Chemical Engineering Commons^™

Stress Response To Co2 Deprivation By Arabidopsis Thaliana In Plant Cultures, Souvik Banerjee, Oskar Siemianowski, Meiling Liu, Kara R. Lind, Xinchun Tian, Dan Nettleton, Ludovico Cademartiri

Dan Nettleton

After being the standard plant propagation protocol for decades, cultures of Arabidopsis thaliana sealed with Parafilm remain common today out of practicality, habit, or necessity (as in co-cultures with microorganisms). Regardless of concerns over the aeration of these cultures, no investigation has explored the CO2 transport inside these cultures and its effect on the plants. Thereby, it was impossible to assess whether Parafilm-seals used today or in thousands of older papers in the literature constitute a treatment, and whether this treatment could potentially affect the study of other treatments.For the first time we report the CO2concentrations in Parafilm-sealed cultures of …

Impact Of Substrate And Process On The Electrical Performance Of Screen-Printed Nickel Electrodes: Fundamental Mechanism Of Ink Film Roughness, Bilge N. Altay, Jerome Jourdan, Vikram S. Turkani, Hervé Dietsch, Dinesh Maddipatla, Alexandra Pekarovicova, Paul D. Fleming, Massood Atashbar

Bilge Nazli Altay

Removal Of Chlorine From Chlorine-Nitrogen Mixture In A Film Of Liquid Water, Sarwan S. Sandhu

Sarwan S. Sandhu

In industry there are many examples of absorption of a gas with or without chemical reaction in the liquid phase. In physical absorption, a particular gaseous component is removed from a gas mixture due to its larger solubility in the liquid phase solvent. The removal of butane and pentane from a refinery gas mixture by a heavy oil in the liquid phase is an example of physical absorption. In absorption with chemical reaction, the gaseous component to be removed transfers across the gas-liquid interface due to a difference in the bulk chemical potentials or concentrations in the two phases. The …

Characterization Of Iron Phthalocyanine As The Cathode Active Material For Lithium-Ion Batteries, Sarwan S. Sandhu, Joseph P. Fellner

Sarwan S. Sandhu

The developed thermodynamic functions for the determination of Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy of formation of solid lithium-iron phthalocyanine (LixFePc) from solid lithium and iron phthalocyanine as a function of x, defined as g-moles of the intercalated lithium per g-mole of iron phthalocyanine, at a fixed set of temperature and pressure conditions are presented. In addition, a proposed expression for the evaluation of lithium diffusion coefficient in solid iron phthalocyanine as a function of both x and temperature, and the experimental results from the ongoing research/development work on the lithium/iron phthalocyanine cells are included.

Carbon Nanoadditives To Enhance Latent Energy Storage Of Phase Change Materials, Shadab Shaikh, Khalid Lafdi, Kevin P. Hallinan

Kevin Hallinan

Latent energy storage capacity was analyzed for a system consisting of carbon nanoparticlesdopedphase changematerials (PCMs). Three types of samples were prepared by doping shell wax with single wall carbon nanotubes(SWCNTs), multiwall CNTs, and carbon nanofibers. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to measure the latent heat of fusion. The measured values of latent heat for all the samples showed a good enhancement over the latent heat of pure wax. A maximum enhancement of approximately 13% was observed for the wax/SWCNT composite corresponding to 1% loading of SWCNT. The change in latent heat was modeled by using an approximation for the intermolecular …

Tribological Performance Of Hybrid Filtered Arc-Magnetron Coatings: Part I: Coating Deposition Process And Basic Coating Properties Characterization, Vladimir Gorokovsky, Chris Bowman, Paul Gannon, David Vanvorous, Andrey Voevodin, Adam Rutkowski, Christopher Muratore, Richard Smith, Asghar Kayani, David Gelles, Vaithiyalingam Shutthanandan, Boris Trusov

Christopher Muratore

Aircraft propulsion applications require low-friction and wear resistant surfaces that operate under high contact loads in severe environments. Recent research on supertough and low friction nanocomposite coatings produced with hybrid plasma deposition processes was demonstrated to have a high potential for such demanding applications. However, industrially scalable hybrid plasma technologies are needed for their commercial realization. The Large area Filtered Arc Deposition (LAFAD) process provides atomically smooth coatings at high deposition rates over large surface areas. The LAFAD technology allows functionally graded, multilayer, super-lattice and nanocomposite architectures of multi-elemental coatings via electro-magnetic mixing of two plasma flows composed of different …

Progress In The Development Of Adaptive Nitride-Based Coatings For High Temperature Tribological Applications, Samir Aouadi, Brandon Luster, Punit Kohli, Christopher Muratore, Andrey Voevodin

Christopher Muratore

Adaptive tribological coatings were recently developed as a new class of smart materials that were designed to adjust their surface chemical composition and structure as a function of changes in the working environment to minimize friction coefficient and wear between contact surfaces. This paper provides an overview of the current research developments in this field, including: (1) Chameleon nanocomposite coatings which are produced by depositing a multi-phase structure whereby some of the phases provide mechanical strength and others are lubricious; (2) Micro- and nano-textured coatings which consist of hard nitride films with highly ordered micropores and nanopores that are subsequently …

Plasma Enhanced Surface Treatments Using Electron Beam-Generated Plasmas, Darrin Leonhardt, Christopher Muratore, Scott Walton, Robert Meger

Christopher Muratore

NRL has developed a ‘large area plasma processing system’ (LAPPS) utilizing a high energy (∼2 keV) modulated electron beam to drive the plasma ionization. This system has been shown to be (1) efficient at producing plasma in any gas composition, (2) capable of producing low temperature plasma electrons (9–10¹² cm⁻³) and (3) scalable to large area (square meters). In this work, the progress of a number of applications using LAPPS is discussed. Nitride growth in stainless steel was investigated, which demonstrated high rates (up to 20 μm/h^1/2) at low temperatures (≤462 °C). Complementary mass spectrometry …

Molybdenum Disulfide As A Lubricant And Catalyst In Adaptive Nanocomposite Coatings, Christopher Muratore, Andrey Voevodin

Christopher Muratore

Nanocomposite YSZ–Ag–Mo–MoS₂ coatings with different MoS₂ additions (0–100 at.%) were deposited with a hybrid pulsed laser/magnetron sputtering/filtered cathodic arc process. Wear testing was performed from 25 to 700 °C for each of the coatings. Electron microscopy and other characterization techniques were used to examine the surfaces and wear tracks of the coatings and to determine the mechanisms resulting in the measured tribological properties. Adaptive coatings containing 8 at.% MoS₂demonstrated a friction coefficient of 0.2 throughout the temperature range examined here, compared to 0.4 for YSZ–Ag–Mo with no MoS₂. Characterization of the YSZ–Ag–Mo–8% MoS_{2 …}

In Situ Studies Of Tic1−X N X Hard Coating Tribology, Marisa Rebelo De Figueiredo, Christopher Muratore, Robert Franz, Richard Chromik, Kathryn Wahl, Andrey Voevodin, Michel O'Sullivan, Markus Lechthaler, Christian Mitterer

Christopher Muratore

TiC1−x N x hard coatings present time-dependent tribological behavior with an initial running-in period (500–2000 cycles) marked by an elevated friction coefficient, followed by >10000 cycles with low-friction and wear at room temperature (RT) in ambient air. The mechanisms behind this behavior are not completely understood. Tribological tests performed at RT and at different relative humidity (RH) levels revealed that a minimum value between 15 and 25% RH is needed to trigger the low-friction regime at a sliding speed of 100 mm s−1. By in situ observations of transfer film growth, it could be observed that third body material …

Adaptive Nanocomposite Coatings With A Titanium Nitride Diffusion Barrier Mask For High-Temperature Tribological Applications, Christopher Muratore, Jianjun Hu, Andrey Voevodin

Christopher Muratore

Adaptive nanocomposite coatings that demonstrate low friction throughout broad ranges of temperature, wear, humidity and other environments are currently in development. One effective temperature adaptation mechanism at temperatures ≤ 500 °C is diffusion of noble metal to the coating surface, providing a low shear strength interface at the friction contact supported by a hard surface underneath. To prolong the wear lifetime of chameleon coatings relying upon this mechanism for low friction, a coating architecture incorporating a diffusion barrier mask to inhibit noble metal diffusion was employed. The diffusion barrier-capped coating provided lubrication at 500 °C over ten times longer than …

A Simultaneous Increase In The Thermal And Electrical Transport In Carbon Nanotube Yarns Induced By Inter-Tube Metallic Welding, Sabyasachi Ganguli, Amber Reed, Chaminda Jayasinghe, Joe Sprengard, Ajit Roy, Andrey Voevodin, Christopher Muratore

Christopher Muratore

Vertically aligned arrays of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) were decorated with gold (Au) nanoparticles of different diameter and areal densities and spun into yarns. The melting point of Au nanoparticles determined by differential scanning calorimetry was approximately 260 °C, well below the oxidation temperature of carbon. A continuous yarn was formed while pulling out a bundle of CNTs from the metalized CNT array. Relatively low temperature (300 °C) thermal processing of the metalized yarn resulted in a 30% improvement in thermal conductivity, 40% increase in electrical conductivity and a 4× increase in elastic modulus. Cross-sections of the yarn were examined …

Control Of Plasma Flux Composition Incident On Tin Films During Reactive Magnetron Sputtering And The Effect On Film Microstructure, Christopher Muratore, Scott Walton, D. Leonhardt, Richard Fernsler

Christopher Muratore

A hybrid plasma enhanced physical vapor deposition (PEPVD) system consisting of an unbalanced dc magnetron and a pulsed electron beam-produced plasma was used to deposit reactively sputteredtitanium nitride thin films. The system allowed for control of the magnitudes of the ion and neutral flux, in addition to the type of nitrogen ions (atomic or molecular) that comprised the flux. For all deposition experiments, the magnitude of the ion flux incident on the substrate was held constant, but the composition of the total flux was varied. X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy showed that crystallographic texture and surface morphology of the …

Temporally And Spatially Resolved Plasma Spectroscopy In Pulsed Laser Deposition Of Ultra-Thin Boron Nitride Films, Nicholas Glavin, Christopher Muratore, Michael Jespersen, Jianjun Hu, Timothy Fisher, Andrey Voevodin

Christopher Muratore

Physical vapor deposition (PVD) has recently been investigated as a viable, alternative growth technique for two-dimensional materials with multiple benefits over other vapor deposition synthesis methods. The high kinetic energies and chemical reactivities of the condensing species formed from PVD processes can facilitate growth over large areas and at reduced substrate temperatures. In this study, chemistry, kinetic energies, time of flight data, and spatial distributions within a PVD plasma plume ablated from aboron nitride (BN) target by a KrF laser at different pressures of nitrogen gas were investigated. Time resolved spectroscopy and wavelength specific imaging were used to identify and …

Control Of Plasma Flux Composition Incident On Tin Films During Reactive Magnetron Sputtering And The Effect On Film Microstructure, Christopher Muratore, Scott Walton, D. Leonhardt, Richard Fernsler

Christopher Muratore

A hybrid plasma enhanced physical vapor deposition (PEPVD) system consisting of an unbalanced dc magnetron and a pulsed electron beam-produced plasma was used to deposit reactively sputteredtitanium nitride thin films. The system allowed for control of the magnitudes of the ion and neutral flux, in addition to the type of nitrogen ions (atomic or molecular) that comprised the flux. For all deposition experiments, the magnitude of the ion flux incident on the substrate was held constant, but the composition of the total flux was varied. X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy showed that crystallographic texture and surface morphology of the …

Cross-Plane Thermal Properties Of Transition Metal Dichalcogenides, Christopher Muratore, Vikas Varshney, Jaime Gengler, Jianjun Hu, John Bultman, Timothy Smith, Patrick Shamberger, Bo Qiu, Xiulin Ruan, Ajit Roy, Andrey Voevodin

Christopher Muratore

In this work, we explore the thermal properties of hexagonal transition metal dichalcogenide compounds with different average atomic masses but equivalent microstructures. Thermal conductivity values of sputtered thin films were compared to bulk crystals. The comparison revealed a >10 fold reduction in thin film thermal conductivity. Structural analysis of the films revealed a turbostratic structure with domain sizes on the order of 5–10 nm. Estimates of phonon scattering lengths at domain boundaries based on computationally derived group velocities were consistent with the observed film microstructure, and accounted for the reduction in thermal conductivity compared to values for bulk crystals.

Getting To The Root Of Bacterial Hairs: What Is “S”?, Rebecca Gaddis, Samantha O'Conner, Evan Anderson, Terri Camesano, Nancy Burnham

Nancy A. Burnham

An atomic force microscope (AFM) was used to measure the steric forces of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) on the biofilm-forming bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It is well known that LPS play a vital role in biofilm formation. These forces were characterized with a modified version of the Alexander and de Gennes (AdG) model for polymers, which is a function of equilibrium brush length, L, probe radius, R, temperature, T, separation distance, D, and an indefinite density variable, s. This last parameter was originally distinguished by de Gennes as the root spacing or mesh spacing depending upon the type of polymer adhesion; however since …

Improvement Of Mechanical Properties And Water Stability Of Vegetable Protein Based Plastics, Gowrishankar Srinivasan

Gowrishankar Srinivasan

Bio-renewable bio-degradable plastics are a potential solution to the growing problems of pollution caused by petroleum plastics and dependency on foreign nations for petroleum resources. One possible feed stock for these materials are vegetable proteins, especially from soy bean and corn. These proteins have relatively high molecular weights and have the potential of being processed with standard polymer processing technologies. But some issues that need to be addressed are their water instability (soy protein) and inferior mechanical properties as compared to petroleum derived plastics. In this study, soy protein isolates (SPI) and zein protein was processed with various additives and …

Three-Dimensional Confocal Microscopy Indentation Method For Hydrogel Elasticity Measurement, Donghee Lee, Md Mahmudur Rahman, You Zhou, Sangjin Ryu

Md Mahmudur Rahman

No abstract provided.

Characterizing Non-Zeolitic Pore Volume In Zeolite Membranes By Temperature-Programmed Desorption, Miao Yu, J. Falconer, R. Noble

Miao Yu

No abstract provided.

2,2-Dimethylbutane Adsorption And Diffusion In Mfi Zeolite, Miao Yu, J. Wyss, R. Noble, J. Falconer

Miao Yu

No abstract provided.

Reversible H2 Storage Using A Sapo-34 Zeolite Layer, Miao Yu

Miao Yu

No abstract provided.

Ultrafiltration Membranes With Structure-Optimized Graphene-Oxide Coatings For Antifouling Oil/Water Separation, Y. Huang, H. Li, Lei Wang, Yali Qiao, Chuanbing Tang, Chanil Jung, Yeomin Yoon, S. Li, Miao Yu

Miao Yu

No abstract provided.

Improvement Of Mechanical Properties And Water Stability Of Vegetable Protein Based Plastics, Gowrishankar Srinivasan

Gowrishankar Srinivasan

Bio-renewable bio-degradable plastics are a potential solution to the growing problems of pollution caused by petroleum plastics and dependency on foreign nations for petroleum resources. One possible feed stock for these materials are vegetable proteins, especially from soy bean and corn. These proteins have relatively high molecular weights and have the potential of being processed with standard polymer processing technologies. But some issues that need to be addressed are their water instability (soy protein) and inferior mechanical properties as compared to petroleum derived plastics. In this study, soy protein isolates (SPI) and zein protein was processed with various additives and …

Magnetic Properties Of Crystals Of La5Mo4-XTXO16, S. Lofland, Jason Hattrick-Simpers, K. Ramanujachary, W. Mccarroll

Jason R. Hattrick-Simpers

No abstract provided.

Development Of A High-Throughput Methodology For Screening Coking Resistance Of Modified Thin-Film Catalysts, Kaijian Yang, John Bedenbaugh, Hang Li, Michael Peralta, Johnathan Bunn, Jochen Lauterbach, Jason Hattrick-Simpers

Jason R. Hattrick-Simpers

No abstract provided.

Applications Of High Throughput Screening Tools For Thermoelectric Materials, W. Wong-Ng, H. Joress, J. Martin, Y. Yan, M. Otani, E. Thomas, M. Green, Jason Hattrick-Simpers

Jason R. Hattrick-Simpers

No abstract provided.

Data Management And Visualization Of X-Ray Diffraction Spectra From Thin Film Ternary Composition Spreads, I. Takeuchi, C. Long, O. Famodu, M. Murakami, Jason Hattrick-Simpers, G. Rubloff, M. Stukowski, K. Rajan

Jason R. Hattrick-Simpers

We discuss techniques for managing and visualizing x-ray diffraction spectrum data for thin film composition spreads which map large fractions of ternary compositional phase diagrams. An in-house x-ray microdiffractometer is used to obtain spectra from over 500 different compositions on an individual spread. The MATLAB software is used to quickly organize the data and create various plots from which one can quickly grasp different information regarding structural and phase changes across the composition spreads. Such exercises are valuable in rapidly assessing the “overall” picture of the structural evolution across phase diagrams before focusing in on specific composition regions for detailed …

High-Throughput Screening Of Magnetic Properties Of Quench Metallic-Alloy Thin-Film Composition Spreads, Jason Hattrick-Simpers, Cui Jun, Makoto Murakami, Antonio Orozco, Lee Knauss, Robert Booth, Edward Greve, Samuel Lofland, Manfred Wuttig, Ichiro Takeuchi

Jason R. Hattrick-Simpers

No abstract provided.

Data Analysis In Combinatorial Experiments: Applying Supervised Principal Component Technique To Investigate The Relationship Between Tof-Sims Spectra And The Composition Distribution Of Ternary Metallic Alloy Thin Films, Rossana Dell'anna, Palo Lazzeri, Roberto Canteri, Christian Long, Jason Hattrick-Simpers, Ichiro Takeuchi, Mariano Anderle

Jason R. Hattrick-Simpers

No abstract provided.