Mechanical Engineering Commons^™

Characterization And Utilization Of Calcium Oxide (Cao) Thermally Decomposed From Fish Bones As A Catalyst In The Production Of Biodiesel From Waste Cooking Oil, Aldes Lesbani, Sabat Okta Ceria Sitompul, Risfidian Mohadi, Nurlisa Hidayati

Makara Journal of Technology

Thermal decomposition of fish bones to obtain calcium oxide (CaO) was conducted at various temperatures of 400, 500, 800, 900, 1000, and 1100 °C. The calcium oxide was then characterized using X-ray diffractometer, FTIR spectrophotometer, and SEM analysis. The calcium oxide obtained from the decomposition at 1000 °C was then used as a catalyst in the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil. Diffraction pattern of the calcium oxide produced from decomposition at 1000 °C showed a pattern similar to that of the calcium oxide produced by the Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standard (JCDPS). The diffractions of 2q values …

Effect Of Milling On The Densification Of Sic-Basedcomposites From Polysilazane, Alfian Noviyanto, Toshiyuki Nishimura

Makara Journal of Technology

High density SiC-based composites from polysilazane were fabricated by high energy milling and hot pressing. After cross-linking at 200 °C, the polysilazane was pyrolysed at 1000 °C in N2 for 2 h to form amorphous Si-C-N-O followed by high energy milling for 1 h. Milled amorphous Si-C-N-O was sintered in hot pressing at 1600 and 1700 °C for 1 h in vacuum under the applied pressure of 50 MPa. Although no sintering additives were used, dense SiC-based composites were obtained with this method. Sintered density was 3.04 g/cm3, while only 2.57 g/cm3 for amorphous Si-C-N-O without milling. It is suggested …

Optimizing Supply Chain Collaboration Based On Agreement Buyer-Supplier Relationship With Network Design Problem, Wahyudi Sutopo, Ayu Erliza, Arien Heryansyah

Makara Journal of Technology

In recent years, the rising competitive environment with shorter product life cycles and high customization forces industries to increase their flexibility, speed up their response, and enhance concurrent engineering designs. To integrate these prospects, supply chain collaboration becomes a pertinent strategy for industries to strengthen their competitiveness. The network design problem is used to implement supply chain collaboration. In the buying and selling process, sharing information between buyer and supplier are important to obtain a transaction decision. The optimimum supply chain profit can be identified by mathematical model of network design problem. The Mathematical Model takes into consideration the uncertainity …

Expression And The Functional Study Of Fusion Proteins Α-Amylase And Hemolysin- Αas An Application In Biofilm Polysaccharide Degradation, Gede Yuda Sugiarta, Anggoro Wiseso, Siska Yuliana Sari, Etri Dian Kamila, Vanessa Geraldine, Diana Christina, Muhammad Hanifi, Dwiantari Satyapertiwi, Robby Hertanto, Budiman Bela, Masafumi Yohda, Muhamad Sahlan

Makara Journal of Technology

Biofilm is an aggregate of consortium bacteria that adhere to each other on a surface. It is usually protected by the exopolysaccharide layer. Various invasive medical procedures, such as catheterization, endotracheal tube installation, and contact lens utilization, are vulnerable to biofilm infection. The National Institute of Health (NIH) estimates 65% of all microbial infections are caused by biofilm. Periplasmic α-amylase (MalS) is an enzyme that hydrolyzes α-1, 4- glicosidic bond in glycogen, starch, and others related polysaccharides in periplasmic space. Another protein called hemolysin-α (HlyA) is a secretion signal protein on C terminal of particular peptide in gram negative bacteria. …

Thermoeconomic Optimization Of Cascade Refrigeration System Using Mixed Carbon Dioxide And Hydrocarbons At Low Temperature Circuit, Nasruddin Nasruddin, Arnas Arnas, Ahmad Faqih, Niccolo Giannetti

Makara Journal of Technology

Many applications and industrial processes require very low cooling temperature, such as cold storage in the biomedical field, requiring temperature below -80 °C. However, single-cycle refrigeration systems can only achieve the effective cooling temperature of -40 °C and, also, the performance of the cycle will decrease drastically for cooling temperatures lower than -35°C. Currently, most of cascade refrigeration systems use refrigerants that have ozone depletion potential (ODP) and global warming potential (GWP), therefore, in this study, a cascade system is simulated using a mixture of environmentally friendly refrigerants, namely, carbon dioxide and a hydrocarbon (propane, ethane or ethylene) as the …

Design Of The Human Assembly Strategy In A Self-Optimizing Assembly Cell: A Case Study Of Indonesians, Novie Susanto, Ratna Purwaningsih, Kharisma Panca Kurniawati

Makara Journal of Technology

This paper presents a continuing study of the human cognitive aspect application in the technical systems. The last studies design a human-centered design based on the German culture. The result shows a significant difference of human performance between Germans and Indonesians. Therefore, this study examines the human cognitive model based on Indonesian culture to investigate whether the different cognitive model based on the culture aspect can improve the human performance. The study was conducted on 60 people classified by age, young (16-34 years old) and old (older than 34 years old). Participants render predictions on an assembly activity for two …

Developing Road Infrastructure Route Planning: Increasing Feasibility Of Toll Road Project, Mohammed Ali Berawi, Teuku Yuri Zagloel, Perdana Miraj, Abdur Rohim Boy Berawi, Wellsi Titaheluw, Saipol Bari Bin Abd Karim

Makara Journal of Technology

Indonesian government attempts to improve connectivity and to increase regional activities in Sumatera Island through the development of Trans Sumatera Toll Road (TSTR). However, despite its benefits to local economic development in Sumatera, the project shows low feasibility due to a low amount of investment. It can be attributed from the lack of planning in the initial phase to produce a comprehensive route that considers the various potentials of the regions. Thus, this research aims to investigate alternative route planning of Trans Sumatera Toll Road particularly in this paper for Central Sumatera by studying Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP), population …

Thermal And -Γ –Ray Irradiation Effects On The Ionic Conductivity Of (Licl)X(Montmorillonite)1-X, Safei Purnama, Aziz Khan Jahja, Takeshi Sakuma

Makara Journal of Technology

Compositesof montmorillonite (MMT) - lithium salts have been prepared using a simple process of powders mixing followed by heating. The powders resulting from this method are expected to beionic conductors with a high ionic conductivity characteristics. This characteristics is also further improved by employing gamma-ray irradiation technique at specified irradiation doses. The best results were obtained for the (LiCl)0.5(MMT)0.5 composite with a room temperature ionic conductivity of 2.192 mS/cm, which then increases to ~5 mS/cm after gamma irradiation at a dose of 400 kGy. This value is equivalent to the value of the ionic conductivity of current commercial rechargeable lithium …

Microstructural Analysis Of Thermoelastic Response, Nonlinear Creep, And Pervasive Cracking In Heterogeneous Materials, Alden C. Cook

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

This dissertation is concerned with the development of robust numerical solution procedures for the generalized micromechanical analysis of linear and nonlinear constitutive behavior in heterogeneous materials. Although the methods developed are applicable in many engineering, geological, and materials science fields, three main areas are explored in this work. First, a numerical methodology is presented for the thermomechanical analysis of heterogeneous materials with a special focus on real polycrystalline microstructures obtained using electron backscatter diffraction techniques. Asymptotic expansion homogenization and finite element analysis are employed for micromechanical analysis of polycrystalline materials. Effective thermoelastic properties of polycrystalline materials are determined and compared …

Fracture Analysis In Biomimetic Bouligand Architectures, Nobphadon Suksanqpanya

Open Access Dissertations

The Bouligand structure, which is found in many biological materials, is a hierarchical architecture that features uniaxial fiber layers assembled periodically into a helicoidal pattern. Many studies have highlighted the high damage-resistant performance of Bouligand structures and its biomimetic materials. One of the outstanding species with the Bouligand structures is the smashing Mantis Shrimp, Odontodactylus Scyllarus, (or stomatopod) due to its capability of generating high speed, high acceleration blows using its raptorial appendage to defeat highly armored preys. The load-bearing part of this appendage, the dactyl club, contains an interior region, which is mainly characterized by the Bouligand structure. This …

Changing Trends In Wave Heights In The U.S. Mid-Atlantic Region, Hillary Lane

Civil & Environmental Engineering Theses & Dissertations

The pace and effects of climate change are an area of constant focus for coastal engineers as evolving patterns in the atmosphere worldwide affect the oceans and coasts on a regional and global scale. Surface waves respond to changing wind patterns both locally and from propagating swell, and the difficulty in predicting future wind patterns is well-established. Expectations that climate change will result in more frequent and intense coastal storms and consequently greater wave heights in the North Atlantic are still unrealized, and recent forecasts from a variety of atmosphere-ocean coupled global climate models instead predict decreasing wave heights through …

Numerical Studies For Improving Fracture Toughness Resistance Curve Testing Using Single-Edge (Notched) Tension Specimens, Yifan Huang

Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository

The fracture toughness resistance curve, i.e. the J-integral resistance curve (J-R curve) or the crack tip opening displacement resistance (CTOD-R) curves, is widely used in the integrity assessment and strain-based design of energy pipelines with respect to planar defects (i.e. cracks). This thesis deals with issues related to the experimental determination of the J(CTOD)-R curves using the newly-developed single-edge (notched) tension (SE(T)) specimens. In the first study, the plastic geometry factor, i.e. the η_pl factor, used to evaluate J in a J-R curve test based on …

Study On Oil Palm Fresh Fruit Bunch Bruise In Harvesting And Transportation To Quality, Andreas Wahyu Krisdiarto, Lilik Sutiarso

Makara Journal of Technology

There are losses of production due to oil palm field’s material handling. Activities that may raise the losses are harvesting and transportation, which may cause bruise and damage to fruit. This research was aimed to learn the bruise of fresh fruit bunch (FFB) phenomenon in harvesting and transportation. Method used in this research was measuring the bruise area resulted by FFB falling when harvested, loading (throwing up) FFB to truck bin, and transporting using truck. These data, coupled with weight of bruised fruit, were calculated to get FFB bruise index. Each FFB bruise index is related to potential free fatty …

Apparent Porosity And Compressive Strength Of Heat-Treated Clay/Iron Sand/Rice Husk Ash Composites Over A Range Of Sintering Temperatures, M. Nizar Machmud, Zulkarnain Jalil, Mochammad Afifuddin

Makara Journal of Technology

Novel composites of clay/iron sand/rice husk ash (RHA) have been developed. Electric furnace was used to perform heat treatment on the composites to study the effect of sintering temperature on their apparent porosity and compressive strength. Two types of RHA with different bulk density were prepared to gain an understanding of the influence of apparent porosity on compressive strength of the heat-treated composites over a range of sintering temperatures. Heattreated composites, made of clay/iron sand and clay/RHA, were also prepared as a referenced material. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was further performed to comprehensively discuss the role of iron sand on …

Sugarcane Bagasse As A Carrier For The Immobilization Of Saccharomyces Cerevisiaein Bioethanol Production, Sita Heris Anita, Wibowo Mangunwardoyo, Yopi Yopi

Makara Journal of Technology

Sugarcane bagasse was used as a carrier to immobilize Saccharomyces cerevisiae in bioethanol production. This research aims to study the potential use of sugarcane bagasse as an alternative carrier for cell immobilization and improvement in the production process of cell immobilization in bagasse. The results showed that the physical characteristics of sugarcane bagasse as a carrier were water content (7.77 ± 0.35%), water retention (4.80 ± 0.44 g/g), water absorption index (8.58 ± 0.22 g/g), and lignin content (24.40 ± 1.52 %). Determination of cell retention was performed in an inoculum volume of 50 mL yeast suspension with various carrier …

Optimization Of Electricity Generation Schemes In The Java-Bali Grid System With Co2 Reduction Consideration, Farizal Farizal, Wenty Eka Septia, Amar Rachman, Nasruddin Nasruddin, Teuku Meurah Indra Mahlia

Makara Journal of Technology

This research considers the problem of reducing CO2 emissions from the Java-Bali power grid system that consists of a variety of power-generating plants: coal-fired, natural gas, oil, and renewable energy (PV, geothermal, hydroelectric, wind, and landfill gas). The problem is formulated as linear programming and solved using LINGO 10. The model was developed for a nation to meet a specified CO2 emission target. Two carbon dioxide mitigation options are considered in this study, i.e. fuel balancing and fuel switching. In order to reduce the CO2 emissions by 26% in 2021, State Electric Supply Company (PLN) has to generate up to …

The Knowledge-Based Analysis On Medium Resolution Images Of Remote Sensing To Extraction Information Land Use Type Scs-Cn, The Case Study On Grompol Watershed, Puguh Dwi Raharjo, Totok Gunawan, Mohammad Pramono Hadi

Makara Journal of Technology

Remote sensing imagery Landsat-8 is one image that has a good temporal resolution; in addition to the availability of data, this image can be obtained free of charge. Land cover type SCS-CN is part of a unit of land that affects runoff. The use of medium resolution imagery in reducing the SCS-CN land use type is considered relatively difficult, and it yields less good accuracy. Limitations on multispectral classification only rely on facts derived from spectral reflection, so that the two data are the same since different characteristic results are not so good. This study aims to determine the accuracy …

Automatic Arrhythmia Beat Detection: Algorithm, System, And Implementation, Wisnu Jatmiko, I Md. Agus Setiawan, Muhammad Ali Akbar, Muhammad Eka Suryana, Yulistiyan Wardhana, Muhammad Febrian Rachmadi

Makara Journal of Technology

Cardiac disease is one of the major causes of death in the world. Early diagnose of the symptoms depends on abnormality on heart beat pattern, known as Arrhythmia. A novel fuzzy neuro generalized learning vector quantization for automatic Arrhythmia heart beat classification is proposed. The algorithm is an extension from the GLVQ algorithm that employs a fuzzy logic concept as the discriminant function in order to develop a robust algorithm and improve the classification performance. The algorithm is tested against MIT-BIH arrhythmia database to measure the performance. Based on the experiment result, FN-GLVQ is able to increase the accuracy of …

The Effect Of Irradiation Of Fe And Ar Ion On The Surface Morphology Of Diamond Thin Film Related To The Magnetoresistance Property, Salim Mustofa, Setyo Purwanto, Kenji Mishima

Makara Journal of Technology

The irradiation of Fe and Ar ion was applied on the surface of diamond/Si thin film to know its effect on the morphology of thin film.The magnetoresistance property was also studied. Ion irradiation treatment using Fe ion followed by argon ion at the energy of 70keV and a dose of 1 x 1015 ion/cm2 have been conducted on the surface of two types of thin film, diamond/Si (111) and diamond/Si (100). Both thin films were made by using a CVD method, and the thickness of the thin film is 1000-nm. From simulations using the software called Stopping and Range of …

Use Of Green Mussel Shell As A Desulfurizer In The Blending Of Low Rank Coal-Biomass Briquette Combustion, Mahidin Mahidin, Asri Gani, M. Reza Hani, Muhammad Syukur, Hamdani Hamdani, Khairil Khairil, Samsul Rizal, Abdul Hadi, T.M.I. Mahlia

Makara Journal of Technology

Calcium oxide-based material is available abundantly and naturally. A potential resource of that material comes from marine mollusk shell such as clams, scallops, mussels, oysters, winkles and nerites. The CaO-based material has exhibited a good performance as the desulfurizer or adsorbent in coal combustion in order to reduce SO2 emission. In this study, pulverized green mussel shell, without calcination, was utilized as the desulfurizer in the briquette produced from a mixture of low rank coal and palm kernel shell (PKS), also known as bio-briquette. The ratio of coal to PKS in the briquette was 90:10 (wt/wt). The influence of green …

Algorithms For Lidar Based Traffic Tracking: Development And Demonstration, Vamsi K. Bandaru

Open Access Theses

The current state of the art of traffic tracking is based on the use of video, and requires extensive manual intervention for it to work, including hours of painstaking human examination of videos frame by frame which also make the acquisition of data extremely expensive. Fundamentally, this is because we do not have observability of the actual scene from a camera which captures a 2D projection of the 3D world. Even if video were to be automated, it would involve such algorithms as RANSACK for outlier elimination while matching features across frames or across multiple cameras. This results in algorithms …

Modeling Of Frame Structures Undergoing Large Deformations And Large Rotations, Hui Liu

Open Access Dissertations

Numerical simulation of large-scale problems in structural dynamics, such as structures subject to extreme loads, can provide useful insights into structural behavior while minimizing the need for expensive experimental testing for the same. These types of problems are highly non-linear and usually involve material damage, large deformations and sometimes even collapse of structures. Conventionally, frame structures have been modeled using beam-frame finite elements in almost all structural analysis software currently being used by researchers and the industry. However, there are certain limitations associated with this modeling approach. This research focuses on two issues, in particular, of modeling frame structures undergoing …

Database-Assisted Analysis And Design Of Wind Loads On Rigid Buildings, Filmon Fesehaye Habte

FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The turbulent nature of the wind flow coupled with additional turbulence created by the wind-building interaction result in highly non-uniform, fluctuating wind-loading on building envelopes. This is true even for simple rectangular symmetric buildings. Building codes and standards should reflect the information on which they are based as closely as possible, and this should be achieved without making the building codes too complicated and/or bulky. However, given the complexity of wind loading on low-rise buildings, its codification can be difficult, and it often entails significant inconsistencies. This required the development of alternative design methods, such as the Database-Assisted-Design (DAD) methodology, …

Experimental Building Demonstration Model With Viscous Fluid Dampers, Blake Thomas Reeve, Brianna Jean Kufa, Aden Malek Stepanians, Sophie Carmion Ratkovich

Architectural Engineering

The Architectural Engineering major places a heavy emphasis on structural dynamics and the role of wind and seismic loading in building analysis and design. Buildings of high importance that are critical to community function, such as hospitals, often utilize supplemental damping devices like supplemental viscous fluid dampers or base isolators to reduce the overall demands on the structural system. The design and analysis of these dampers are typically not taught at the undergraduate level, and is frequently performed by mechanical engineers, in lieu of structural engineers.

To better understand and research building behavior with supplemental damping devices, our multi-disciplinary team …

A Comparison Of American, Norwegian, And Russian Standards In Calculating The Wall Thickness Of Submarine Gas Pipeline, Cindy Dianita, Tatyana Vladimirovna Dmitrieva

Makara Journal of Technology

One of the key issues in the pipeline design is wall thickness calculation. This paper highlights a comparison of wall thickness calculation methods of submarine gas pipeline based on Norwegian Standard (DNV-OS-F101), Indonesian Standard SNI 3474 which refers to American Standard (ASME B31.8), and Russian Standard (VN39-1.9-005-98). A calculation of wall thickness for a submarine gas pipeline in Indonesia (pressure 12 MPa, external diameter 668 mm) gives the results of 18.2 mm (VN39-1.9-005-98), 16 mm (ASME B31.8), and 13.5 mm (DNV-OS-F101).The design formula of hoop stress due to internal pressure is interpreted in different ways for every standard. Only Norwegian …

Residual Strength Analysisof Asymmetrically Damaged Ship Hull Girderusing Beam Finite Element Method, Muhammad Zubair Muis Alie

Makara Journal of Technology

The objective of the present study is to analyze the residual strength of asymmetrically damaged ship hull girder under longitudinal bending. Beam Finite Element Method is used for the assessment of the residual strength of two single hull bulk carriers (Ship B1 and Ship B4) and a three-cargo-hold model of a single-side Panamax Bulk Carrier in hogging and sagging conditions. The Smith’s method is adopted and implemented into Beam Finite Element Method. An efficient solution procedure is applied; i.e. by assuming the cross section remains plane, the vertical bending moment is applied to the cross section and three-cargo-hold model. As …

Multi-Project Scheduling Cost Optimization In A Machine Manufacturer Engineer-To-Order, Farizal Farizal, Amar Rachman, Tifani Tandean, Sumarsono Sudarto, Katsuhiko Takahashi

Makara Journal of Technology

This paper discusses the utilization of mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model to optimize cost for multiproject scheduling in a machine maker company. The objective is to minimize total project’s penalty cost and labor cost. The model formulated shows how to achieve the objective i.e. whether to use outsourcing or overtime to finish all projects. The model of multi-project scheduling was solved by Branch & Bound algorithm coded in Lingo 14.0 software. The case study shows that if a company wants to minimize lateness, it should use overtime instead of outsourcing, which minimize total lateness of projects by 144 days …

Thermal Properties, Crystallinity, And Oxygen Permeability Of Na-Montmorillonite Reinforced Plasticized Poly(Lactic Acid) Film, Kurniawan Yuniarto, Yohanes Aris Purwanto, Setyo Purwanto, Bruce A. Welt, Hadi Karia Purwadaria, Titi Candra Sunarti

Makara Journal of Technology

Introducing unmodified organically clay/Na-montmorillonite (Na-MMT) was applied into plasticized poly(lactic acid) PLA to produce film composites by direct casting. Film composite structure, the crystallinity degree and form, and thermal properties were carried out using X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry. The effect of Na- MMT to the tortuous path and the crystallinity degree in the plasticized film composites were calculated in oxygen barrier properties. Chromatogram film composites resulted in an intercalated structure that showed peak diffraction angle shift at about 0.2o. Then, a peak diffraction pattern was indicated in α-form crystal structure. Plasticized PLA has a crystallinity degree at 34%, …

Texture Analysis Using The Neutron Diffraction Method On The Non Standardized Austenitic Steel Process By Machining,Annealing, And Rolling, Tri Hardi Priyanto, Parikin Parikin, Meijuan Li

Makara Journal of Technology

Austenitic steel is one type of stainless steel which is widely used in the industry. Many studies on austenitic stainless steel have been performed to determine the physical properties using various types of equipment and methods. In this study, the neutron diffraction method is used to characterize the materials which have been made from minerals extracted from the mines in Indonesia. The materials consist of a granular ferro-scrap, nickel, ferro-chrome, ferro-manganese, and ferro-silicon added with a little titanium. Characterization of the materials was carried out in three processes, namely: machining, annealing, and rolling. Experimental results obtained from the machining process …

Maneuverability Of Ships With Small Draught In Steady Wind, Daeng Paroka, Andi Haris Muhammad, Syamsul Asri

Makara Journal of Technology

Wind force and moment may force a ship to drastically decrease its speed and use a large drift angle as well as a large rudder angle in order to maintain its course. Ships with a small draught might have more risk in maneuvering to its point of view compared with a ship with a larger draught. This paper discusses maneuverability of a ship with a small draught in steady wind. The effect of wind on ship speed, drift angle, and rudder angle are investigated in a steady state condition. Five different ratios of wind velocity to ship speed from 1.0 …