Experimental Investigation On Combustion And Emission Characteristics Of Co-Combustion Of Pulverized Biomass With Diesel Fuel In An Industrial Burner, Medhat Elkelawy Prof. Dr, Eng., Hagar Alm-Eldin Bastawissi, Ahmed Abou El-Yazied Prof. Dr., Saad El-Malla Dr. Eng.

Journal of Engineering Research

This study presents the combustion and emission results obtained from a laboratory furnace equipped with a 35 kW industrial burner that utilizes co-combustion of pulverized biomass and diesel fuel. The experiment compared the co-combustion of pulverized biomass and diesel fuel with diesel fuel alone. Three different loading ratios of pulverized biomass from residual beet samples were used. Temperatures were measured at various positions inside the furnace to analyze combustion performance. It was observed that increasing the biomass loading ratios led to higher flame temperatures and improved combustion compared to diesel fuel alone. The concentrations of pollutants such as Co, HC, …

Life Cycle Cost Model For Transit Bus Fleets, Connor Andrew Jack

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports

Abstract

Life Cycle Cost Model for Transit Buses

Connor Jack

Transit agencies battle with reducing emissions while trying to be cost effective. In 2009, the Transit Cooperative Research Program Report (TCRP) 132 presented a life cycle cost model to aid in procurement evaluation [1]. The model is a life cycle cost analysis tool to estimate the overall costs of procurement and compare alternative technologies [2]. The model concentrates on pre-2007 conventional diesel, diesel hybrid with first generation diesel particulate filters, gasoline hybrid, and compressed natural gas transit buses.

The objectives of this work are to implement battery electric technology into …

Experimental Improvements To A Constant Volume Combustion Chamber For Fuel Spray And Ignition Studies, Binghao Cong

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The primary objective of this thesis is to improve optical setups of a constant volume combustion chamber to better understand the vaporization and spray characteristics of various fuels. The schlieren imaging technique is utilized to visualize phenomena that are challenging to observe directly. In this thesis, the schlieren imaging is used to observe the spray and ignition characteristics of DME and diesel fuels under high injection pressure.

First, various optical techniques are discussed and compared under the same test condition including schlieren, shadowgraph, and direct imaging. The advantages for these techniques are presented and the most appropriate technique for different …

Life Cycle Analysis Of Hydrogen Fuel Derived From Aluminum Versus Diesel, Tyson S. Metlen

Theses and Dissertations

The Department of Defense needs energy sources beyond petroleum products to effectively combat area denial strategies employed by its adversaries. Petroleum fuels are expensive, they have deleterious environmental impacts, and most of the world’s oil reservoirs are in volatile countries. A proposed alternative energy carrier is reacting aluminum with water to produce hydrogen and using the hydrogen as a fuel source. Normally aluminum forms a protective oxide layer that prevents continuous reaction but if aluminum is mixed with a 3.5% by weight gallium-indium eutectic, the oxide layer cannot form, and the reaction is sustainable. This study conducts a life cycle …

An Experimental Study On The Impact Of Water Injection On The Performance And Emissions Of A Natural Gas – Diesel Pilot Engine, Nic Tuma

Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Reports

Natural gas has been gaining popularity as an alternative fuel due to its high availability, low CO2 emissions, and low cost. In this experimental study, water injection’s impact on medium and heavy-duty engine operation fueled by natural gas and pilot diesel injection for ignition was studied under stochiometric operation for use with a three-way catalytic converter to meet criteria emissions for off-road power generation. To retain high efficiencies, a high compression ratio of 17.3:1 was used. Maintaining stoichiometric operation with a high compression ratio leads to combustion knock, pre-ignition, and high NOx formation. Conventionally, cooled EGR can be used to …

Main Factors That Influence The Thermal Stress State Of Piston Engine Parts, J F. Ismatov, A I. Yangibayev, N V. Vadulina, A A. Jalilov

Technical science and innovation

The development of a holistic, effective, and scalable structure of economic management, as well as the introduction of a program to improve the technical level and efficiency of machinery, are two of the most important concepts for the deep reconstruction of the Republic of Uzbekistan's economic process. Vehicles with diesel engines are gradually being introduced to our country's car fleet. Modern diesel engines are being developed by boosting them: increasing the average effective pressure and speed. Therefore, high reliability and service life, fuel efficiency and environmental performance are the main criteria for their quality. Forcing diesels leads to an increase …

Investigating The Heat Release From A Single-Cylinder Diesel Engine, Sarah Payne, Scott Eaton Phd

Thinking Matters Symposium

This project develops a dynamic measuring processes and filtering technique to acquire accurate engine thermodynamic data using LabVIEW. A single-cylinder Kohler diesel engine (model KD440) is instrumented with an in-cylinder pressure monitoring transducer to obtain cylinder pressure and volume data as a function of crank angle position. From this data, several calculations will be made using thermal analysis to understand the engine's performance. An additional objective of the project is to increase the efficiency of the engine's air intake system by modifying the current configuration. We show that the monitoring software accurately measures real-time engine efficiency and combustion dynamics enabling …

Transforming Corn Stover To Useful Transport Fuel Blends In Resource-Limited Settings, Nicholas Munu, Noble Banadda, Nicholas Kiggundu, Ahamada Zziwa, Isa Kabenge, Jeffrey Seay, Robert Kambugu, Joshua Wanyama, Albrecht Schmidt

Chemical and Materials Engineering Faculty Publications

Development of local technologies is crucial to the sustainable energy agenda in resource-limited countries and the world. Strengthening local green technologies and promoting local utilization will reduce carbon emissions that could be generated during transportation and delivery of green products from one country to another. In this paper we developed bio-oil/diesel blends using a low-tech pyrolysis system designed for smallholder farmers in developing countries and tested their appropriateness for diesel engines using standard ASTM methods. Corn stover retrieved from smallholder farmers in Gayaza, Uganda were pyrolyzed in a batch rocket stove reactor at 350 °C and liquid bio-oil harvested. Bio-oil …

A Combustion Model For Multi-Component Fuels Based On Relative Reactivity And Molecular Structure, Arash Jamali

Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Reports

A reliable multi-component surrogate fuel model needs to be able to represent both physical properties and chemical kinetics of a real fuel. However, enhancing the fidelity of a model with detailed description of physical and chemical behavior of all fuel components found in real fuels is limited by the prohibitive computational load to calculate the combustion chemistry of the fuel. Hence, it is desirable to achieve computational efficiency by reducing the number of chemical surrogates at the minimum expense of prediction accuracy. The objective of this work is to develop a model that can simulate the oxidation of multi-component fuels …

A Road Grade Based Weighting System For Calculating On-Road Distance-Specific Oxides Of Nitrogen Emissions Of Light-Duty Diesel Vehicles, Jason D. Bolyard

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports

Light-duty diesel vehicles have received significant public and governmental scrutiny recently for violating emissions regulations. Similar to the heavy-duty diesel manufacturers during the late 1990’s, some light-duty manufacturers were implementing different control strategies between laboratory certification tests and customer on-road operation. These devices allowed the vehicle to pass certification tests but then use alternative operation on the road during normal use. The alternative operation would allow for better fuel economy but higher oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions. Light-duty vehicles are currently certified in the US using chassis dynamometer testing. The effects of all on-road driving conditions are not mimicked in …

Optimizing Power Consumption Of Freight Railroad Bearings Using Laboratory Experimental Data, Carlos E. Lopez Iii, Constantine Tarawneh, Arturo A. Fuentes, Harry Siegal

Mechanical Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

Based on projected freight truck fuel efficiency, freight railroad and equipment suppliers need to identify, evaluate and implement technologies and/or operating practices to maintain traditional railroad economic competitiveness. The railway industry uses systems that record the total energy efficiency of a train but not energy efficiency or consumption by components. Lowering the energy consumption of certain train components will result in an increase in its overall energy efficiency, which will yield cost benefits for all the stakeholders. One component of interest is the railroad bearing whose power consumption varies depending on several factors that include railcar load, train speed, condition …

Health Benefits From Upgrading Public Buses For Cleaner Air: A Case Study Of Clark County, Nevada And The United States, John O. Olawepo, L.-W. Antony Chen

Public Health Faculty Publications

Public transit buses, which move more than 5 billion passengers annually in the United States (U.S.), can contribute substantially to the environmental health burden through emitted air pollutants. As a leader in transforming to cleaner bus fleets, the Regional Transport Commission of Southern Nevada (RTC) has been transitioning from diesel to compressed natural gas (CNG) transit buses since 1999. By 2017, ~75% of RTC’s buses operating in Clark County, Nevada were CNG-powered. This study assesses the health benefits of the venture using the US Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Co-Benefits Risk Assessment (COBRA) model, considering the emission and exposure changes from …

Development Of A 2d Scr Catalyst On A Diesel Particulate Filter Model For Design And Control Applications To A Ultra Low Nox Aftertreatment System, Venkata Chundru

Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Reports

This research focuses on modeling and control of PM and NO_x in diesel engine exhaust using an SCR catalyst on a Diesel Particulate Filter (SCR-F). A 2D SCR-F model was developed that is capable of predicting internal states: 2D temperature, PM and NH₃storage distributions and filtration efficiency, pressure drop, PM mass retained in the PM cake and substrate wall and outlet NO, NO₂and NH₃concentrations. The SCR-F model was used to simulate a DOC + SCR-F + DOC + SCR ultra-low NOx system that can achieve > 99.5% NOx conversion efficiency.

The model was calibrated …

Design And Implementation Of An Instantaneous Fuel Mass Flow Measurement System For Use In Verification Of Locomotive Emissions, Adam Wayne James

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports

Located in Altoona, PA, the Juniata Thoroughbred Emissions Research lab has provided emissions testing and research for several locomotive companies such as CSX, Electro Motive Diesel (EMD), and General Electric (GE). The emissions laboratory measures locomotive emissions through partial flow dilution (PFD) sampling for particulate matter (PM) using a Sierra Instruments BG3 and measures raw gaseous emissions using a MEXA 7100D gaseous emission analyzer. Fuel consumption is measured on a gravimetric basis and is used in verification of proportional sampling of exhaust flow. There were two research goals for this study which were (1) verify that the emissions measurement system …

Experimental And Modeling Study Of Particulate Matter Oxidation Under Loading Conditions For A Scr Catalyst On A Diesel Particulate Filter, Abhishek Jadav

Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Reports

The heavy-duty diesel engines use a Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC), a Catalyzed Particulate Filter (CPF), a Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) with urea injection and a Ammonia Oxidation Catalyst (AMOX), to meet the US EPA 2010/2013 particulate matter (PM) and NO_x emission standards. However, it is not possible to achieve the 2015 California low NO_x standards with this arrangement. Hence, there is a need to improve the existing aftertreatment system. This can be achieved by coating the SCR catalyst on a diesel particulate filter (DPF), thus combining the PM filtration and NO_x reduction functionality into a single device. …

Toxicological Inhalation Effects Of Metal-Based Nanoparticle Aerosols As Studied By A Portable In Vitro Exposure Cassette, Lynn E. Secondo

Theses and Dissertations

The toxicology of aerosols in occupational settings is often performed through particle collection on a filter followed by reconstitution into cell culture media which can alter the biological effects. Current in vitro exposure systems require additional instruments to control temperature and humidity, making the system bulky and difficult to take to the field. The Portable In Vitro Exposure Cassette (PIVEC) was designed for personal monitoring, characterized using copper nanoparticles, tested with alveolar cells, and set-up for real-time monitoring. Three differently sized copper nanoparticles, 40-800 nm, were dispersed as a dry aerosol and measured gravimetrically and on a number concentration basis …

Effects Of Air-Fuel Ratio And Operating Conditions On Particle Emissions From A Small Diesel Engine, Odinmma John-Paul Ofili

Master’s Theses

Automotive engineers typically increase the air-fuel ratio (AFR) of an engine to control the amount of smoke emitted, but it not quite known how this process affects particulate number (PN). In the work presented, AFR was independently varied to study its effects on PN. It was found that increasing the AFR reduced the concentrations of larger particles from 10⁸ #/cm³ to 10⁶ #/cm³ which is an effect observable as a reduction in smoke. However, the same increases in AFR only resulted in an energy specific PN change from 10¹⁵ #/kWh to 10¹⁴ #/kWh. The …

Investigation Of The Performance And Emissions Characteristics Of Dual Fuel Combustion In A Single Cylinder Idi Diesel Engine, Johnnie L. Williams Jr

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Restrictions in the allowable exhaust gas emissions of diesel engines has become a driving factor in the design, development, and implementation of internal combustion (IC) engines. A dual fuel research engine concept was developed and implemented in an indirect injected engine in order to research combustion characteristics and emissions for non-road applications. The experimental engine was operated at a constant speed and load 2400 rpm and 5.5 bar indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP). n-Butanol was port fuel injected at 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% by mass fraction with neat ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD#2). Peak pressure, maximum pressure rise rates, and …

Emergency Diesel-Electric Generator Set Maintenance And Test Periodicity, Stephen John Fehr

Engineering Management & Systems Engineering Theses & Dissertations

Manufacturer and industry recommendations vary considerably for maintenance and tests of emergency diesel-electric generator sets in emergency standby duty. There is little consistency among generator sets of similar technology, and manufacturers and their representatives often provide contradictory guidance. As a result, periodicity of emergency diesel-electric generator set maintenance and tests varies considerably in practice. Utilizing the framework proposed and tested by Fehr (2014), this research developed a parametric regression survival model of the reliability of modern diesel-electric generator sets in emergency standby duty as a function of maintenance, age, and cumulative run hours. A survival regression technique leveraging Cox’s (1972) …

Investigation Of Petroleum Use In Off-Road Agricultural Machinery And Analysis Of J1939 Controller Area Network (Can) Data For Advanced Machinery Testing, Rodney Rohrer

Department of Biological Systems Engineering: Dissertations and Theses

Nearly all modern off-road agricultural machinery are powered by petroleum, primarily diesel fuel. Equipment manufacturers work to improve fuel efficiency of their equipment to provide better value to their customers. Benefits of reducing petroleum use include lower operating costs, improved operational efficiency, improved energy security, and environmental benefits. Agricultural tractor testing focuses primarily on characterizing maximum performance but there is a need for advanced test procedures to better measure fuel efficiency for load cases representative of in-field operations. This would help farmers make better equipment purchasing and utilization decisions and help manufacturers quantify efficiency improvements; ultimately driving continued progress toward …

Energy Optimization And Fuel Economy Investigation Of A Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle Integrated With Diesel/Rcci Engines, Ali Solouk, Mahdi Shahbakhti

Michigan Tech Publications

Among different types of low temperature combustion (LTC) regimes, eactively controlled compression ignition (RCCI) has received a lot of attention as a promising advanced combustion engine technology with high indicated thermal efficiency and low nitrogen oxides ( NOx" role="presentation" style="box-sizing: border-box; max-height: none; display: inline; line-height: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;">NOx ) and particulate matter (PM) emissions. In this study, an RCCI engine for the purpose of fuel economy investigation is incorporated in series hybrid electric vehicle (SHEV) architecture, …

Effects Of Internal Egr On Modern Diesel Engines Internal Equipped With Vva At Idle, Erik R. Santini, Dheeraj B. Gosala, Gregory M. Shaver

The Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship (SURF) Symposium

Vehicle emissions regulations are continuing to grow more challenging requiring near-zero levels of pollutant emissions. Nitric oxide (NOx) emissions are heavily regulated with the emission limit expected to become 1/10^th of its present limit by 2021. In order to meet the new regulations, improvements in both the engine and the exhaust aftertreatment system are required. Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is used to reduce the NOx produced by the engine while the aftertreatment system converts most of the engine-out emissions to safer gases before releasing them to the atmosphere. One of the main challenges with the aftertreatment system is that …

Test Cell Set-Up To Enable Drive-Cycle Testing Of A Variable Valve Actuation Enabled Camless Diesel Engine, Alexander Harrison Taylor

Open Access Theses

The previous facility which was used for engine testing at Purdue's Ray W. Herrick Laboratories utilized an eddy current dynamometer which is only suited for steady-state testing and throttle snaps. To better utilize a pre-existing camless diesel engine, which is is enabled via variable valve actuation, it was desired to perform transient drive-cycle tests. To accomplish this goal, a variable frequency drive AC dynamometer was required. Given that a brand new facility was constructed, the team was presented with an opportunity for ground up design of a test cell.

The new test cell's operation was proved out using a cammed …

Evaluation Of The Engine Exhaust Particle Sizer (Eeps) For Real-Time Measurements Of Diesel And Biodiesel Exhaust Particulate Matter, James Robert Dunshee

Graduate College Dissertations and Theses

Even at low concentrations, the criteria air pollutant particulate matter (PM) is an environmental and public health hazard. Emissions levels legislated for modern diesel vehicles are so low (~90% lower than 2003) that it has become difficult to accurately measure PM by the regulatory metric: the mass of particles collected on a filter (i.e., the gravimetric method). Additionally, gravimetric analysis cannot measure real-time emission rates, and therefore is unable to characterize high-emitting transient events (e.g., engine starts, stop-and-go driving). By an alternate method, PM can be estimated by measuring the number-weighted particle size distribution (PSD) and calculating mass with a …

Separation Of Water From Ulsd Using Superhydrophobic Ps Nanofiber Mats, Alisa G. Webel

Williams Honors College, Honors Research Projects

Superhydrophobic polystyrene nanofiber membranes have potential to separate micron scale water droplets from organic due to their hydrophobicity and small pore openings. Polystyrene nanofibers were electrospun into flat sheets and cylindrical filter membranes. The fibers were crosslinked to increase strength and reduce solubility in diesel fuel. The filters were tested and the filtration efficiency was compared to their non-crosslinked counterparts. The optimal electrospinning conditions to create superhydrophobic nanofibers were found to be 20 wt. % PS fibers at 1 mL/hr. under a current of 20kV and at a distance of 20 cm away from the ground. It was found that …

The Effects Of Ivc Modulation On Modern Diesel Engines Equipped With Variable Valve Actuation At High Load And Speed, Troy E. Odstrcil, Gregory M. Shaver, Cody M. Allen

The Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship (SURF) Symposium

Modern diesel compression engines are known for their increased durability, fuel economy and torque when compared with their spark ignition gasoline counterparts. These are some of the reasons why diesel engines are preferred in heavy duty applications such as trains and semi-trucks. During the Heavy Duty Federal Test Procedure transient drive cycle, or HDFTP, nearly 85% of the total fuel burned is at speeds greater than 2000 revolutions per minute (RPM) for the studied engine. Therefore, it is desirable to increase the fuel economy at these loads and speeds. It is hypothesized that the use of late intake valve close …

Ceiba Pentandra, Nigella Sativa And Their Blend As Prospective Feedstocks For Biodiesel

Faculty of Engineering University of Malaya

There are more than 350 oil-bearing crops identified as potential sources for biodiesel production around the globe. The wide range of available feedstocks for biodiesel production represents one of the most significant factors for producing biodiesel. The current research work is carried out on fuel properties of biodiesel prepared from the non-edible oils of Ceiba pentandra, Nigella sativa and their mixture. N. sativa is believed to be investigated for the first time as a biodiesel feedstock while C. pentandra has been reported recently in few studies. Owing to higher acid value, acid-esterification and alkali-transesterification processes have been carried out for …

Assessment Of Ghg Emission Reduction Potential From Source-Separated Organic Waste (Sow) Management: Case Study In A Higher Educational Institution In Malaysia

Faculty of Engineering University of Malaya

In Malaysia, the greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions reduction via composting of source-separated organic waste (SOW) in municipal solid waste (MSW) has not been assessed. Assessment of GHG emissions reduction via composting of SOW is important as environmental impacts from waste management are waste-specific and local-specific. The study presents the case study for potential carbon reduction via composting of SOW in University of Malaya (UM). In this study, a series of calculations were used to evaluate the GHG emission of different SOW management scenarios. The calculations based on IPCC calculation methods (AM0025) include GHGs emissions from landfilling, fuel consumption in transportation …

Design And Implementation Of A Mobile Test Cell, Timothy J. Okkema

Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Reports - Open

In this thesis, a modular powertrain mounting and instrumentation system is developed to increase engine testing efficiency in the Michigan Technological University Mobile Laboratory (Mobile Lab). This method is specifically designed for use in an on-the-road application with limited space where traditional engine test cell designs are not practical. This system is made to be robust, but simple enough that it can easily be built by future powertrain test engineers. In addition, a wall mounted diesel system was developed to provide common rail injection pressures to add the ability for conversion of mechanical injected diesel engines. And finally, an engine …

The Study Of Ionization In A Military, Heavy-Duty, Diesel Engine, Steven Zielinski

Wayne State University Theses

This thesis is an investigation of ionization in a military, heavy-duty, diesel engine. Ionization is a phenomenon which occurs in both spark-ignited and diesel engines. During the reactions of combustion, charged molecules and electrons are produced. The current produced, ion current, from these charges can be measured. The measurement of ion current can serve as an in-cylinder diagnostic for closed-loop engine control strategies. In this work, a literature review was performed to survey previous work as it pertains to ionization in diesel engines. In addition, a detailed description and comparison of the HEUI injection system was made to HPCR. This …