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Articles 1 - 30 of 30
Full-Text Articles in Engineering
The Effect Of Frictional And Adhesion Forces Attributed To Slurry Particles On The Surface Quality Of Polished Copper, Yi-Koan Hong, Ja-Hyung Han, Tae-Gon Kim, Jin-Goo Park, Ahmed A. Busnaina
The Effect Of Frictional And Adhesion Forces Attributed To Slurry Particles On The Surface Quality Of Polished Copper, Yi-Koan Hong, Ja-Hyung Han, Tae-Gon Kim, Jin-Goo Park, Ahmed A. Busnaina
Ahmed A. Busnaina
The effect of frictional and adhesion forces attributed to slurry particles on the quality of copper surfaces was experimentally investigated during copper chemical mechanical planarization process. The highest frictional force of 9 Kgf and adhesion force of 5.83 nN were observed in a deionized water-based alumina slurry. On the other hand, the smallest frictional force of 4 Kgf and adhesion force of 0.38 nN were measured in an alumina slurry containing citric acid. However, frictional (6 Kgf) and adhesion (1 nN) forces of silica particles in the slurry were not significantly changed regardless of the addition of citric acid. These …
The Effect Of Frictional And Adhesion Forces Attributed To Slurry Particles On The Surface Quality Of Polished Copper, Yi-Koan Hong, Ja-Hyung Han, Tae-Gon Kim, Jin-Goo Park, Ahmed A. Busnaina
The Effect Of Frictional And Adhesion Forces Attributed To Slurry Particles On The Surface Quality Of Polished Copper, Yi-Koan Hong, Ja-Hyung Han, Tae-Gon Kim, Jin-Goo Park, Ahmed A. Busnaina
Ahmed A. Busnaina
The effect of frictional and adhesion forces attributed to slurry particles on the quality of copper surfaces was experimentally investigated during copper chemical mechanical planarization process. The highest frictional force of 9 Kgf and adhesion force of 5.83 nN were observed in a deionized water-based alumina slurry. On the other hand, the smallest frictional force of 4 Kgf and adhesion force of 0.38 nN were measured in an alumina slurry containing citric acid. However, frictional (6 Kgf) and adhesion (1 nN) forces of silica particles in the slurry were not significantly changed regardless of the addition of citric acid. These …
Stress Response Of A Rubber Block With Frictional Contact Under Axial Loading, J. Suh, S. Kelly
Stress Response Of A Rubber Block With Frictional Contact Under Axial Loading, J. Suh, S. Kelly
Dr. S. Graham Kelly
Rubber blocks (or springs) are structural components widely used in many applications. Design characteristics of a rubber block under axial loading are an apparent modulus (or compression modulus) and normal and shear stresses on contact surfaces. These are affected by a contact condition of the rubber block in contact with two rigid plates and the shape of the block. The problem of a rubber block bonded to two rigid plates has been solved using various approaches. In contrast, for a rubber block whose one surface is bonded to a rigid plate and the other surface in contact with a frictional …
Analysis Of High Frequency Squeal In A Disc-Brake System Using A Stick-Slip Friction Model, Manish Paliwal, Ajay Mahajan, Peter Filip
Analysis Of High Frequency Squeal In A Disc-Brake System Using A Stick-Slip Friction Model, Manish Paliwal, Ajay Mahajan, Peter Filip
Dr. Ajay Mahajan
This paper presents a two degree of freedom (2-DOF) stick-slip friction model for studying the effect of contact stiffness on the stability of the system. It is shown that the stability is not only a function of non-linear variation in the friction force provide by stick-slip but also depends on the variation in stiffness of contact due to the formation of friction layers on the surface of the rotor and the brake pad. Parametric studies have been presented to show the effect of variation in coefficient of friction and contact stiffness on the system stability.
Understanding Rubber Friction In The Presence Of Water Using Sum-Frequency Generation Spectroscopy, Kumar Nanjundiah, Ping Yuan Hsu, Ali Dhinojwala
Understanding Rubber Friction In The Presence Of Water Using Sum-Frequency Generation Spectroscopy, Kumar Nanjundiah, Ping Yuan Hsu, Ali Dhinojwala
Ali Dhinojwala
Infrared-visible sum-frequency-generation spectroscopy (SFG) was used to study the molecular structure of water between a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) and a sapphire substrate. The observation of SFG peaks associated with the dangling surface hydroxyl groups (3690 cm(-1)) and water bands (3000-3400 cm(-1)) indicates that the contact spot between the PDMS lens and the sapphire substrate is heterogeneous. Within the contact spot there are regions where the methyl groups of the PDMS chains are in direct contact with the surface hydroxyl groups on the sapphire substrate. In the other regions, a thin water layer is trapped between the two surfaces with spectral features …
Motion And Force Transmission Of A Flexible Instrument Inside A Curved Endoscope, Jitendra P. Khatait
Motion And Force Transmission Of A Flexible Instrument Inside A Curved Endoscope, Jitendra P. Khatait
Jitendra P Khatait
Flexible instruments are increasingly used to perform advanced and complex surgical procedures either manually or robotically. The success of flexible instruments in surgery requires high motion and force fidelity, and controllability of the tip. However, the friction and the limited stiffness of such instruments limit their motion and force transmission. The implementation of flexible instruments in surgery necessitates their characterization, the development of proper tools to understand the effect of various mechanical parameters on their overall performance, and an improvement in motion and force fidelity. Therefore, this thesis describes 2-D and 3-D flexible multibody models of a flexible surgical instrument …
Investigation Of Friction And Wear Characteristics Of Palm Biodiesel
Investigation Of Friction And Wear Characteristics Of Palm Biodiesel
A.S. Md Abdul Haseeb
Use of biodiesel in automobile engine is creating tribology related new challenges. The present study aims to assess the friction and wear characteristics of palm biodiesel at different concentration level by using four-ball wear machine. The investigated fuels were biodiesel (B100), diesel (B0) and three different biodiesel blends such as B10 (10% biodiesel in diesel), B20, B50. Tests were conducted at 75 °C under a normal load of 40 kg for 1 h at four different speeds viz, 600, 900, 1200 and 1500 rpm. Worn surfaces of the balls were examined by SEM. Results showed that wear and friction decreased …
Investigation Of Friction And Wear Characteristics Of Palm Biodiesel
Investigation Of Friction And Wear Characteristics Of Palm Biodiesel
A.S. Md Abdul Haseeb
Use of biodiesel in automobile engine is creating tribology related new challenges. The present study aims to assess the friction and wear characteristics of palm biodiesel at different concentration level by using four-ball wear machine. The investigated fuels were biodiesel (B100), diesel (B0) and three different biodiesel blends such as B10 (10% biodiesel in diesel), B20, B50. Tests were conducted at 75 °C under a normal load of 40 kg for 1 h at four different speeds viz, 600, 900, 1200 and 1500 rpm. Worn surfaces of the balls were examined by SEM. Results showed that wear and friction decreased …
The Effect Of Friction On Magnetorheological Fluids, W H. Li, X Z. Zhang
The Effect Of Friction On Magnetorheological Fluids, W H. Li, X Z. Zhang
Professor Weihua Li
This paper presents an experimental approach to study the effect of friction on magnerorheological (MR) fluids. Both steady and dynamic modes were employed to investigate MR fluid behaviors. The experimental results indicate that the total MR effects are dominated by two factors: magnetic force and friction force. Conventionally, the magnetic force contribution to MR effect has been intensively studied while the friction force effect has attracted less attention. This study provides a method to quantitatively predict the friction contribution to the total MR effect. It may be used to effectively analyze enhanced MR effects reported by other groups. Also, it …
Computer Control Of Machines With Friction For Precise Motion, Simon Webb, Zheng Li, Christopher David Cook
Computer Control Of Machines With Friction For Precise Motion, Simon Webb, Zheng Li, Christopher David Cook
Christopher Cook
We study the problem of precise control of machines with static and Coulomb friction. An experimental X-Y testbed built for testing various control methods is described and initial experimental results are presented. A simple pole placement controller is designed for computer control of the X-Y testbed based on a generalised sampled-data hold. Robustness and stability of the controller are analysed. Simulation suggests that this controller is able to achieve precise position control even when parameters of both the dynamics of the machine and the characteristics of friction are unknown
Improved Positional Accuracy Of Robots With High Nonlinear Friction Using A Modified Impulse Controller, Stephen Van Duin, Christopher Cook, Zheng Li, Gursel Alici
Improved Positional Accuracy Of Robots With High Nonlinear Friction Using A Modified Impulse Controller, Stephen Van Duin, Christopher Cook, Zheng Li, Gursel Alici
Christopher Cook
This paper presents a modified impulse controller to improve the steady state positioning of a SCARA robot having characteristics of high nonlinear friction. A hybrid control scheme consisting of a conventional PID part and an impulsive part is used as a basis to the modified controller. The impulsive part uses short width torque pulses to provide small impacts of force to overcome static fiction and move a robot manipulator towards its reference position. It has been shown that this controller can greatly improve a robot’s accuracy in position tracking. However, the system in attempting to reach steady state will inevitably …
A Modified Impulse Controller For Improved Accuracy Of Robots With Friction, Stephen Van Duin, Christopher Cook, Zheng Li, Gursel Alici
A Modified Impulse Controller For Improved Accuracy Of Robots With Friction, Stephen Van Duin, Christopher Cook, Zheng Li, Gursel Alici
Christopher Cook
No abstract provided.
Synchronous, In-Situ Measurements In Chemical Mechanical Planarization, J. Vlahakis, Chris Rogers, Vincent Manno, Robert White, M. Moinpour, D. Hooper, S. Anjur
Synchronous, In-Situ Measurements In Chemical Mechanical Planarization, J. Vlahakis, Chris Rogers, Vincent Manno, Robert White, M. Moinpour, D. Hooper, S. Anjur
Vincent P. Manno
Achieving device- and wafer-scale planarity in integrated circuit manufacturing is increasingly challenging as device sizes are reduced to and smaller, and wafer sizes are increased from . Hence a better understanding of chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) processes is needed. We report the synchronous, in situ measurement of wafer forces [coefficient of friction (CoF)] and wafer orientation during CMP polishing of BK7 glass wafers and the ex situ measurement of material removal rate (MRR) over a wide range of applied vertical loads and relative rotational velocities. MRR appears to be Prestonian and was significantly reduced by moving the slurry injection location …
In-Situ Measurement Of Pressure And Friction During Cmp Of Contoured Wafers, A. Scarfo, Vincent Manno, Chris Rogers, Sriram Anjur, Mansour Moinpour
In-Situ Measurement Of Pressure And Friction During Cmp Of Contoured Wafers, A. Scarfo, Vincent Manno, Chris Rogers, Sriram Anjur, Mansour Moinpour
Vincent P. Manno
In situ fluid film pressure and interfacial friction measurements during chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) are reported over a range of applied loads (27.6-41.4 kPA or 4-6 psi) and relative pad/wafer velocities . The slurry film pressure beneath contoured test wafers was measured using a novel experimental setup that enables dynamic data collection. The friction data have a repeatability of . The uncertainty of the pressure measurements and the computed down forces were and 20%, respectively. The data indicate that wafer shape, specifically global curvature, is a significant factor in determining the lubrication regime during CMP. Full hydrodynamic lubrication, in which …
Analysis Of Scratches Formed On Oxide Surface During Chemical Mechanical Planarization, Jae-Gon Choi, Y. Prasad, In-Kwon Kim, In-Gon Kim, Woo-Jin Kim, Ahmed Busnaina, Jin-Goo Park
Analysis Of Scratches Formed On Oxide Surface During Chemical Mechanical Planarization, Jae-Gon Choi, Y. Prasad, In-Kwon Kim, In-Gon Kim, Woo-Jin Kim, Ahmed Busnaina, Jin-Goo Park
Jin-Goo Park
Scratch formation on patterned oxide wafers during the chemical mechanical planarization process was investigated. Silica and ceria slurries were used for polishing the experiments to observe the effect of abrasives on the scratch formation. Interlevel dielectric patterned wafers were used to study the scratch dimensions, and shallow trench isolation patterned wafers were used to study the effect of polishing parameters, such as pressure and rotational speed (head/platen). Similar shapes of scratches (chatter type) were observed with both types of slurries. The length of the scratch formed might be related to the period of contact between the wafer and the pad. …
The Effect Of Frictional And Adhesion Forces Attributed To Slurry Particles On The Surface Quality Of Polished Copper, Yi-Koan Hong, Ja-Hyung Han, Tae-Gon Kim, Jin-Goo Park, Ahmed Busnaina
The Effect Of Frictional And Adhesion Forces Attributed To Slurry Particles On The Surface Quality Of Polished Copper, Yi-Koan Hong, Ja-Hyung Han, Tae-Gon Kim, Jin-Goo Park, Ahmed Busnaina
Jin-Goo Park
The effect of frictional and adhesion forces attributed to slurry particles on the quality of copper surfaces was experimentally investigated during copper chemical mechanical planarization process. The highest frictional force of 9 Kgf and adhesion force of 5.83 nN were observed in a deionized water-based alumina slurry. On the other hand, the smallest frictional force of 4 Kgf and adhesion force of 0.38 nN were measured in an alumina slurry containing citric acid. However, frictional (6 Kgf) and adhesion (1 nN) forces of silica particles in the slurry were not significantly changed regardless of the addition of citric acid. These …
Modelling Solids Friction Factor For Dense-Phase Pneumatic Conveying Of Powders, Peter W. Wypych, David B. Hastie
Modelling Solids Friction Factor For Dense-Phase Pneumatic Conveying Of Powders, Peter W. Wypych, David B. Hastie
David Hastie
This paper presents results from an investigation into power-function modelling of solids friction factor for the dilute-phase and fluidised dense-phase (FDP) conveying of powders. Three different diameters/lengths of pipeline were used to generate a wide range of steady-state data and also explore important scale-up issues. The effect of pressure tapping locations on the data and derived models was also investigated. Different sets of power-function model solutions were used for comparison purposes and also to check scale-up stability and accuracy. Comparisons with predictions from recent models developed by other researchers are included. It is concluded that certain forms of the power …
Analysis Of Scratches Formed On Oxide Surface During Chemical Mechanical Planarization, Jae-Gon Choi, Y. Nagendra Prasad, In-Kwon Kim, In-Gon Kim, Woo-Jin Kim, Ahmed A. Busnaina, Jin-Goo Park
Analysis Of Scratches Formed On Oxide Surface During Chemical Mechanical Planarization, Jae-Gon Choi, Y. Nagendra Prasad, In-Kwon Kim, In-Gon Kim, Woo-Jin Kim, Ahmed A. Busnaina, Jin-Goo Park
Ahmed A. Busnaina
Scratch formation on patterned oxide wafers during the chemical mechanical planarization process was investigated. Silica and ceria slurries were used for polishing the experiments to observe the effect of abrasives on the scratch formation. Interlevel dielectric patterned wafers were used to study the scratch dimensions, and shallow trench isolation patterned wafers were used to study the effect of polishing parameters, such as pressure and rotational speed (head/platen). Similar shapes of scratches (chatter type) were observed with both types of slurries. The length of the scratch formed might be related to the period of contact between the wafer and the pad. …
Effect Of Temperature On Tribological Properties Of Palm Biodiesel
Effect Of Temperature On Tribological Properties Of Palm Biodiesel
A.S. Md Abdul Haseeb
Biodiesel, as an alternative fuel is steadily gaining attention to replace petroleum diesel partially or completely. The tribological performance of biodiesel is crucial for its application in automobiles. In the present study, effect of temperature on the tribological performance of palm biodiesel was investigated by using four ball wear machine. Tests were conducted at temperatures 30, 45, 60 and 75 °C, under a normal load of 40 kg for 1 h at speed 1200 rpm. For each temperature, the tribological properties of petroleum diesel (B0) and three biodiesel blends like B10, B20, B50 were investigated and compared. During the wear …
Quantitative Assessment Of Sample Stiffness And Sliding Friction From Force Curves In Atomic Force Microscopy, Nancy Burnham, Jon Pratt, Gordon Shaw, Lee Kumanchik
Quantitative Assessment Of Sample Stiffness And Sliding Friction From Force Curves In Atomic Force Microscopy, Nancy Burnham, Jon Pratt, Gordon Shaw, Lee Kumanchik
Nancy A. Burnham
It has long been recognized that the angular deflection of an atomic force microscope(AFM) cantilever under “normal” loading conditions can be profoundly influenced by the friction between the tip and the surface. It is shown here that a remarkably quantifiable hysteresis occurs in the slope of loading curves whenever the normal flexural stiffness of the AFM cantilever is greater than that of the sample. This situation arises naturally in cantilever-on-cantilever calibration, but also when trying to measure the stiffness of nanomechanical devices or test structures, or when probing any type of surface or structure that is much more compliant along …
Residual Stresses In Friction-Stir-Welded 2195 And 7075 Aluminum Alloys, Omar Hatamleh, Iris V. Rivero, Arif Maredia
Residual Stresses In Friction-Stir-Welded 2195 And 7075 Aluminum Alloys, Omar Hatamleh, Iris V. Rivero, Arif Maredia
Iris V. Rivero
Surface residual stresses (RSs) were characterized along friction-stir-welded 2195 and 7075 aluminum alloy (AA) plates. The surface measurements were obtained through X-ray diffraction (XRD) at five different locations along the weld. Each location consisted of several regions across the welded plate including the weld nugget, thermomechanically affected zone (TMAZ), heat-affected zone (HAZ), and base material. Measurements revealed that RSs were not uniform along the welded plate, with the highest RSs obtained on the middle of the plate. The RSs across the weld were also asymmetric relative to the weld centerline, with RSs as high as 231 MPa in the TMAZ …
Friction And Wear Characteristics Of Electrodeposited Nanocrystalline Nickel-Tungsten Alloy Films
Friction And Wear Characteristics Of Electrodeposited Nanocrystalline Nickel-Tungsten Alloy Films
A.S. Md Abdul Haseeb
Electrodeposited nanocrystalline nickel-tungsten alloys are being investigated as an attractive alternative to electrodeposited nickel for applications involving fabrication of micro electro mechanical systems (MEMS). Ni-W alloys are also being considered as an environmentally friendly alternative to hard chrome plating in some cases. In applications involving sliding contacts such as in micro-gears in MEMS, mould inserts, etc., tribological properties of Ni-W alloys would be of relevance. In this work, the sliding friction and wear characteristics of Ni-W alloys with different tungsten contents were investigated and compared with that of nickel film deposited from sulphamate bath commonly used in microfabrication. For wear …
Surface Friction Guiding For Reduced High-Frequency Lateral Vibration Of Moving Media, V. Kartik, Jonathan A. Wickert
Surface Friction Guiding For Reduced High-Frequency Lateral Vibration Of Moving Media, V. Kartik, Jonathan A. Wickert
Jonathan A. Wickert
The free and forced vibration of a moving medium is examined in an application where distributed friction guiding is used to control lateral position passively. Subambient pressure features formed in the guides intentionally modify the naturally occurring self-pressurized air bearing and increase the contact force between the medium and the guide's surface. These features increase friction to a level beyond that achievable based on the nominal wrap pressure. The moving medium is modeled as a beam that is transported over frictional regions and subjected to prescribed boundary disturbances arising from runout of a supply or take-up roll. For axial transport …
Tribo-Surface Characteristics Of Al-B4c And Al-Sic Composites Worn Under Different Contact Pressures
Tribo-Surface Characteristics Of Al-B4c And Al-Sic Composites Worn Under Different Contact Pressures
A.S. Md Abdul Haseeb
Tribo-surface characteristics of two aluminium metal matrix composites (Al-MMC) of compositions Al-13 vol%B4C and Al-13 vol%SiC sliding against a commercial phenolic brake pad have been investigated under dry conditions. The wear tests were carried out using a pin-on-disc type apparatus at a linear speed of 1.62 m s-1 under contact pressures ranging from 0.75 to 3.00 MPa. The coefficient of friction was recorded on line. Wear rates were calculated from mass loss measurements. Scanning electron microscope equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy was used to examine the tribo-surface. It is found that wear rate of both composites increases with increasing …
Velocity Effects On The Wear, Friction And Tribochemistry Of Aluminum Mmc Sliding Against Phenolic Brake Pad
A.S. Md Abdul Haseeb
Two aluminum metal matrix composites (MMC) reinforced with 13 vol.% of SiC or B4C particles were made by stir casting followed by hot extrusion. Effects of sliding velocity on the wear, friction and tribochemistry of the worn surfaces of both composites sliding against a commercial phenolic brake pad have been investigated under dry condition. The wear tests were carried out using a pin-on-disc type apparatus at two linear sliding speeds: 1.62 and 4.17 m s-1 under a constant contact pressure of 0.75 MPa for a sliding distance of 5832 m. The coefficient of friction was recorded and wear rate of …
Velocity Effects On The Wear, Friction And Tribochemistry Of Aluminum Mmc Sliding Against Phenolic Brake Pad
A.S. Md Abdul Haseeb
Two aluminum metal matrix composites (MMC) reinforced with 13 vol.% of SiC or B4C particles were made by stir casting followed by hot extrusion. Effects of sliding velocity on the wear, friction and tribochemistry of the worn surfaces of both composites sliding against a commercial phenolic brake pad have been investigated under dry condition. The wear tests were carried out using a pin-on-disc type apparatus at two linear sliding speeds: 1.62 and 4.17 m s-1 under a constant contact pressure of 0.75 MPa for a sliding distance of 5832 m. The coefficient of friction was recorded and wear rate of …
Fretting Wear Of Metallic Multilayer Films
Fretting Wear Of Metallic Multilayer Films
A.S. Md Abdul Haseeb
Fretting wear behaviour of electrodeposited Cu/Ni multilayer films with 10 and 5 nm thick sublayers has been investigated against a hardened steel ball as the counter body and compared with that of the constituents, Cu and Ni. The wear tests were carried out by using a ball-on-flat geometry at a translation frequency of 8 Hz and slip amplitude of 100 μm. Friction force was recorded on line during the tests. At the end of the tests, the wear scars were examined by laser surface profilometry, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis. It has been observed that the frictional …
Static Friction And Surface Roughness Studies Of Surface Micromachined Electrostatic Micromotors Using An Atomic Force/Friction Force Microscope, Sriram Sundararajan, Bharat Bhushan
Static Friction And Surface Roughness Studies Of Surface Micromachined Electrostatic Micromotors Using An Atomic Force/Friction Force Microscope, Sriram Sundararajan, Bharat Bhushan
Sriram Sundararajan
A technique to measure the static friction forces (stiction) encountered in surface micromachined micromotors using a commercial atomic force microscope (AFM)/friction force microscope has been developed and is described. An AFM tip is pushed against a rotor arm of the micromotor so as to generate lateral deflection (torsion) of the tip, which is measured by the AFM. The maximum value of the lateral deflection obtained prior to rotor movement (rotation) is a measure of the static friction force of the micromotors. This technique was employed to study the effect of humidity and rest time on the static friction force of …
Effect Of Mechanical Factors On Tribological Properties Of Palm Oil Methyl Ester Blended Lubricant
Effect Of Mechanical Factors On Tribological Properties Of Palm Oil Methyl Ester Blended Lubricant
A.S. Md Abdul Haseeb
The effects of mechanical factors viz. applied load and temperature on the tribological performance of 5% palm oil methyl ester (POME) blended lubricant were studied using a steel-cast iron pair. Wear and frictional measurements were made using a stationary steel ball and a reciprocating cast iron plate in a modified universal wear and friction testing machine. The test conditions were contact pressure, 400 MPa; mean contact velocity, 0.34 m/s; reciprocating stroke, 80 mm; loads, 100-1100 N (fixed temperature); and temperature, 40-140°C (fixed load). Wear scar surfaces were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to understand the wear mechanisms involved. Analysis …
Topography-Induced Contributions To Friction Forces Measured Using An Atomic Force/Friction Force Microscope, Sriram Sundararajan, Bharat Bhushan
Topography-Induced Contributions To Friction Forces Measured Using An Atomic Force/Friction Force Microscope, Sriram Sundararajan, Bharat Bhushan
Sriram Sundararajan
Most friction studies using an atomic force/friction force microscope, while concentrating on material-induced effects, often present users with conflicting and confusing interpretations of the topography-induced friction forces. It has been generally reported that topography-induced contributions are independent of scanning direction and can be removed by subtracting friction data from forward and backward scans. In this article, we present friction studies on samples with well-defined topography variations and find that the above-given statement is not generally true. At surface locations involving significant changes in topography, the topography-induced contributions to friction forces are found to be different between forward and backward scanning …