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Articles 1 - 30 of 78
Full-Text Articles in Engineering
Failure Analysis Of Variably Sized 4340 Steel Mandrels Utilized In The Production Of Seamless Superalloy Rings Through The Vertical Ring Rolling Process, Mikhail Alexeyevich Vasilyev, Joshua Brady Venz
Failure Analysis Of Variably Sized 4340 Steel Mandrels Utilized In The Production Of Seamless Superalloy Rings Through The Vertical Ring Rolling Process, Mikhail Alexeyevich Vasilyev, Joshua Brady Venz
Materials Engineering
Vertical ring rolling is a forging process which forms seamless metal rings through applying a large force at elevated temperatures onto component materials stabilized by cylindrical mandrels. Carlton Forge Works, a company which produces rings of superalloy materials such as INCO718 and 718Plus, is experiencing a consistent failure of mandrels due to extreme conditions. An analysis of the lifetime (bulk material, heat treatment, and use) was performed, which aided in the identification of process variables tied to mandrel failure. Experiments were formed surrounding three variables of the mandrel heat treatment: Austenitization temperature, quenching temperature, and tempering conditions, with the goal …
Investigation Into Oxygen Diffusion As It Relates To Alpha Case Formation In Ti-6al-4v Based On Different Forging Thermal Cycles, Tyler J. Meador, Jon Leduc, Francesca Hope
Investigation Into Oxygen Diffusion As It Relates To Alpha Case Formation In Ti-6al-4v Based On Different Forging Thermal Cycles, Tyler J. Meador, Jon Leduc, Francesca Hope
Materials Engineering
An investigation into the growth kinetics of alpha case in Ti-6Al-4V in the presence of oxygen was conducted for different forging thermal cycles. This was done to determine whether the alpha case should be removed after each thermal cycle or as the final step after forging. The thermal cycles consisted of four hours at 1750 °F. Samples were subjected to this treatment one, two, three, and four times along with a continuous sixteen hour hold. Four cycle and Hold samples were subjected to an additional thermal cycle above the beta transus at 1925 °F. These then went through a final …
Improving The Tensile Mechanical Properties Of Direct Energy Deposited (Ded) Inconel 718 Aircraft Components Using A Standard Heat Treatment, Spencer Vincent Flynn
Improving The Tensile Mechanical Properties Of Direct Energy Deposited (Ded) Inconel 718 Aircraft Components Using A Standard Heat Treatment, Spencer Vincent Flynn
Materials Engineering
This project aimed to improve the mechanical properties of as-printed additively manufactured Inconel 718 samples using a heat treatment usually used for cast and wrought Inconel 718. The mechanical properties sought to be optimized were yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, elongation, and reduction in area. The property goals were to match or exceed those of cast and heat treated Inconel 718. Wire-fed electron beam direct energy deposition (DED) was used to manufacture the samples, which were then heat treated using the AMS 5663 standard in an inert atmosphere. The samples were then tested in tension to obtain data on their …
Effect Of Oxygen Equivalence On The Strength And Toughness Of Ti-6al-4v Forgings, Kira Baylor, Clarissa Drouillard
Effect Of Oxygen Equivalence On The Strength And Toughness Of Ti-6al-4v Forgings, Kira Baylor, Clarissa Drouillard
Materials Engineering
Tensile testing and fracture toughness testing were conducted to establish a numerical relationship between interstitial content and performance in forged Ti-6Al-4V. The value of oxygen equivalence was used to represent the interstitial content by combining the weight percent of oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen. The correlation between oxygen equivalence and mechanical properties can be used to accurately predict the performance of forged parts. Samples of forged parts with varying levels of interstitial content were subjected to a recrystallization anneal at 75 F below the beta transus temperature to decrease microstructure variability across parts with a second anneal at 1300 F to …
Analysis Of Novel Corrosion Resistant Maraging Steels For Use In Additive Manufacturing, Bradley Michael Samuel, James Knowlton Smith
Analysis Of Novel Corrosion Resistant Maraging Steels For Use In Additive Manufacturing, Bradley Michael Samuel, James Knowlton Smith
Materials Engineering
Stainless maraging steel has been proven to be an industry standard material for plastic injection molds. Its high hardness and corrosion resistance extend the lifetime of the tool. This alloy system is also well-suited to additive manufacturing, which can be utilized to form internal cooling channels, further increasing tool life. Using Rapid Alloy Development (RAD) Oerilkon METCO is developing a new composition of stainless maraging tool steel that has high hardness/strength, is corrosion resistant, and has additive-capable melting and solidification properties. This study tests the hardness and corrosion resistance of the new RAD alloys against the current market competitor Corrax …
Non-Destructive Material Analysis Of Metals And Composites Via Thermography, Jonathan R. Doubt, James L. Chapman
Non-Destructive Material Analysis Of Metals And Composites Via Thermography, Jonathan R. Doubt, James L. Chapman
Materials Engineering
The Naval Surface Warfare Center, Port Hueneme Division, is interested in the development of non-destructive damage assessment of shipboard materials via drones at distance. Long Pulsed Thermography (LPT), a method of non-destructive evaluation, was investigated as a possible method for detecting damage in metals (5005h24 Al alloy and 1008 carbon steel) and composites (aramid fiber honeycomb sandwich structure) at distances from 0.5 m to 3.0 m. LPT was conducted using two 1000 W can lights to heat the samples, and a FLIR E8-XT thermal camera. The images were then analyzed using ImageJ software to determine if damage could be detected …
Metallurgical And Thermal Processing Investigation Of Additively Manufactured Superalloys Jbk-75 And Nasa-Hr-1, Allyse Birken, Derek Noel
Metallurgical And Thermal Processing Investigation Of Additively Manufactured Superalloys Jbk-75 And Nasa-Hr-1, Allyse Birken, Derek Noel
Materials Engineering
Aerojet Rocketdyne is investigating the use of directed energy deposition (DED), an additive manufacturing process, to reduce cost and lead time for manufacturing complex rocket engine components for their RS-25 engines. JBK-75 and NASA-HR-1, two Fe-Ni-base, age-hardenable (γ′) superalloys, are used for nozzle structural jackets and hot gas manifolds. Currently, these parts are produced using traditional forging or casting methods followed by intensive machining operations. Additionally, these alloys were designed for use in the wrought condition and require a different set of post-processing heat treatments when produced using DED due to their dendritic, segregated microstructure in the as-built condition. Homogenization …
Effect Of Distal Core Flattening On 304 Stainless Steel Guide Wires, Khanh Phan
Effect Of Distal Core Flattening On 304 Stainless Steel Guide Wires, Khanh Phan
Materials Engineering
Abbott Vascular produces a variety of medical guide wires to accommodate a wide array of minimally invasive medical procedures. Certain types of these wires have the distal core flattened to improve specific properties such as flexibility and steerability. However, it is unknown how this affects the other mechanical properties of the wire. Abbott Vascular provided two types of wire to test the effects of distal core flattening on the mechanical performance of the wires. One group of wires was made from 304 single spring stainless steel with no flattening performed. The other group of wires was made from 304 triple …
Strengthening Of 7175 Aluminum Alloy Through Multi-Step Aging Process, Colin E. Masterson, Ryland W. Jolliffe
Strengthening Of 7175 Aluminum Alloy Through Multi-Step Aging Process, Colin E. Masterson, Ryland W. Jolliffe
Materials Engineering
7175 is a heat-treatable aluminum alloy commonly used in aerospace forgings. This alloy is aged with a multi-step heat treatment. This treatment must balance strength with stress corrosion cracking resistance through a degree of overaging. The team was tasked by Weber Metals to increase the strength of this treatment without sacrificing stress corrosion cracking resistance. Both two-step and retrogression and reaging treatments were tested in experiments to find a heat treatment that could increase the yield and tensile strength by 1-2 ksi while maintaining a minimum electrochemical conductivity equivalence of 38% relative to copper. Two-step aging is the more conventional …
The Effect Of Distal Core Flattening And Heat Treatment On 304 Stainless Steel Guide Wires, Andrew Spencer Yap, Bryce Eric Veit, Matthew Frederick Lopez Villena
The Effect Of Distal Core Flattening And Heat Treatment On 304 Stainless Steel Guide Wires, Andrew Spencer Yap, Bryce Eric Veit, Matthew Frederick Lopez Villena
Materials Engineering
The mechanical response of 304 stainless steel guide wires due to different temper conditions and amounts of flattening is to be explored in this project. For this specific project, there is no public literature on the mechanical properties of guide wires with the above conditions through tensile testing or Turns to Failure Testing. To address this, the project with Abbott Vascular will measure the mechanical properties of guide wires using the aforementioned factors. Due to a lack of previous literature on this research topic, there are no quantitative goals for the project, however, any new research compiled in this area …
Microstructure And Tensile Properties Of Close-Die Forged Ti-6al-4v Aircraft Engine Mount, Renee Roeder, Nick Chen, Michael Viksne
Microstructure And Tensile Properties Of Close-Die Forged Ti-6al-4v Aircraft Engine Mount, Renee Roeder, Nick Chen, Michael Viksne
Materials Engineering
The microstructural characteristics of a Ti-6Al-4V close-die forging that passes yield strength specifications are examined and found to be consistent with literature recommendations. Originally, the intent was to compare the microstructure of a forging that passed specification to the microstructure of a forging that did not pass specifications using the imaging software ImageJ. Due to time and safety constraints considering the COVID-19 pandemic, the data that is presented is incomplete data on only the forging that passes specifications. There are no comparisons between the forging that did not pass and the forging that passed.
Effects Of Surface Finish On High Cycle Fatigue Of Inconel 718, Jessica A. Mcroskey, Matthew Busse
Effects Of Surface Finish On High Cycle Fatigue Of Inconel 718, Jessica A. Mcroskey, Matthew Busse
Materials Engineering
Inconel 718 is a nickel-based superalloy and commonly used rocket engine material due to its excellent properties at elevated temperatures. Its fatigue life relies heavily on the surface roughness, as fatigue introduces and propagates cracks at the surface. Part standards set by Aerojet Rocketdyne typically necessitate surface roughness values from 64 to 125 Ra. However, surface topography and residual stresses incurred from the finishing process also affect the fatigue performance. The specific goal of the project is to perform a literature review and write experimental methods to determine how the surface roughness, topography, and residual stresses from turning, grit blasting, …
The Impact Of Preheat On 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel Welds, Angelee G. Q. Breuninger, Iris I. Li, Cristian V. Sion
The Impact Of Preheat On 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel Welds, Angelee G. Q. Breuninger, Iris I. Li, Cristian V. Sion
Materials Engineering
The goal of this project is to determine the relationship between preheat temperature and phase balance of austenite and ferrite in the heat affected zone (HAZ) of a dissimilar thickness weld made of Sandvik SAF 2205 duplex stainless steel (DSS). Various preheat temperatures were applied (no preheat, 63°C, 98 °C, 141 °C, 181 °C, and 214 °C) to a 2-inch thick plate that was welded to a 0.072-inch thin sheet, with a 0.125-inch standoff, using manual gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW). Welding variables (voltage, amperage, and travel speed) were recorded and thermocouples were placed along the backside of the weld, …
Erosion Resistance Of Tungsten-Carbide Coatings For Steel Pipes In Fluid Catalytic Cracking Units, Davis Vannasing, Jennifer Hulfachor
Erosion Resistance Of Tungsten-Carbide Coatings For Steel Pipes In Fluid Catalytic Cracking Units, Davis Vannasing, Jennifer Hulfachor
Materials Engineering
In petroleum processing, the flow of catalyst readily leads to erosion of piping in a fluid catalytic cracking unit. Advances in coating materials and processes necessitate a re-evaluation of current protection methods. Commercially available tungsten-carbide (WC) claddings and nanostructured WC-W CVD coatings were investigated as potential alternative erosion-resistant coatings. Erosion tests by solid particle impingement were conducted on 2 variations of claddings and 1 variation of WC-W coatings following ASTM standard G76. A36 steel coupons were used as reference samples. For statistical validation, 2-3 replications of the tests were performed for the claddings and WC-W coating. Testing was conducted using …
Effect Of Overaging On Tensile Properties Of 2219-T852 Aluminum, Austin Bitter, Tristan Koyamatsu
Effect Of Overaging On Tensile Properties Of 2219-T852 Aluminum, Austin Bitter, Tristan Koyamatsu
Materials Engineering
This project investigated the overaging performance of aluminum alloy 2219-T852 for use in high temperature applications. 2219 aluminum is an alloy containing 5.8 to 6.8 percent copper, and is classified as a high strength age hardenable alloy. The sponsor for this project, Weber Metals, hopes to use 2219 Al to replace titanium in certain applications above the thermal limits of typical high strength Al. To test its performance, they manufactured round tensile samples and delivered them in peak aged, T852 condition. These samples were then overaged at a range of times and temperatures. The times in this experiment were one …
Microstructural Transformation Of Cold-Sprayed Grcop-42 For Rocket Engine Combustion Chamber Liners, Mason Souther
Microstructural Transformation Of Cold-Sprayed Grcop-42 For Rocket Engine Combustion Chamber Liners, Mason Souther
Materials Engineering
Rocket engines have always relied on high-conductivity copper liners to protect structural components from extreme thermal loads produced by combustion. Forged NARloy-Z has been the material of choice for decades but increasing cost of its constituent silver and high waste in the machining process has reduced the alloy’s cost effectiveness. Aerojet Rocketdyne wants to determine the viability of cold-spray additively manufactured GRCop-42 as a replacement alloy to reduce liner cost. Screening tests were performed to observe the microstructural development and microhardness changes of cold-sprayed GRCop-42 after being subjected to multiple stages of the typical heat treatment of a combustion chamber …
Modifying Casting Parameters To Improve The High Temperature Ductility Of Investment Cast Nickel-Based Superalloy Pwa 1455, Lars Alexander Hedin, Cole Magnum Introligator
Modifying Casting Parameters To Improve The High Temperature Ductility Of Investment Cast Nickel-Based Superalloy Pwa 1455, Lars Alexander Hedin, Cole Magnum Introligator
Materials Engineering
PCC Structurals, an industry leader in superalloy investment castings, has observed inconsistencies in the stress rupture performance of polycrystalline nickel-based superalloy PWA 1455. PCC has changed their casting parameters to reduce the thermal gradient during cooling but have been unable to correlate these changes with an increase in stress rupture elongation. Metallographic examination of past samples indicated microstructures composed of non- equiaxed dendritic grains with mean diameter of .021 inches along the test axis. A similar study on polycrystalline superalloys has indicated that excessive superheat temperatures above the liquidus can result in large grains identical to those observed, limiting the …
Rotating Beam Fatigue Of Forged 2219-T852 Aluminum Alloy, Julio Escamilla, Madison Reed
Rotating Beam Fatigue Of Forged 2219-T852 Aluminum Alloy, Julio Escamilla, Madison Reed
Materials Engineering
2219 aluminum has been used extensively in aerospace applications due to its ability to retain strength in large section thicknesses, thus making it ideal for large forgings. However, the Metallic Materials Properties Development and Standardization (MMPDS) handbook, a source of design data for aerospace industry applications, lacks information on 2219 in the T852 condition, particularly concerning the behavior of the alloy under cyclic loading conditions. Data was collected for forgings of 2219-T852 aluminum as produced by Weber Metals to determine the fatigue life of the alloy-temper combination and to assess the effects of forge thickness and orientation on fatigue life. …
The Effects Of Varying Composition And Build Direction On Direct Metal Deposition Fabricated Inconel 718, Abigail P. Nilan, Jessica M. Fordham
The Effects Of Varying Composition And Build Direction On Direct Metal Deposition Fabricated Inconel 718, Abigail P. Nilan, Jessica M. Fordham
Materials Engineering
Inconel 718 (IN718) is a popular wrought superalloy, and is currently being investigated for additive manufacturing (AM) applications in the aerospace industry. However, overaging and the presence of microcracks have caused a significant reduction in properties. The purpose of this study is to meet or exceed the mechanical properties of wrought IN718 by varying the composition and build direction of the AM alloy. Alternative compositions were selected with Oerlilon Metco’s Rapid Alloy Development (RAD) software, and differ in niobium content, which increases the fraction of the primary strengthening phase (γʺ). Direct metal deposition (DMD) was used to fabricate the samples, …
Anomalous 304 Stainless Steel Mechanical Properties In Medical Guide Wires, Andrew Joseph Freeman
Anomalous 304 Stainless Steel Mechanical Properties In Medical Guide Wires, Andrew Joseph Freeman
Materials Engineering
Stainless steel medical guide wire cores, processed by Abbott Vascular, are returning anomalous mechanical properties upon strain hardening and heat treatment. As theory dictates, mechanical strength properties increase with strain hardening, and decrease with an annealing treatment. The opposite response is being observed. This is counter intuitive to fundamental materials knowledge, and a perfect materials engineering paradox. This project was designed to characterize these behaviors, and attempt to determine causation. To accomplish this, tensile testing of all processing steps mapped the mechanical property evolution of the wire. Published literature research revealed the potential of nitrogen and chromium solid state diffusion …
Effects Of Head Formation And Heat Treatment On The Mechanical Properties Of Connecting Rod Bolts, Caleb A. Leavitt, Matthew R. Lauretta
Effects Of Head Formation And Heat Treatment On The Mechanical Properties Of Connecting Rod Bolts, Caleb A. Leavitt, Matthew R. Lauretta
Materials Engineering
Oliver Racing Parts (ORP; Charlevoix, Michigan) is looking to optimize their manufacturing process for high-strength connecting rod bolts. A high yield strength is desired for the bolts because deformation would result in catastrophic engine failure. The bolts were made of H11, a chromium hot-work tool steel; and MLX17, a precipitation hardenable stainless steel. Tensile testing was performed to determine the tensile and yield strengths of the bolts. Fracture surfaces were imaged via scanning electron microscopy to characterize the failure modes. To observe the effects of bolt heading on microstructure and bolt strength, two batches of MLX17 were prepared; one batch …
Investigation Of Narloy-Z Yield Strength In Response To Changes In Ingot Processing And Heat Treatment, Stanley C. Goto, Sarah E. Wattenberg
Investigation Of Narloy-Z Yield Strength In Response To Changes In Ingot Processing And Heat Treatment, Stanley C. Goto, Sarah E. Wattenberg
Materials Engineering
This study investigates the effect of cooling rate on the yield strength of NARloy-Z. NARloy-Z is a copper-based alloy with 3 wt.% silver and 0.5 wt.% zirconium. The types of NARloy-Z were classified by the ingot processing (old or new) and the material lot (old or new). There were three variations of NARloy-Z in this study: old processing and material (Old/Old); old processing and new material (Old/New); and new processing and material (New/New). NARloy-Z undergoes a braze thermal cycle and age (BTCA) heat treatment for its application, and a single cooling rate within the BTCA was manipulated in this study. …
Temper Response Of A Vanadium Microalloy Steel, Bradley W. Hostetler
Temper Response Of A Vanadium Microalloy Steel, Bradley W. Hostetler
Materials Engineering
This investigation details the effect of a quench-and-temper processing treatment on the mechanical properties of a microalloy steel being considered for use as a pipeline flange. Microalloy steels are normally processed via Thermo-Mechanically Controlled Processing (TMCP) due to the increased strength from ferrite grain refinement; however, the geometry of a pipeline flange requires post processing beyond TMCP which diminishes the strengthening effect provided by TMCP. The purpose of this research project is to determine the mechanical properties produced when a vanadium microalloy steel is quenched and tempered. The two major considerations are the effect of tempering time on properties and …
In Situ Sem Solidification Study Of Ga And Egain: A Characterization Technique For Monitoring The Microstructural Evolution Of Liquid Metals, Jeremy Geovann Del Aguila
In Situ Sem Solidification Study Of Ga And Egain: A Characterization Technique For Monitoring The Microstructural Evolution Of Liquid Metals, Jeremy Geovann Del Aguila
Materials Engineering
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) video recording is used to characterize the solidification of small volumes of 99.999% pure gallium (Ga) and eutectic gallium-indium (eGaIn) under a high vacuum environment. Specimen are superheated to 55℃ using a hot plate, cast into spherical droplets, and cooled in situ by means of a Peltier cooling stage. Special attention is given to the preparation of the specimen prior to viewing because of gallium and its alloys’ nature to form an oxide layer when melted and air cooled. The oxide acts as a skin that inhibits the observation of microstructural features during solidification. Heated samples …
Comparison Of Intrusive And Non-Intrusive Methods For Corrosion Monitoring Of Fuel Processing Systems, Armando Jacob Espinoza, Thomas Conner Field
Comparison Of Intrusive And Non-Intrusive Methods For Corrosion Monitoring Of Fuel Processing Systems, Armando Jacob Espinoza, Thomas Conner Field
Materials Engineering
This presentation contains an assessment of the best overall corrosion monitoring device, intrusive or non-intrusive, for use in the petrochemical industry. Corrosion in the petrochemical industry is a large issue because it causes a deterioration of pipe integrity in fuel processing systems. A reduction of pipe wall integrity due to corrosion could result in a leak or an explosion of fuel processing lines since those systems function at high pressures. The use of corrosion monitoring systems in the petrochemical industry helps to detect early signs of corrosion prior to failure so that proper maintenance can be performed to prevent catastrophe. …
Characterization Of The 15-5 Stainless Steel Electric Discharge Machining Recast Layer, Julian R. Lohser, Rhys W. Gilmore
Characterization Of The 15-5 Stainless Steel Electric Discharge Machining Recast Layer, Julian R. Lohser, Rhys W. Gilmore
Materials Engineering
Electric discharge machining (EDM) is a non-conventional machining process that is used for tough, hard materials or materials that require no tool force. Wire EDM produces a recast layer and heat-affected zone as a result of rapid melting and quenching at the surface of the cut. A secondary machining operation has been required to remove this layer. Previous estimates of the depth of the recast layer are likely too conservative due to improvements in the technology; therefore, the goal of this study is to characterize and more accurately investigate the size of the layer. Two EDM machine parameters, voltage and …
Kinked Tensile Behavior Of Cold Worked Nitinol, Grant R. Caraway, Samuel J. Canovas
Kinked Tensile Behavior Of Cold Worked Nitinol, Grant R. Caraway, Samuel J. Canovas
Materials Engineering
To characterize the decrease in ductility caused by an induced stress concentration as a function of various levels of cold work and heat treatment, Nitinol medical guide wires with a .004″ diameter were tested using both a standard, straight tensile test and a modified, bent tensile test. The ratio of the two break loads (bent:straight) for identically processed samples was used as a proxy for measuring the ductility of the guide wires: the higher the ratio, the more ductile the sample. The average break load ratio as a function of increased cold work, decreased from 1.27 to 0.91 for the …
Effect Of Composition And Build Direction On Additively Manufactured Hastelloy X Alloys, Justin A. Spitzer, Jeffrey T. Schloetter, Sarah Zerga
Effect Of Composition And Build Direction On Additively Manufactured Hastelloy X Alloys, Justin A. Spitzer, Jeffrey T. Schloetter, Sarah Zerga
Materials Engineering
Microcracking has caused premature failure and reduction in properties in additively manufactured (AM) Hastelloy X. The purpose of this research is to meet or exceed the mechanical properties of wrought Hastelloy X by modifying the composition and build direction of Hastelloy X manufactured using Direct Metal Deposition (DMD). Tensile testing, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and metallography were performed on the samples. ANOVA was used to analyze the dependence that the properties had on build direction and composition. The nominal composition wrought samples had a yield strength of 310.1 MPa and a 60.79% Elongation. Alloy P60-X18 in a horizontal build had …
Straightening Of Investment Casting Ni-Based Superalloys, Silvia Squillaci, Janessa Cabrera
Straightening Of Investment Casting Ni-Based Superalloys, Silvia Squillaci, Janessa Cabrera
Materials Engineering
Samples belonging to four different designs of afterburner flaps, available in the as-cast, solutionized and aged conditions, underwent 4-point bend testing to fracture to investigate straightening. The average maximum load values of the second design samples in the as-cast, solutionized and aged conditions were respectively 33 kN, 29 kN and 27 kN. Regarding the fourth design samples, the average maximum load for the as-cast, solutionized and aged conditions were respectively 23 kN, 28 kN, and 25 kN. The other parameter measured during testing was the maximum extension at fracture. All as-cast samples belonging to the second design fractured at values …
Tensile Properties Of High-Strength Connecting Rod Bolts, Leland K. Lam
Tensile Properties Of High-Strength Connecting Rod Bolts, Leland K. Lam
Materials Engineering
Oliver Racing Parts (ORP) is looking to optimize the manufacturing process for high-strength connecting rod bolts. A high yield strength is desired for the bolts because deformation would result in a loss of engine performance. A high tensile strength is also necessary to prevent catastrophic failure if deformation occurs. A high ductility as a proxy for toughness is attractive for resisting crack nucleation and growth during cyclic loading. Bolts were made of MP35N, a nickel-cobalt multiphase alloy; MLX-17, a precipitation hardenable stainless steel; 8740, a low alloy steel; and H11, a chromium hot-work tool steel. The temperature of the most …