Engineering Commons^™

Evaluating The Effectiveness Of Game-Based Virtual Reality In Satellite Ground Control Operations Education And Training, Lana Laskey, Joseph R. Keebler, Paul M. Cairns, Geovanny Lopez

International Journal of Aviation, Aeronautics, and Aerospace

There is increased global demand for satellite amenities such as navigation, communications, weather reporting, disaster management, agricultural operations, or humanitarian assistance. The growing demand for satellite technology amplifies the need for highly trained satellite operators. Traditional simulation training methods typically utilize two-dimensional computer displays. However, training approaches involving game-based instruction and immersive virtual reality have shown benefits when integrated with complex disciplines and may provide an advanced training alternative for satellite operators. Game-based instruction enhances user motivation and cognitive engagement, while immersive virtual reality promotes user presence and prolonged cognitive engagement. The combination of these two training methods, noted as …

Future Directions Of Space Education, Kimberly T. Luthi Dr., Andy Aldrin, Keith Wilson, Jim P. Solti

International Journal of Aviation, Aeronautics, and Aerospace

The future of space operations graduate education is reliant on industry leaders’ contributions to help forecast the needs of the industry. The aim of the current study is to build consensus on the future direction of the space industry and generate new knowledge on what the industry expects to occur in the future of space studies education. This study documents the responses of 14 industry experts who currently or previously held highly visible senior leadership positions in a company or organization within the government or the commercial space industry and have extensive experience in a variety of management and leadership …

The Impacts Of Advanced Avionics On Degraded Visual Environments, Sultan Naseeb Harib Fairouz Mubarak, Anju Anna Jacob Dr

International Journal of Aviation, Aeronautics, and Aerospace

Degraded visual environments (DVE) such as brownout, sand storms, and night conditions are responsible for accidents and hence losses in the aviation industry. There is a need to develop avionic systems to support pilots when they encounter environmental conditions that compromise their visual capacity. This report discusses the effects of DVEs on aviation, expounds on the advanced avionic systems available and further elaborates how these systems are implemented in countering DVE conditions. The report recommends on how advanced avionics systems have been and are being implemented in aircrafts to support decisions made by pilots flying under degraded visual environments.

Enhancing Trajectory-Based Operations For Uavs Through Hexagonal Grid Indexing: A Step Towards 4d Integration Of Utm And Atm, Deepudev Sahadevan Neelakandan, Hannah Al Ali

International Journal of Aviation, Aeronautics, and Aerospace

Aviation is expected to face a surge in the number of manned aircraft and drones in the coming years, making it necessary to integrate Unmanned Aircraft System Traffic Management (UTM) into Air Traffic Management (ATM) to ensure safe and efficient operations. This research proposes a novel hexagonal grid-based 4D trajectory representation framework for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) traffic management that overcomes the limitations of existing square/cubic trajectory representation methods. The proposed model employs a hierarchical indexing structure using hexagonal cells, enabling efficient ground based strategic conflict detection and conflict free 4D trajectory planning. Additionally, the use of Hexagonal Discrete Global …

Statistical Analysis To Evaluate The Impact Of Quality Control And Quality Assurance On The Aircraft Maintenance Turnaround Time, Deepak Chandra Chandola, Seema Verma, Kamal Jaiswal, Rajendrra Prasad Khaolliya, Preeti Chandola

International Journal of Aviation, Aeronautics, and Aerospace

The turnover time for aircraft maintenance is crucial for the operational efficiency and profitability of airlines. Quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC) procedures play a role in assuring the safe and reliable operation of aircraft. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the impact of QC and QA on turnover time and to propose strategies for achieving a balance between quality and efficiency. A large-scale survey of airline and aviation maintenance organization maintenance staff was combined with a literature study to form a mixed-methods strategy. The findings indicate that quality control and quality assurance have a substantial impact …

Ads-B Communication Interference In Air Traffic Management, George Ray

International Journal of Aviation, Aeronautics, and Aerospace

Automated Dependent Surveillance Broadcast (ADS-B) provides position and state information about aircraft and is becoming an essential component in the global air traffic management system. ADS-B transponders broadcast this key information on a common frequency to both other aircraft and to secondary surveillance radar systems located at ground stations. Both the aircraft transponders and the ground stations work together to assist in managing the commercial airspace. Since the aircraft transponders all broadcast on the same frequency and are in close proximity there is an apparent risk of interference and the garbling of the communications needed to manage the airspace.

The …

Accuracy Assessment Of The Ebee Using Rtk And Ppk Corrections Methods As A Function Of Distance To A Gnss Base Station, Joseph Cerreta, David Thirtyacre, Peter Miller, Scott S. Burgess, William J. Austin

International Journal of Aviation, Aeronautics, and Aerospace

The use of unmanned aircraft systems to collect data for photogrammetry models has grown significantly in recent years. The accuracy of a photogrammetric model can depend on image georeferencing. The distance from a reference base station can affect the accuracy of the results. Positioning corrections data relies on precise timing measurements of satellite signals. The signals travel through the Earth's atmosphere, which introduces errors due to ionospheric and tropospheric delays. The aim of this research was to examine the eBee X and its global GNSS accuracy by comparing the RTK and PPK methods at different base station distances in photogrammetry …

Stochastic Optimization To Reduce Aircraft Taxi-In Time At Igia, New Delhi, Rajib Das, Saileswar Ghosh, Rajendra Desai, Pijus Kanti Bhuin, Stuti Agarwal

International Journal of Aviation, Aeronautics, and Aerospace

Since there is an uncertainty in the arrival times of flights, pre-scheduled allocation of runways and stands and the subsequent first-come-first-served treatment results in a sub-optimal allocation of runways and stands, this is the prime reason for the unusual delays in taxi-in times at IGIA, New Delhi.

We simulated the arrival pattern of aircraft and utilized stochastic optimization to arrive at the best runway-stands allocation for a day. Optimization is done using a GRG Non-Linear algorithm in the Frontline Systems Analytic Solver platform. We applied this model to eight representative scenarios of two different days. Our results show that without …

Modelling Air Quality In An Aircraft Passenger Cabin Using Health Care Standards, Bert Silich

International Journal of Aviation, Aeronautics, and Aerospace

The interest in aerosol contamination of aircraft passenger cabins has increased since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Mathematical models have been developed to help describe how an aerosol behaves in a closed space. The number of infectious particles inhaled is of scientific interest because it can be related to the risk of getting ill from a pathogen. The data required to calculate these results is often difficult to obtain in real world settings. In fact, particle inhalation details are not obtained in the day-to-day routine of a health care environment and are they not required to maintain safety. Hospital …

Air Passenger Demand Forecast Through The Use Of Artificial Neural Network Algorithms, Juan Gerardo Muros Anguita, Oscar Díaz Olariaga

International Journal of Aviation, Aeronautics, and Aerospace

Airport planning depends to a large extent on the levels of activity that are anticipated. In order to plan facilities and infrastructures of an airport system and to be able to satisfy future needs, it is essential to predict the level and distribution of demand. This document presents a short- and medium-term forecast of the demand for air passengers carried out through a specific case study (Colombia), in which the impact of the pandemic period due to COVID-19 on air traffic was taken into account. To make the forecast, an algorithm that implements techniques based on Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) …

Space Cargo: Ultra-Fast Delivery On Earth –Potential Of Using Suborbital Space Vehicles For The Transportation Of Cargo, Robert O. Walton, Robert A. Goehlich

International Journal of Aviation, Aeronautics, and Aerospace

No abstract provided.

Evaluation Of Onboard Detect-And-Avoid System For Suas Bvlos Operations, Jon M. Loffi, Samuel M. Vance, Jamey Jacob, Luke Spaulding, Jared C. Dunlap

International Journal of Aviation, Aeronautics, and Aerospace

No abstract provided.

Anthropometry Considerations In The Design And Evaluation Of Flight Deck Displays And Controls: Literature Review, Robert Joslin

International Journal of Aviation, Aeronautics, and Aerospace

The regulatory requirements and guidance for showing compliance with the Federal Aviation Administration anthropometric considerations in aircraft design are widely dispersed in an array of source documents. Consequently, they are difficult for aircraft manufacturers/applicants to identify, interpret, and address thereby extending the time to certify new/modified aircraft and aircraft systems. This literature review is intended to provide a compendium of the anthropometry considerations in the design certification of displays and controls in aircraft flight decks. This document is not a compliance document and the references herein are frequently updated, hence should be verified by the reader.

Conceptual Design Of Fuel Dumping System In Aircraft, Naveen M. Kumar Mr., Ravi A. Kannan Be., Magesh L Be., Praveen T. Kumar Be., Vijay K. Babu Me., Prashanth Radhakrishnan Be.

International Journal of Aviation, Aeronautics, and Aerospace

Airlines release the unburned jet fuel into the atmosphere to reduce the weight of aircraft before landing. Sometimes, aircraft reach a weight more than takeoff weight while departing from the airport. Therefore, the pilot follows the ATC comment to dump fuel into the atmosphere to reduce the aircraft's weight to avoid accidents. Due to fuel dumping, an airline faces fuel consumption, loss, and several diseases affect environmental pollutants, and living things. The total fuel consumption of commercial airlines worldwide in 2021 is 57 billion gallons. If jet fuel routinely hit the ground, it would pollute water and land and damage …

Space Harpoon Projectile Analysis For Space Debris Capture, Miraj D. Lathia, Sam M. Dakka Dr

International Journal of Aviation, Aeronautics, and Aerospace

Space debris will become a more prevalent issue in this decade as technological advancements and greater dependencies on communications require more satellites in orbit, with some companies already hosting mega-constellations. Mitigating the debris using a space-tether is the most viable method to construct a space debris capture regime with current technology levels. Harpoon heads for the tethers are key design interests as these will penetrate through the satellites and/or debris. The focus of this paper is the analysis of an aluminium 6082, flat and conical head design, used to perforate aluminium 1050A plates using a gas gun laboratory. The aim …

Accuracy Of Commercially-Available Speech Recognition Systems In Identifying Pirep Terminology, Deborah Carstens, Ph.D., Michael S. Harwin, J.D., M.S., Tianhua Li, Ph.D., Michael Splitt, M.S., Ridwan Olabanji, M.S.

International Journal of Aviation, Aeronautics, and Aerospace

Pilot Reports (PIREPs) are an important source of information that aids, other pilots, air traffic control, and operational aviation meteorologists in terms of forecasting and updating weather advisories such as SIGMETs. Pilots rely upon PIREPs so they can avoid hazardous weather and fly their aircraft in the safest manner possible. However, many PIREPs are not successfully submitted or transmitted to the many end users which impedes their ability to be used to keep the NAS safe. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) made several recommendations for increasing the effectiveness and distribution of PIREPs, including receiving PIREPs from pilots directly and …

Heat Generation Of Aircraft Tires At Landing, Yu Li, Dr. Weiji Wang

International Journal of Aviation, Aeronautics, and Aerospace

When the aircraft lands on a runway, the great speed difference between tires and runway causes non-negligible friction and speeds up wheels. The generated heat rapidly raises tire temperature and causes material decomposition, which leads to replacement cost and flight safety issues; the chemical substances in the air can also cause emission problems. Many studies on aircraft tire temperature are based on software simulation or experiments. The simulation result may be affected by unnecessary variables due to cumbersome modelling, and the observation result may be inaccurate due to a particularly dynamic friction process. On the other side, there are few …

Uas For Public Safety: Active Threat Recognition, Joseph Cerreta, Tray Denney, Scott S. Burgess, Anthony Galante, David Thirtyacre, Gloria A. Wilson, Patrick Sherman

International Journal of Aviation, Aeronautics, and Aerospace

The Center for Homeland Defense and Security identified an increase of active threat events, such as mass shootings, annually since 1999. Literature suggests that 90% of shootings were over before law enforcement arrived at the scene and the first responder response was limited to “surround and contain” until Special Weapons and Tactics Teams (SWAT) arrived on the scene. Using Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) to detect which individual was the threat and type of weapon used can provide useful information to increase the speed of the response for first-on-scene rather than waiting for SWAT if the type of weapon was known. …

3d Printing Technology In Aerospace Industry – A Review, Mohammad Suhel Karkun, Sathish Dharmalingam

International Journal of Aviation, Aeronautics, and Aerospace

In the modern era, several new technologies are being developed for the most convenient and easy usage of materials. Due to its effortless and quick usage properties, 3D printing technology has a vast application range nowadays in different fields. The application of 3D printing technology in the aerospace industry has been developed in the past few decades, but now it has been enhanced to a new level. 3D printing technology now has several applications in the aeronautical and space sectors. Soon, 3D printing technology will be used for building habitations on other planets and for the printing of spacecraft and …

Air Passenger Demand Forecast Through The Use Of Artificial Neural Network Algorithms, Juan Gerardo Muros Anguita, Oscar Díaz Olariaga

International Journal of Aviation, Aeronautics, and Aerospace

Airport planning depends to a large extent on the levels of activity that are anticipated. To plan the facilities and infrastructures of an airport system and to be able to satisfy future needs, it is essential to predict the level and distribution of demand. This document presents a short- and medium-term forecast of the demand for air passengers carried out through a specific case study (Colombia), in which the impact of the pandemic period due to COVID-19 on air traffic was taken into account. To make the forecast, an algorithm that implements techniques based on Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) (Machine …

Remote Pilot Situational Awareness With Augmented Reality Glasses: An Observational Field Study, Jeffery Coleman, David Thirtyacre

International Journal of Aviation, Aeronautics, and Aerospace

With the use of small unmanned aerial systems (sUAS) proliferating throughout industry and public safety, it is imperative to ensure safety of flight. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) published regulations for commercial use of sUAS in 2016 and included the requirement to maintain visual line-of-sight with the aircraft at all times. However, due to the nature of the sUAS ground control stations (GCS), remote pilots time-share between observing the aircraft and interacting with the display on the GCS. Time-sharing between the aircraft and GCS can be seen as similar to the cross-check a pilot uses when flying a manned aircraft. …

Comparative Study On The Prediction Of Aerodynamic Characteristics Of Mini - Unmanned Aerial Vehicle With Turbulence Models, Somashekar V, Immanuel Selwyn Raj A

International Journal of Aviation, Aeronautics, and Aerospace

When dealing with CFD simulations the turbulent nature is seen on most of the engineering flows and these flows need to be solved. Reliable and applicable CFD outputs can be obtained from the accurate modelling of the turbulence as it is one of the most vital elements of CFD modelling. The RANS equations are extensively employed to analyse the complex flows over aircraft and for this purpose, a turbulence model is needed for turbulent flow analyses. Compatible turbulence must be chosen for the exact predictions of aircraft aerodynamic characteristics. In this report, numerical analyses of Mini-UAV are done to compare …

Identification Of Wind-Induced Hazard Zones Impacting Uas Bridge Inspection, Jack J. Green, John Mott

International Journal of Aviation, Aeronautics, and Aerospace

Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) continue to grow in both popularity and utility within the national airspace system. The use of commercial UAS for civil inspection, specifically that of bridge structures, is becoming commonplace among practitioners and academics alike. The development of an integrated bridge-inspection hazard model provides a way for UAS operators to prepare for and respond to changing environmental conditions that could otherwise prevent a successful UAS flight. The interaction of wind-induced airflow with bridge surfaces creates an aerodynamic wake that can result in hazardous conditions for a UAS platform operating in close proximity. An analysis of this airflow …

A Mathematical Analysis Of The Wind Triangle Problem And An Inquiry Of True Airspeed Calculations In Supersonic Flight, Leonard T. Huang, Lisa I. Cummings

International Journal of Aviation, Aeronautics, and Aerospace

In the first half of this paper, we present a fresh perspective toward the Wind Triangle Problem in aerial navigation by deriving necessary and sufficient conditions, which we call "go/no-go conditions", for the existence/non-existence of a solution of the problem. Although our derivation is based on simple trigonometry and basic properties of quadratic functions, it is mathematically rigorous. We also offer examples to demonstrate how easy it is to check these conditions graphically. In the second half of this paper, we use function theory to re-examine another problem in aerial navigation, namely, that of computing true airspeed — even in …

Folding Methodology For Flexible Aircraft Interiors, Aditya Venkatesh, Fengfeng (Jeff) Xi, Joon Chung

International Journal of Aviation, Aeronautics, and Aerospace

This paper establishes a general furniture folding methodology that is aimed at flexible aircraft cabin interiors. This methodology will allow users to modify existing furniture pieces to their liking and thereby customizing their overall travel experience. The folding methodology also includes a process to quantify the transformation of the furniture pieces. This paper also introduces two design concepts called Open-on-Demand and Reconfiguration to allow passengers to modify an otherwise rigid cabin. The advantages of the multi-functional space saving furniture pieces are also illustrated in this paper. While the general folding methodology was developed for aircraft interiors, it can be adapted …

Quantum Safety Metrics Framework For Commercial Unmanned Aircraft Operators, Tracy L. Lamb, Nathan A. Phillips, Trong Van Nguyen

International Journal of Aviation, Aeronautics, and Aerospace

Commercial unmanned aircraft systems continue to increase in applications and diversity; however, mishaps and accidents erode safety, investment return, and efficiency. Most unmanned aircraft accidents are preceded by leading indicators; the ability to forecast and quantify these may provide increased safety and profitability. This mixed-method research study used a non-experimental parallel convergence approach with multiple instruments, multiple-case study n = 22, and one exemplar case design to develop a quantum safety metric program. This study used a combination of previously validated methods as development instruments, including; the HFACS, STAMP, 'Sierra Scale,' and Accident Prevention Effort equations. The study extended the …

Support To Design For Air Traffic Management: An Approach With Agent-Based Modelling And Evolutionary Search, Gabriella Gigante, Roberto Palumbo, Domenico Pascarella, Alessandro Pellegrini, Gabriella Duca, Miquel Angel Piera, Juan José Ramos

International Journal of Aviation, Aeronautics, and Aerospace

This paper presents a methodology to manage the support to design in ATM operations. We propose a workflow for the design of ATM solutions in a performance-based setting. The methodology includes the evaluation of the impact on human behaviour and exploits a combination of different paradigms, such as Agent-Based Modelling and Simulation, and Agent-Based Evolutionary Search. We prove the soundness of the methodology by carrying out a real case study, which is the transition from Direct Routing to Free Routing in the Italian airspace. The validation results exhibit limited errors for the assessment of the performance metrics under evaluation. Furthermore, …

Predictability Improvement Of Scheduled Flights Departure Time Variation Using Supervised Machine Learning, Deepudev Sahadevan, Palanisamy Ponnusamy Dr, Manjunath K. Nelli Mr, Varun P. Gopi Dr

International Journal of Aviation, Aeronautics, and Aerospace

The departure time uncertainty exacerbates the inaccuracy of arrival time estimation and demand for arrival slots, particularly for movements to capacity constrained airports. The Estimated Take-Off Time (ETOT) or Estimated Departure Time(ETD) for each individual flight is currently derived from Air Traffic Flow Management System (ATFMS), which are solely determined based on individual flight plan Estimated Off Block Time(EOBT) or subsequent delays updated by Airline. Even if normal weather conditions prevail, aircraft departure times will differ from ETOTs determined by the ATFMS due to a number of factors such as congestion, early/delayed inbound flight (linked flights), reactionary delays and air …

Numerical Analysis Of Aerospike Engine Nozzle Performance At Various Truncation Lengths, Sam Dakka Dr, Oliver Dennison

International Journal of Aviation, Aeronautics, and Aerospace

The aerospike engine was first devised in the early 1960s where it provided new means of reaching orbit in a single stage. The paper aimes to demonstrate the viability of the technology by showcasing the increased nozzle thrust efficiency over the conventional bell nozzle. Various truncations were applied to the nozzle and each was subjected to two conditions, an over-expansion and near optimum condition. The nozzle contour was developed using the simple approximation method and was chosen to replicate that of the XRS-2200. This anchored the data, thereby validating the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. Simulations were completed for at …

Aircraft Exhaust Gas Temperature Value Mining With Rough Set Method, Mustagime Tülin Yıldırım Asst. Prof., Mehtap Taşcı

International Journal of Aviation, Aeronautics, and Aerospace

Aircrafts are one of the most important means of transportation today. For aircrafts to be able to serve safely, their maintenance must be done in a timely and complete manner. In addition to regular maintenance, it may appear suddenly; there is also irregular maintenance performed in cases such as lightning strikes, bird strikes, and hard landings. Engine failures and maintenance has great importance in aircraft maintenance. Using the data recorded during the flight by flight data recorder, the engine health condition is monitored and the necessary maintenance procedures are carried out. In this study, the exhaust gas temperature was estimated …