problem all around the world. Every year, millions of bicycles are stolen due to how ineffective current locking mechanisms are at protecting all the main components of a bike. Furthermore, the inefficiency of these locking mechanisms and the fear of bike theft continues to discourage potential users from buying a bike and using it to commute on a daily basis. Our team constructed a proof of concept for an automatic Smart Bike Rack which employs a three-point locking …
Marine Robot Sample Retrieving System, Valeriya Chulyukina, Noah Villar, Kekoa Blair, Mandeep Singh, Nathan Burke
Marine Robot Sample Retrieving System, Valeriya Chulyukina, Noah Villar, Kekoa Blair, Mandeep Singh, Nathan Burke
Interdisciplinary Design Senior Theses
The exploration of our underwater ecosystems is critical. The aquatic ecosystem has a significant effect on human life, yet our understanding of the oceanic environment is severely lacking. Santa Clara University’s Robotic Systems Lab contributes to subsea exploration through its investment in remotely operated vehicle (ROV) technology. This project was done with the guidance of not only professors in the Robotics Systems Lab, but also stakeholders from the US Geological Survey scientists and researchers from the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI). Our team goal was to further advance SCU’s efforts by creating a sediment sample collection system consisting of …
Coconut Oil Space Cooler, Hannah Covington, Alexander Fessler, Largim Zhuta
Coconut Oil Space Cooler, Hannah Covington, Alexander Fessler, Largim Zhuta
Mechanical Engineering Senior Theses
During summer months there is reliance on air conditioning (A/C), which is energy intensive in nature. The mass use of A/C units during peak hours taxes the energy grid significantly as a demand spike occurs during these peak hours. This demand spike requires an equal response in supply which disproportionately produces greenhouse gas emissions as reserve power plants come online to meet this demand. These reserve power plants, are relatively inefficient, and more expensive to run than base load plants. The Coconut Oil Space Cooler utilizes the latent thermal storage capabilities of phase change materials (PCMs) to provide a temporary …
Dual Axis Solar Tracker With Automated Cleaning System, Kevin Ehlers, Justin Eng, Nicholas Gallo, Matthew Kelley, Jonathan Lung, Brian Weitzenkamp
Dual Axis Solar Tracker With Automated Cleaning System, Kevin Ehlers, Justin Eng, Nicholas Gallo, Matthew Kelley, Jonathan Lung, Brian Weitzenkamp
Mechanical Engineering Senior Theses
Photovoltaic panels are fundamental in the generation of renewable energy both on a local scale and a utility scale. The mounting systems for such panels can be costly, require large amounts of maintenance, and miss out on energy savings. Manual cleaning and single axis tracking systems leave more to be desired from such systems. In this paper, we propose, research, test and manufacture a two axes solar tracking system with integrated water cleaning to obtain the most energy savings possible from a single PV panel. Our work shows that two axis tracking combined with an automated cleaning system can provide …
Marine Robot Sample Retrieving System, Valeriya Chulyukina, Noah Villar, Kekoa Blair, Mandeep Singh, Nathan Burke
Marine Robot Sample Retrieving System, Valeriya Chulyukina, Noah Villar, Kekoa Blair, Mandeep Singh, Nathan Burke
Mechanical Engineering Senior Theses
The exploration of our underwater ecosystems is critical. The aquatic ecosystem has a significant effect on human life, yet our understanding of the oceanic environment is severely lacking. Santa Clara University’s Robotic Systems Lab contributes to subsea exploration through its investment in remotely operated vehicle (ROV) technology. This project was done with the guidance of not only professors in the Robotics Systems Lab, but also stakeholders from the US Geological Survey scientists and researchers from the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI). Our team goal was to further advance SCU’s efforts by creating a sediment sample collection system consisting of …
Investigation Of An Optimized Occupancy-Driven Hvac Control Strategy And Development Of A Scalable House/Grid Simulation, Kaleb Pattawi
Investigation Of An Optimized Occupancy-Driven Hvac Control Strategy And Development Of A Scalable House/Grid Simulation, Kaleb Pattawi
Mechanical Engineering Master's Theses
Energy consumption in buildings is projected to increase more than 50% by 2050. Renewable energy sources are expected to increase and will help alleviate some of the energy demand; however, the intermittent nature of renewables makes it tough to effectively use energy in buildings. Various pricing schemes, including time of use electricity pricing, are used to encourage users to shift loads. Buildings need to be able to proactively react to changing energy sources and electricity prices in order to reduce over-generation of electricity and save money. This work demonstrates an optimized Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) control strategy that …
Adaptive Navigation Of Three-Dimensional Scalar Fields With Multiple Uavs, Robert Ka-Hing Lee
Adaptive Navigation Of Three-Dimensional Scalar Fields With Multiple Uavs, Robert Ka-Hing Lee
Engineering Ph.D. Theses
Adaptive Navigation (AN) control strategies allow an agent to autonomously alter its trajectory based on realtime measurements of its environment. Compared to conventional navigation methods, AN techniques can potentially reduce the time and energy needed to explore scalar characteristics of unknown and dynamic regions of interest (e.g., temperature, concentration level). Multiple Uncrewed Aerial Vehicle (UAV) approaches to AN can improve performance by exploiting synchronized spatially-dispersed measurements to generate realtime information regarding the structure of the local scalar field for use in navigation decisions. This dissertation presents initial results of a comprehensive program to develop, verify, and experimentally implement mission-level AN …
Predictive Energy Optimization Model For Grid-Interactive Residential Buildings, Patrick J. Mccurdy
Predictive Energy Optimization Model For Grid-Interactive Residential Buildings, Patrick J. Mccurdy
Mechanical Engineering Master's Theses
The consumption and production of energy are more dynamic as distributed energy resources (DER) such as solar photovoltaic (PV) are deployed within the electric distribution system. The traditional energy price at a predetermined rate cannot accommodate these dynamics and can lead to wasted energy and higher costs for both utility companies and consumers. Commercial building and residential energy management systems are usually on a fixed schedule and are not able to respond to changes in energy price instantaneously. There is a need for a real-time pricing structure that can accommodate the fluctuating cost of energy based on supply and demand, …
Adaptive Robotic Chassis (Arc): Robocrop A Smart Agricultural Robot Toolset, Steven Bucher, Krissy Ikeda, Brooke Broszus, Alejandro Gutierrez, Ariana Low
Adaptive Robotic Chassis (Arc): Robocrop A Smart Agricultural Robot Toolset, Steven Bucher, Krissy Ikeda, Brooke Broszus, Alejandro Gutierrez, Ariana Low
Interdisciplinary Design Senior Theses
RoboCrop is a payload system that attaches to an existing modular drivetrain to support the agriculture industry with their primary challenge of labor shortages. ARC: RoboCrop features three degrees of freedom as an XYZ Cartesian robot and is intended specifically for pruning strawberry flowers. The image bay camera attached to RoboCrop’s frame identifies the strawberry flowers, communicates their XYZ coordinates, and then the Cartesian robot moves to the desired locations. The snipping toolhead is interfaced at the bottom of the Z-stroke and performs the snipping process. RoboCrop has a proven success rate of at least 70% of flowers pruned in …
Bi-Directional Kerr-Lens Mode-Locked Titanium Sapphire Laser, Ricky Arnold, Stratos Koutroulis, Dylan Meyer
Bi-Directional Kerr-Lens Mode-Locked Titanium Sapphire Laser, Ricky Arnold, Stratos Koutroulis, Dylan Meyer
Mechanical Engineering Senior Theses
Precision near-infrared absorption spectroscopy is a highly desired scientific method, but the blooming technology has not yet come to fruition. Field deployments are limited, and some methods come with limitations that hamper the viability. The laser cavity completed for this thesis project is a single cavity Dual Comb Spectroscopy laser, which improves myriad limiting characteristics of previous lasers in this application. Crucially, it can produce two simultaneous pulse trains with unique repetition rates. The laser cavity has been designed, built, and aligned for improved stability, including vibrational, noise, and thermal control. The design, analysis, and results of a dual comb …
Wildfire Prevention & Suppression System, Johnny Dimas Flores, Ansh Jetly, Antonio Lorenzo
Wildfire Prevention & Suppression System, Johnny Dimas Flores, Ansh Jetly, Antonio Lorenzo
Mechanical Engineering Senior Theses
The Bay area community has continually been at threat to wildfires. The current trend showed that wildfires would be an even more prevalent threat in the near future. Despite this, there still exists a lack of knowledge involving wildfire safety and protection for people’s property. Current systems were found to be too expensive, needed constant maintenance, or access to isolated storage of 1,000+ gallons of water. Through research of misting systems, the effectiveness of mist as a radiation shield, and working with members of CalFire, it was determined that the system needed to meet the following parameters to be effective …