Engineering Commons^™

Liquid Metal-Filled Magnetorheological Elastomer With Positive Piezoconductivity, Guolin Yun, Shiyang Tang, Shuaishuai Sun, Dan Yuan, Qianbin Zhao, Lei Deng, Sheng Yan, Haiping Du, Michael Dickey, Weihua Li

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part B

Conductive elastic composites have been used widely in soft electronics and soft robotics. These composites are typically a mixture of conductive fillers within elastomeric substrates. They can sense strain via changes in resistance resulting from separation of the fillers during elongation. Thus, most elastic composites exhibit a negative piezoconductive effect, i.e. the conductivity decreases under tensile strain. This property is undesirable for stretchable conductors since such composites may become less conductive during deformation. Here, we report a liquid metal-filled magnetorheological elastomer comprising a hybrid of fillers of liquid metal microdroplets and metallic magnetic microparticles. The composite's resistivity reaches a maximum …

Online Monitoring And Prediction Of Thermo-Mechanics Of Afp Based Thermoplastic Composites, Ebrahim Oromiehie, Nilanjan Chakladar, Ginu Rajan, Gangadhara B. Prusty

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part B

Precision sensing in the characterization of complex additive manufacturing processes such as the Automated Fibre Placement (AFP) technique is important since the process involves a significant level of uncertainty in terms of quality and integrity of the manufactured product. These uncertainties can be monitored by embedding optical fibre Bragg grating (FBGs) sensors which provide accurate and simultaneous measurement of strain and temperature during the AFP process. The embedded sensors have been shown to remain resilient in continuous health monitoring after manufacturing. The thermal history obtained from the FBG sensors demonstrates a reduction of temperature on the bottom ply by up …

Weak Micro-Scratch Detection Based On Deep Convolutional Neural Network, Limei Song, Wenwei Lin, Yan Yang, Xinjun Zhu, Qinghua Guo, Jiangtao Xi

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part B

Metal component surfaces are random textured and non-smooth. There are many stains on the surface of metal component that are similar to the gray scale of the scratches. The scratches have non-uniform gray distribution, various shapes, and low contrast in their background, posing challenges in accurate scratch detection. This paper presents a method for detecting weak scratches on metal component surfaces based on deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs). First, a DCNN is trained using labeled scratch images. Then, the scratches and some faults are detected by the trained DCNN, and most of the faults can be removed through properly thresholding …

Analysis Of Surface Roughness Alteration In Micro Flexible Rolling, Mingshuai Huo, Jingwei Zhao, Haibo Xie, Zhou Li, Shengli Li, Hongmei Zhang, Zhengyi Jiang

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part B

Thin strip with varying thickness, a novel structural and functional material, is fabricated by micro flexible rolling, and has three thickness features including the thicker zone, the thinner zone and the transition zone. Rolling and roll lifting speeds determine the thickness distributions, and have a great influence on the surface roughness, then the final product quality which is of significant importance for thin materials in subsequent processing. In this study, surface roughness alteration of aluminium alloy strips during micro flexible rolling was investigated with considering the influences of rolling speeds, roll lifting speeds, thickness ratios (the ratio of the thicker …

A Method Of Uncertainty Analysis For Whole-Life Embodied Carbon Emissions (Co2-E) Of Building Materials Of A Net-Zero Energy Building In Australia, Mehdi Robati, Daniel J. Daly, Georgios Kokogiannakis

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part B

The construction of new buildings requires the use of a substantial amount of materials, which have an associated embodied energy for manufacturing, transport, construction and end-of-life disposal. A number of inventories have been developed to collate the typical embodied energy or carbon emissions associated with different building materials and activities, and these can be used to quantify the environmental impacts of different construction methods. However, uncertainty exists in the estimation of embodied CO2-e emissions and other environmental impact results, due to i) inconsistencies in typical embodied carbon emissions values in inventories; ii) errors in estimations of material quantities; iii) assumptions …

Improved Dynamic Stall Prediction Of Wind Turbine Airfoils, Xiong Liu, Cheng Lu, Shi Liang, Ajit R. Godbole, Yan Chen

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part B

This paper presents a dynamic stall model to predict the unsteady airloads on wind turbine airfoils. The proposed model is based on the Beddoes-Leishman (B-L) model and modifications are carried out for wind turbine applications. The lift, drag, and pitch moment of the S809 airfoil oscillating in stall-development and deep-stall regimes are predicted. Validation against available experimental data shows overall good agreement.

Moisture Diffusion Measurement And Evaluation For Porous Membranes Used In Enthalpy Exchangers, Ahmed Khafeef Obaid Al-Bdoor, Zhenjun Ma, Paul Cooper

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part B

Air-to-air membrane enthalpy exchangers using semi-permeable membranes are widely used in building ventilation systems to pre-condition the supply air by exchanging energy with the exhaust air stream. Moisture diffusivity is one of the most important properties of porous membranes. This property has a significant influence on the design and performance of membrane enthalpy exchangers. In this study, moisture diffusion resistances of five porous membranes were measured, and the effects of the membrane pore size on the moisture diffusivity were evaluated under different test conditions. The five porous membranes tested included: I) two PVDF (Polyvinylidene difluoride) membranes with mean pore diameters …

Study On Performance Evaluation Of Co2 Heat Pump System Integrated With Thermal Energy Storage For Space Heating, Zhihua Wang, Yuxin Zheng, Fenghao Wang, Mengjie Song, Zhenjun Ma

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part B

CO2 heat pumps have drawn a great deal of attention owing to their advantages of high efficiency and environmental friendly for heating water under low ambient temperature. However, the system performance is not desirable and shows a lower COP for space heating, especially for a radiator as heating terminal, due to the higher inlet water temperature at the gas cooler, which causes a large throttle loss when the refrigerant flow through the throttling device. To tackle this issue, a transcritical CO2 heat pump system integrated with thermal energy storage (TES) systems was developed in this paper. The heating performance of …

Periodic Deprivation Of Gaseous Hydrogen Sulfide Affects The Activity Of The Concrete Corrosion Layer In Sewers, Xiaoyan Sun, Guangming Jiang, Philip Bond, Jurg Keller

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part B

Sulfide induced concrete corrosion significantly reduces the service life of the sewer systems. Gaseoushydrogen sulfide (H2S) levels are a key factor affecting the corrosion rate and thesefluctuate due to thediurnalflow pattern of sewers. Currently, there is little known about how suchfluctuations, in particularthe periodic deprivation of H2S, may affect the corrosion activity. This study investigated the impact ofthe deprivation of H2S on the sulfide uptake rate (SUR) of concrete coupons incubated in laboratorycorrosion chambers. After systematic evaluation of the gaseous H2S concentration profiles of two sewersystems, two types of profiles, i.e. short- (1 h) and long- (12 h) term deprivation …

Persulfate Oxidation-Assisted Membrane Distillation Process For Micropollutant Degradation And Membrane Fouling Control, Muhammad Bilal Asif, Zulqarnain Fida, Arbab Tufail, Jason Van Der Merwe, Frederic Leusch, Biplob K. Pramanik, William E. Price, Faisal I. Hai

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part B

In this study, long-term performance of a persulfate (PS)-assisted direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) process was examined for the treatment of secondary treated effluent spiked with a mixture of micropollutants including three pesticides and nine pharmaceuticals. A stand-alone DCMD ('control') was also operated under identical operating conditions for comparison. Depending on the micropollutant, the stand-alone DCMD achieved 86 to >99% removal. In comparison, removal by the PS-assisted DCMD was >99% for all investigated micropollutants. This was attributed to the fact that sulfate radicals (SO4-) formed following the activation of PS at the DCMD operating temperature (i.e., 40 °C) achieved micropollutant-specific …

Experimental Investigation Of Fracture Propagation Behavior Induced By Hydraulic Fracturing In Anisotropic Shale Cores, Zhaohui Chong, Qiangling Yao, Xuehua Li

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part B

Hydraulic fracturing is a key technology for the development of unconventional resources such as shale gas. Due to the existence of numerous bedding planes, shale reservoirs can be considered typical anisotropic materials. In anisotropic shale reservoirs, the complex hydraulic fracture network (HFN) formed by the interaction of hydraulic fracture (HF) and bedding plane (BP) is the key to fracturing treatment. In this paper, considering the anisotropic angle, stress state and injection rate, a series of hydraulic fracturing experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of anisotropic characteristics of shale reservoirs on HFN formation. The results showed that the breakdown pressure …

Tribological Behaviour Of Enamel Coatings, Hong Huynh Nguyen, Shanhong Wan, Anh Kiet Tieu, Sang Pham, Hongtao Zhu

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part B

An experimental study has been carried out to evaluate the tribological and mechanical properties of steel hardened with glass-ceramic enamel under ambient conditions. Three types of borosilicate based enamels were fused onto mild steel by the firing process, after a sandblasting and a ground coat to ensure surface integrity between the substrate and the covering coat. The surface roughness, micro hardness, wear track and tribological characteristics of the enamel coating were then characterised by an atomic force microscopy, a Vicker micro-hardness tester, a 3D optical profiler, an EDS/SEM, and a friction and wear testing tribology meter. The tribological differentials of …

Correlation Between Crystal Rotation And Redundant Shear Strain In Rolled Single Crystals: A Crystal Plasticity Fe Analysis, Hui Wang, Cheng Lu, Anh Kiet Tieu, Yu Liu, Rui Wang, Jintao Li

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part B

The correlation between crystal rotation and redundant shear strain in rolled single crystals was investigated by using the crystal plasticity finite element (CPFE) model in this paper. The deformation in aluminium single crystals of four representative orientations (rotated-Cube, Goss, Copper, and Brass) after rolling and plain strain compression was simulated, and the predictions have been validated by the experimental observations. In the rotated-Cube and Goss, the redundant shear strain and crystal rotation were in the same pattern, alternating along the thickness, while the relation between them was not obvious for the Copper and Brass due to their asymmetrical distributions of …

Pullout Behaviour Of Different Types Of Steel Fibres Embedded In Magnesium Phosphate Cementitious Matrix, Hu Feng, M Neaz Sheikh, Muhammad N. S Hadi, Lu Feng, Danying Gao, Jun Zhao

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part B

A series of pullout tests were conducted to investigate the interface bond properties of seven types of steel fibres embedded in the magnesium phosphate cementitious matrix. The micromorphology of the interface transition zone between MPC and different types of fibres was examined by scanning electron microscope. Test results showed that smaller diameter steel fibres with brass coating surface achieved higher average bond strength, higher pullout energy per unit volume and a higher ratio of material use. The end hook deformation provided the mechanical bond locally whereas the deformation along the length of fibre provided the mechanical bond distributed along the …

Spectral Flow Of Monopole Insertion In Topological Insulators, Alan L. Carey, Hermann Schulz-Baldes

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part B

Inserting a magnetic flux into a two-dimensional one-particle Hamiltonian leads to a spectral flow through a given gap which is equal to the Chern number of the associated Fermi projection. This paper establishes a generalization to higher even dimension by inserting non-abelian monopoles of the Wu-Yang type. The associated spectral flow is then equal to a higher Chern number. For the study of odd spacial dimensions, a new so-called 'chirality flow' is introduced which, for the insertion of a monopole, is then linked to higher winding numbers. This latter fact follows from a new index theorem for the spectral flow …

Optimal Investment And Consumption Under A Continuous-Time Cointegration Model With Exponential Utility, Guiyuan Ma, Song-Ping Zhu

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part B

In this paper, we study the effects of cointegration on optimal investment and consumption strategies for an investor with exponential utility. A Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equation is derived first and then solved analytically. Both the optimal investment and consumption strategies are expressed in closed form. A verification theorem is also established to demonstrate that the solution of the HJB equation is indeed the solution of the original optimization problem under an integrability condition. In addition, a simple and sufficient condition is proposed to ensure that the integrability condition is satisfied. Financially, the optimal investment and consumption strategies are decomposed into two …

A Mixed Finite Element Method For A Sixth-Order Elliptic Problem, Jerome Droniou, Muhammad Ilyas, Bishnu Lamichhane, Glen Wheeler

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part B

We consider a saddle-point formulation for a sixth-order partial differential equation and its finite element approximation, for two sets of boundary conditions. We follow the Ciarlet-Raviart formulation for the biharmonic problem to formulate our saddle-point problem and the finite element method. The new formulation allows us to use the H 1 -conforming Lagrange finite element spaces to approximate the solution. We prove a priori error estimates for our approach. Numerical results are presented for linear and quadratic finite element methods.

Knowledge-Aided Target Detection For Multistatic Passive Radar, Guohao Sun, Wei Zhang, Jun Tong, Zishu He, Zhihang Wang

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part B

This paper studies the detection problem for multistatic passive radar. We consider scenarios where prior knowledge about the spectrum and peak-to-average ratio (PAR) of the non-cooperative illuminators of opportunity (IOs) is available. We develop several knowledge-aided (KA) detectors within the framework of the generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) to exploit such prior knowledge. Particularly, the knowledge about the bandwidth of the transmitted signal is employed to suppress the out-of-band noise, and the knowledge about the PAR constraint is exploited to eliminate the remaining high-power noise. The challenge of unknown spectrum condition is also addressed, where block sparse Bayesian learning (BSBL) …

Development Of An Enthalpy-Based Index To Assess Climatic Potential For Ventilative Cooling Of Buildings: An Australian Example, Massimo Fiorentini, Federico Tartarini, Laia Ledo Gomis, Daniel J. Daly, Paul Cooper

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part B

Ventilative Cooling is a promising technique to improve the energy efficiency of buildings through reduced need for mechanical cooling to maintain thermal comfort. To assess the feasibility of Ventilative Cooling in a specific location, it is useful for designers to be able to evaluate the climate potential for cooling. This paper describes a new and enhanced version of the Climatic Cooling Potential (CCP) method, which is a simplified method to evaluate the climate potential for passive cooling that does not require detailed knowledge of the building characteristics. The proposed Enthalpy Climatic Cooling Potential (CCPh) integrates humidity into the climate evaluation, …

A New Standard Dna Damage (Sdd) Data Format, Jan Schuemann, A L. Mcnamara, J Warmenhoven, N Henthorn, K Kirkby, M Merchant, S Ingram, Harald Paganetti, Kathryn D. Held, J Ramos-Mendez, B Faddegon, J Perl, D Goodhead, I Plante, Hans Rabus, Heidi Nettelbeck, W Friedland, P Kundrat, A Ottolenghi, G Baiocco, S Barbieri, M Dingfelder, Sebastien Incerti, Carmen Villagrasa, M Bueno, M A. Bernal, Susanna Guatelli, Dosatsu Sakata, J Brown, Z Francis, Ioanna Kyriakou, N Lampe, F Ballarini, M Carante, M Davidkova, V Stepan, X Jia, F. Cucinotta, Reinhard W. Schulte, R Stewart, David Carlson, S Galer, Zdenka Kuncic, S Lacombe, J Milligan, S Cho, G Sawakuchi, T Inaniwa, T Sato, W Li, Audrey V. Solov'yov, Eugene Surdutovich, M Durante, Kevin M. Prise, Stephen J. Mcmahon

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part B

Our understanding of radiation-induced cellular damage has greatly improved over the past few decades. Despite this progress, there are still many obstacles to fully understand how radiation interacts with biologically relevant cellular components, such as DNA, to cause observable end points such as cell killing. Damage in DNA is identified as a major route of cell killing. One hurdle when modeling biological effects is the difficulty in directly comparing results generated by members of different research groups. Multiple Monte Carlo codes have been developed to simulate damage induction at the DNA scale, while at the same time various groups have …

Removal Of Pharmaceuticals And Illicit Drugs From Wastewater Due To Ferric Dosing In Sewers, Jagadeeshkumar Kulandaivelu, Jianfa Gao, Yarong Song, Sohan Shrestha, Xuan Li, Jiaying Li, Katrin Doederer, Jurg Keller, Zhiguo Yuan, Jochen F. Mueller, Guangming Jiang

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part B

Ferric (Fe3+) salt dosing is an efficient sulfide control strategy in the sewer network, with potential for multiple benefits including phosphorus removal in the biological reactors and sulfide emission control in the anaerobic digesters of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). This paper extends the knowledge on the benefit of iron dosing by exploring its impact on the fate of organic micropollutants (MPs) in the wastewater using sewer reactors simulating a rising main sewer pipe. The sulfide produced by the sewer biofilms reacted with Fe3+ forming black colored iron sulfide (FeS). Among the selected MPs, morphine, methadone, and atenolol had >90% initial …

Effects Of Principal Stress Rotation On The Fluid-Induced Soil Response In A Porous Seabed, Zhengxu Li, Dong Jeng, Jian Zhu, Hongyi Zhao

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part B

Principal stress rotation (PSR) is an important feature for describing the stress status of marine sediments subject to cyclic loading. In this study, a one-way coupled numerical model that combines the fluid model (for wave-current interactions) and the soil model (including the effect of PSR) was established. Then, the proposed model was incorporated into the finite element analysis procedure DIANA-SWANDYNE II with PSR effects incorporated and further validated by the experimental data available in the literature. Finally, the impact of PSR on the pore-water pressures and the resultant seabed liquefaction were investigated using the numerical model, and it was found …

An Innovative Gynecological Hdr Brachytherapy Applicator System For Treatment Delivery And Real-Time Verification, Anna Romanyukha, Mauro Carrara, Davide Mazzeo, Chiara Tenconi, Tebarak Al-Salmani, Joel Poder, Dean L. Cutajar, Iolanda Fuduli, Marco Petasecca, Joseph A. Bucci, Annamaria Cerrotta, Brigida Pappalardi, Federica Piccolo, Emanuele Pignoli, Anatoly B. Rosenfeld

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part B

The multichannel vaginal cylinder (MVC) applicator employed for gynecological high dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy increases dose delivery complexity, and thus makes the treatment more prone to errors. A quality assurance (QA) procedure tracking the source throughout dose delivery can detect dwell position and time errors in the multiple channels of the applicator.

A new MVC system with integrated real time in vivo treatment delivery QA has been developed based on diodes embedded on the outer surface of the MVC. It has been pre-calibrated and verified using a non-clinical treatment plan with consecutive test positions and dwell times within each catheter, …

Brachyview: Verification Of Ldr Patient Plans - Hardware Optimisation, Taylah Brennen, Dean L. Cutajar, Saree Alnaghy, Joseph A. Bucci, Andrej Bece, Marco Favoino, M Carriero, Michael L. F Lerch, Anatoly B. Rosenfeld, M Petasseca

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part B

BrachyView is a novel in-body imaging system developed with the objective to provide real-time intraoperative dosimetry for low dose rate (LDR) prostate brachytherapy treatments. Seed positions can be reconstructed after implantation by the means of a high-resolution pinhole gamma camera. The obtained dataset is then combined with conventional trans-rectal ultrasound (TRUS) imaging to locate the effective source position within the prostate volume. This study presents a comparison of two data sets containing 96 and 98 I-25 brachytherapy sources and readout by two different pin-hole collimators with 800 m and 500 m, respectively. This study aims to assess the effect on …

Accuracy Of Low-Dose Proton Ct Image Registration For Pretreatment Alignment Verification In Reference To Planning Proton Ct, R Cassetta, Pierluigi Piersimoni, Marco Riboldi, Valentina Giacometti, Vladimir Bashkirov, Guido Baroni, Caesar Ordonez, G Coutrakon, Reinhard W. Schulte

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part B

Purpose: Proton CT (pCT) has the ability to reduce inherent uncertainties in proton treatment by directly measuring the relative proton stopping power with respect to water, thereby avoiding the uncertain conversion of X-ray CT Hounsfield unit to relative stopping power and the deleterious effect of X- ray CT artifacts. The purpose of this work was to further evaluate the potential of pCT for pretreatment positioning using experimental pCT data of a head phantom. Methods: The performance of a 3D image registration algorithm was tested with pCT reconstructions of a pediatric head phantom. A planning pCT simulation scan of the phantom …

Sabr In Clinical Trials: What Quality Assurance (Qa) Is Required And How Can It Be Done?, Tomas Kron, Nicholas G. Hardcastle

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part B

Stereotactic Ablative Body Radiotherapy (SABR) has become widely used radiotherapy treatment modality for many indications ranging from early stage disease to an oligometastatic setting. All this combines the use of virtually all technological advances that characterise modern radiotherapy from small conformal fields to intensity modulation and explicit accounting for motion. However, given its novelty, clinical evidence for SABR is still emerging and many clinical trails include SABR as the intervention to define (eg in dose or fractionation defining studies) or to test against other treatment modalities. In any case, physical quality assurance (QA) must be an essential aspect of the …

A Joint Local And Global Deep Metric Learning Method For Caricature Recognition, Wenbin Li, Jing Huo, Yinghuan Shi, Yang Gao, Lei Wang, Jiebo Luo

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part B

Caricature recognition is a novel, interesting, yet challenging problem. Due to the exaggeration and distortion, there is a large cross-modal gap between photographs and caricatures, making it nontrivial to match the features of photographs and caricatures. To address the problem, a joint local and global metric learning method (LGDML) is proposed. First, joint local and global feature representation is learnt with convolutional neural networks to find both discriminant features of local facial parts and global distinctive features of the whole face. Next, in order to fuse the local and global similarities of features, a unified feature representation and similarity measure …

Towards The Readiness Of Learning Analytics Data For Micro Learning, Jiayin Lin, Geng Sun, Jun Shen, Tingru Cui, Ping Yu, Dongming Xu, Li Li, Ghassan Beydoun

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part B

With the development of data mining and machine learning techniques, data-driven based technology-enhanced learning (TEL) has drawn wider attention. Researchers aim to use established or novel computational methods to solve educational problems in the 'big data' era. However, the readiness of data appears to be the bottleneck of the TEL development and very little research focuses on investigating the data scarcity and inappropriateness in the TEL research. This paper is investigating an emerging research topic in the TEL domain, namely micro learning. Micro learning consists of various technical themes that have been widely studied in the TEL research field. In …

Modelling The X-Ray Source For The Australian Mri-Linac, Natalia Roberts, Bradley M. Oborn, U Jelen, B Dong, Jarrad Begg, Armia George, Saree Alnaghy, Trent Causer, Thahabah Alharthi, Lois C. Holloway, Peter E. Metcalfe

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part B

MRI-guided radiotherapy allows real-time imaging during treatment however the magnetic field influences the dose distribution in the patient. An accurate model of the radiation beam and the encompassing magnetic field is important to predict dosimetry changes. The purpose of this work is to develop a Monte Carlo model of the Australian MRI-Linac to be used as input into a dose calculation tool for treatment planning. The Australian MRI-Linac is a 1 T inline system with a 6MV flattening filter free photon beam. Commissioning measurements were undertaken both with and without the magnetic field present, PDDs and profiles were used to …

Characterization Of Prompt Gamma Ray Emission For In Vivo Range Verification In Particle Therapy: A Simulation Study, Melek Zarifi, Susanna Guatelli, Yujin Qi, David Bolst, Dale A. Prokopovich, Anatoly B. Rosenfeld

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part B

In this paper we investigate the emission and detection characteristics of prompt gamma (PG) rays for in vivo range verification during hadron therapy, using Geant4 simulations. Proton, 4 He and 12 C beams of varying energy are incident on water phantoms. The PG production yield, energy spectral characteristics and spatial correlation with the Bragg Peak (BP) have been quantified. Further, the angular distributions for PG detection with respect to a point-of-reference on the phantom surface have been explored. The temporal properties of PG emission and time-of-flight (TOF) of PG detection have also been investigated in correlation with the changing particle …