Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Engineering Commons

Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Electrical and Computer Engineering

Inter­na­tional Jour­nal of Engi­neer­ing Research (IJER)

Articles 1 - 30 of 45

Full-Text Articles in Engineering

Step-By-Step Check Response Of Pv Module Modeling Tested By Two Selected Power Reference Modules, A. M. Soliman,, K. Abdel-Aty Dec 2015

Step-By-Step Check Response Of Pv Module Modeling Tested By Two Selected Power Reference Modules, A. M. Soliman,, K. Abdel-Aty

Innovative Research Publications IRP India

Photovoltaic (PV) systems are becoming nowadays an attractive solution to overcome energy demands and pollution reduction. Several issues under research such as PV MPPT, PV Distributed generation, PV On-Grid systems, and PV off Grid systems need a modeling of PV module as an important initial step in these researches. This paper presents a mathematical model of a PV module using Matlab which this model was checked in response step by step to be guidance for researchers understanding in these areas. In the mean time, the modeling final results are compared by two different commercial reference models for verification purpose which …


Pv-Wind System With Fuel Cell & Electrolyzer, Deepa Sharma,, 2radhey Shyam Meena, Dr. D. K. .Birla Nov 2015

Pv-Wind System With Fuel Cell & Electrolyzer, Deepa Sharma,, 2radhey Shyam Meena, Dr. D. K. .Birla

Innovative Research Publications IRP India

In this paper, a detailed modeling and simulation of solar cell/ wind turbine/ fuel cell hybrid power system is developed using a novel topology to complement each other and to alleviate the effects of environmental variations. Comparing with the other sources , the renewable energy is inexhaustible and has non-pollution characteristics. The solar energy, wind power, hydraulic power and tidal energy are natural resources of the interest to generate electrical power. As the wind turbine output power varies with the wind speed and the solar cell output power varies with both the ambient temperature and radiation, a fuel cell with …


Contouring Control For A Cnc Milling Machine Driven By Direct Thrust Controlled Linear Induction Motors, Khaled N. Faris, Hala S. Khalil, Khaled S. Sakkoury Nov 2015

Contouring Control For A Cnc Milling Machine Driven By Direct Thrust Controlled Linear Induction Motors, Khaled N. Faris, Hala S. Khalil, Khaled S. Sakkoury

Innovative Research Publications IRP India

According to various advantages of linear induction motor (LIM), such as high starting thrust force, high speed operation and reduction of mechanical losses, more applications have utilized this type of motors. Direct Thrust Control (DTC) technique is considered as one of the most efficient techniques that can be used for LIM. DTC is preferable to give a fast and good dynamic thrust response. So, to improve the accuracy and robustness of contouring control for CNC machine tools, linear induction motors with a direct thrust control technique are introduced for driving these machines. An industry standard motion control system is applied …


Design And Analysis Of Automatic Car Park System With Capacity Control, Musa Mohammed Gujja, Umar Abubakar Wakta Aug 2015

Design And Analysis Of Automatic Car Park System With Capacity Control, Musa Mohammed Gujja, Umar Abubakar Wakta

Innovative Research Publications IRP India

The need for an automatic car park gate system has been in increase in recent times following the economic situation in present days. The circuit is aimed at eliminating manual operation of a car park. It incorporate the use of LM741 op-amp and CD4017 decade counter for controlling the number of vehicle that can have access to the parking premises and the circuit is fixed close to the gate with the sensor tragically located where it can sense the presence of a car. The light dependent resistor (LDR) senses both entrance and exit of the cars and this followed the …


Performance Of Discrete Wavelet Transform Based On Ofdm With Adaptive Modulation, Weaam Talaat Ali Aug 2015

Performance Of Discrete Wavelet Transform Based On Ofdm With Adaptive Modulation, Weaam Talaat Ali

Innovative Research Publications IRP India

In the mobile environments, the channel will be highly hostile at high data rate transmission. To combat with this problem, many designs were proposed and developed, such as, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) system. Adaptive modulation improves the system efficiency by matching transmission parameters to channel variations, so that, OFDM system with Adaptive modulation technique will be achieved an efficient bandwidth transmission technique in wireless fading environments. In this paper, Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) is used in OFDM system and illustrates the improvement of Bit Error Rate (BER) and throughput performances compared with used Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT). DWT with …


Distributed Efficient Channel Allocation Technique For Multi-Radio Multichannel Interference-Aware Multi-Path Routing Protocol In Wireless Mesh Networks., Shreenidhi. P. L, Puttamadappa. C Aug 2015

Distributed Efficient Channel Allocation Technique For Multi-Radio Multichannel Interference-Aware Multi-Path Routing Protocol In Wireless Mesh Networks., Shreenidhi. P. L, Puttamadappa. C

Innovative Research Publications IRP India

The major change in the wireless network standards has attracted researchers to utilize benefits of several data services in various applications. Wireless Mesh Networks which follows 802.11 standards are very best alternative to Local Area Networks and Metropolitan Area Networks. There is a need for better utilization of the 802.11 spectrum in Mesh Networks environment when transmitting data through mesh networks. Recent work shows the increase in utilization of 802.11 spectrum for wireless mesh networks. An effort has been made to design and develop a distributed, self healing, self stabilizing protocol that’s assigns channels to mesh nodes in large wireless …


Steady State Analysis Of Wind Driven Sm-Bdfig In The Super-Synchronous Range Of Operation, Mahmoud A. Saleh, Maged N. F. Nashed,, Mona N. Eskander Aug 2015

Steady State Analysis Of Wind Driven Sm-Bdfig In The Super-Synchronous Range Of Operation, Mahmoud A. Saleh, Maged N. F. Nashed,, Mona N. Eskander

Innovative Research Publications IRP India

In this paper a simplified mathematical model of a single machine brushless double fed induction generator (SM-BDFIG) connected to a variable speed wind turbine is presented. The SM-BDFIG consists of a slip ring induction machine, which is the main generator, a converter, and a battery pack mounted on the same shaft. In the supersynchronous speed range of operation, which is investigated in this research paper, the rotor voltage is rectified and used to charge the batteries. The steady state performance of the proposed generator is studied at different values of battery open circuit voltage, different values of the battery internal …


Design And Modeling Of A Novel Micro-Power Generator Based On Harvesting Omni-Directional Vibration Energy, E. Elsherbiny, M. T. Elhagry, M. S. M. Soliman, Essam Abu Elzahab Aug 2015

Design And Modeling Of A Novel Micro-Power Generator Based On Harvesting Omni-Directional Vibration Energy, E. Elsherbiny, M. T. Elhagry, M. S. M. Soliman, Essam Abu Elzahab

Innovative Research Publications IRP India

In This paper reports on the integration of several technologies to realize, by modeling and design the first twodimensional (2D) micro power generator which harvesting multi-directional vibration energy from surrounding environmental, which consists of composite cylindrical system with fixed coil and two rounded axial Neodymium permanent magnets


Power Quality Improvement By 11 Level Multilevel Inverter With Reduced Number Of Switches, P. T.Krishna Sai, Mahammad. Iliyas Aug 2015

Power Quality Improvement By 11 Level Multilevel Inverter With Reduced Number Of Switches, P. T.Krishna Sai, Mahammad. Iliyas

Innovative Research Publications IRP India

This paper deals with 11-level multilevel inverter. Almost all the drawbacks of the conventional multilevel inverters is rectified by the proposed topology. This topology uses less number of switches as compared with conventional topology, where it reduces the complexity and overall size of the system which in turn reduces the harmonics and cost of the entire system. Fewer switches will be conducting for specific time intervals so switching loss is also reduced in the proposed topology. A 11-level inverter simulation is carried with the implementation of nearest level control. The proposal is validated by extensive simulation studies.


Smart Energy Management Controller For A Micro Grid, Atef. M. Mansour, Khaled . N. Faris, Essam El-Din Aboul Zahab Jul 2015

Smart Energy Management Controller For A Micro Grid, Atef. M. Mansour, Khaled . N. Faris, Essam El-Din Aboul Zahab

Innovative Research Publications IRP India

This paper adopts a proposed energy management controller in a micro grid. This micro grid integrates both a renewable energy source and energy storage systems. Photovoltaic (PV) is adopted as a main power source, a valve regulated lead acid battery, and Super-capacitor are the energy storage system. This hybrid energy storage integrates the advantages of a high energy density of the battery and a high power density of the super-capacitor to decrease the stress on the battery and to decrease the voltage change at transient conditions. The proposed controller consists of two control units. The First unit is used for …


Design Of 8-Element Linear Array With Practical Problem Diagnosis Of Faulty Element Using Particle Swarm Optimization, Vishal Puri, Shaveta Puri Jul 2015

Design Of 8-Element Linear Array With Practical Problem Diagnosis Of Faulty Element Using Particle Swarm Optimization, Vishal Puri, Shaveta Puri

Innovative Research Publications IRP India

Design of 8 element linear array as a model set up by using IE3D setup. Satellite applications involve millions of elements Defect in an element is difficult to diagnose and require optimization approach. The paper intends to design 8 element arrays as a satellite model and making its element defective for diagnosis Particle swarm optimization technique is used for the purpose of diagnosis. Detection of defective element in a satellite antenna requires optimized approach A calibration system can be used in satellite itself but in case of any failure, calibration can also be defective. So the good solution will be …


Implementation Of Regular Linear Carry Select Adder With Binary To Excess-1 Converter, K. Bala Sindhuri Jul 2015

Implementation Of Regular Linear Carry Select Adder With Binary To Excess-1 Converter, K. Bala Sindhuri

Innovative Research Publications IRP India

Regular Linear Carry Select Adder (RCSLA) is one of the fastest adders. From the structure of RCSLA, there is scope to reduce area by using Binary to Excess-1 converter (BEC) technique. By using BEC technique in RCSLA 16, 32, 64 bit architectures have been developed and compared with Regular Linear Carry Select Adder. The modified architectures have reduced area and power with slight increase in delay. Simulation and Synthesis are carried on Xilinx ISE 12.2.The result analysis shows that the modified architectures are better than RCSLA.


Dynamic Performance Of A Single Machine Brushless Dfig During Wind Speed Variation, Mona N. Eskander, Mahmoud A. Saleh, Maged N. F. Nashed Jul 2015

Dynamic Performance Of A Single Machine Brushless Dfig During Wind Speed Variation, Mona N. Eskander, Mahmoud A. Saleh, Maged N. F. Nashed

Innovative Research Publications IRP India

In this paper, the dynamic performance of the specially-designed Single Machine Brushless Doubly-Fed Induction Generator "SM-BDFIG" coupled to variable speed wind turbine is investigated. The rotor voltage of the SM-BDFIG during super-synchronous operation is used to charge a number of batteries, connected to the rotor via a 3- phase bridge rectifier. The number of charged battery cells are changed, by parallel and series connections, according to the wind speed variation, and consequently, the rotor voltage variation. The response of the stator, rotor, and DC link voltages and currents due to wind speed variations is presented. The electromagnetic torque, the stator …


Design & Development Of Fpga Based Vme Bus Controller, Himali Patel, Poornima Talwai Jul 2015

Design & Development Of Fpga Based Vme Bus Controller, Himali Patel, Poornima Talwai

Innovative Research Publications IRP India

The VME bus interface Controller (VIC068A) is used to interface Local CPU bus and VME bus. VME Bus Controller is used in wide application areas where high reliability, good accuracy and high speed are desired to withstand industrial environment like nuclear power plant and process industries. VME Bus controller can configure as Master, Slave, Interrupt Handler, arbiter as well as power monitor. Commercial VME Bus interface controller chips are available from a few vendors and are very expensive. As time goes VME Bus Controller Chips become absolute and vendor support will not be provided. To solve part obsolescence problem and …


Accident Prevention By Eye Blinking Sensor And Alcohol Detector, Deepa K. B, Chaitra M, Ankit Kumar Sharma, Sreedhar V. S, Prashanth Kumar H.K Jul 2015

Accident Prevention By Eye Blinking Sensor And Alcohol Detector, Deepa K. B, Chaitra M, Ankit Kumar Sharma, Sreedhar V. S, Prashanth Kumar H.K

Innovative Research Publications IRP India

This system provides a unique method to curb drunken and drowsy people. This system has an alcohol sensor and eye blinking sensor embedded in the vehicles. Whenever the driver start vehicle, the sensors senses the eye blink and measures the content of alcohol in his breathe and automatically sends the signal to buzzer, gsm and lcd. In this system the outputs of sensors are given to the microcontroller for comparison. If the value reaches to fixed limit then automatically gsm will send the sms, buzzer will produces sound and lcd will display the message.


Performance Comparison Of Bpso And Bfo Algorithms Of Pts Technique Used For Papr Reduction In Mc-Cdma, Innovative Research Publications Irp India, Er.D.P Chechi Jun 2015

Performance Comparison Of Bpso And Bfo Algorithms Of Pts Technique Used For Papr Reduction In Mc-Cdma, Innovative Research Publications Irp India, Er.D.P Chechi

Innovative Research Publications IRP India

PAPR reduce the efficiency of system in MC-CDMA so we have to use PTS to recover from this. In this paper, Partial Transmit Sequence technique is used, which uses suboptimal algorithms & their performances are compared. For their performance evaluating PAPR reduction scheme is CCDF of the PAPR of transmitted continuous time signal. BPSO has better PAPR reduction capability than BFO Algorithm on the basis of performances using different modulation schemes


Modeling And Simulation Of Ldmos Device, Innovative Research Publications Irp India, Sunitha Hd, Keshaveni N Jun 2015

Modeling And Simulation Of Ldmos Device, Innovative Research Publications Irp India, Sunitha Hd, Keshaveni N

Innovative Research Publications IRP India

Laterally Diffused MOSFET (LDMOS) are widely used in modern communication industry and other applications. LDMOS offers various advantages over conventional MOSFETs with little process change. In the present paper, an LDMOS device is modeled and simulated in SILVACO device simulator package using the ATHENA and ATLAS modules. The complete fabrication process is modeled and the device performance is simulated. The modeled device gives a 46 V breakdown voltage for a device gate length of 5µm. The device threshold voltage is 0.97V. The device characteristic are also simulated and presented


Selective Harmonic Elimination Pwm Technique Implementation For A Multilevel Converter, Innovative Research Publications Irp India, Dilip Kumar N, Puneet Kaur Jun 2015

Selective Harmonic Elimination Pwm Technique Implementation For A Multilevel Converter, Innovative Research Publications Irp India, Dilip Kumar N, Puneet Kaur

Innovative Research Publications IRP India

This paper presents the selective harmonic elimination technique implementation for hybrid seven-level cascaded multilevel converter. The converter configuration is the cascaded connection of a three-level Active neutral-pointclamped (ANPC) converter and an H-bridge per phase, thus forming a hybrid seven-level multilevel converter. The converter is operated by maintaining the switching frequency of a converter to a minimum value using selective harmonic elimination pulse width modulation (SHE-PWM). Analysis of the topology operated under SHE-PWM is presented on the basis of simulation results obtained from MATLAB/SIMULINK.


Comparision Of Perturb And Observer And Incremental Conductance Mppt Based Solar Tracking System, Innovative Research Publications Irp India, Nilam Rajendra Deshmukh May 2015

Comparision Of Perturb And Observer And Incremental Conductance Mppt Based Solar Tracking System, Innovative Research Publications Irp India, Nilam Rajendra Deshmukh

Innovative Research Publications IRP India

This paper presents a detailed analysis of the two most well-known hill-climbing maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms: the perturb-and-observe (P&O) and incremental conductance (INC). The purpose of the analysis is to clarify some common misconceptions in the literature regarding these two trackers, therefore helping the selection process of MPPT


Arduino-Based Food And Water Dispenser For Pets With Gsm Technology Control, Innovative Research Publications Irp India, Angelo A. Beltran Jr., Allen Rei Clavero, John Mark B. De Vera, Paul Avry P. Lopez, Cyrus A. Mueca, Napoleon A. Pempeña Ix, Adrian Zhaniel D. Roxas Apr 2015

Arduino-Based Food And Water Dispenser For Pets With Gsm Technology Control, Innovative Research Publications Irp India, Angelo A. Beltran Jr., Allen Rei Clavero, John Mark B. De Vera, Paul Avry P. Lopez, Cyrus A. Mueca, Napoleon A. Pempeña Ix, Adrian Zhaniel D. Roxas

Innovative Research Publications IRP India

This paper presents a project design for which the pet owner can feed his own pet even without his presence by just sending a text message to the system through his cellular phone. The system uses the concept of GSM technology to receive signal from the owner. If the system received the message, the servo motor and solenoid valve will be activated. The servo motor will rotate that will serve as the food transportation and the solenoid valve will be opened for the water to freely flow. Once the feeding is already done, the owner will receive a text message …


Modeling And Simulation For Hybrid Of Pv-Wind System, Innovative Research Publications Irp India, Abeer A. M. El-Hady, Shawky H. Arafa, Maged N. F. Nashed, Salah G. Ramadan Apr 2015

Modeling And Simulation For Hybrid Of Pv-Wind System, Innovative Research Publications Irp India, Abeer A. M. El-Hady, Shawky H. Arafa, Maged N. F. Nashed, Salah G. Ramadan

Innovative Research Publications IRP India

The rising consumption rate of fossil fuels causes a significant pollution impact on the atmosphere, unwanted greenhouse gases has drawn worldwide attention towards renewable energy sources. Moreover, in recent year’s generation of electricity using the different types of renewable sources are specifically evaluated in the economical performance of the overall equipment. This paper focuses on the modeling and analysis of a Standalone Photovoltaic (PV)- wind energy hybrid generation system under different conditions using MATLAB. The proposed system consists of two renewable sources i.e. wind and solar energy. Modeling of PV array and wind turbine is explained. The wind subsystem is …


Practical Approach On Lightning And Grounding Protection System, Innovative Research Publications Irp India, Shan Jose Varghese Apr 2015

Practical Approach On Lightning And Grounding Protection System, Innovative Research Publications Irp India, Shan Jose Varghese

Innovative Research Publications IRP India

Lightning Protection and Grounding of Electrical and Mechanical equipment’s for the Protection of the Human Beings, Structure of the building and equipment protection, safe working of the Worker at Industry as per my latest practical knowledge in the site environment in extreme climatic condition of low lying areas of the Gulf Region in the challenging projects. All the conductor calculation, Lightning Risk Factor calculations, all the system information regarding the level of protection required for site are mentioned in this paper. Lightning, Electrical and Mechanical Equipment surge protection is the one of the major complicated protection in the World as …


Hiding Of Speech Based On Chaotic Steganography And Cryptography Techniques, Innovative Research Publications Irp India, Abbas Salman Hameed Apr 2015

Hiding Of Speech Based On Chaotic Steganography And Cryptography Techniques, Innovative Research Publications Irp India, Abbas Salman Hameed

Innovative Research Publications IRP India

The technique of embedding secret information into cover media, like image, video, audio and text called Steganography, so that only the sender and the authorized recipient who have a key can detect the presence of secret information. In this paper Steganography and Cryptography techniques of speech present with Chaos. Fractional order Lorenz and Chua systems that provides an expanded in key space are used to encrypt speech message. The large key space addition to all properties of randomness and nonlinearity which are possessed these chaotic systems ensure a highly robustness and security for cryptography process. As well as Modified Android …


Statistical Analysis Of The Performance Of Solar Photovoltaic Module With The Influence Of Different Meteorological Parameters In Tripura, India., Innovative Research Publications Irp India, T. Bhattacharya, A. K. Chakraborty, K. Pal Mar 2015

Statistical Analysis Of The Performance Of Solar Photovoltaic Module With The Influence Of Different Meteorological Parameters In Tripura, India., Innovative Research Publications Irp India, T. Bhattacharya, A. K. Chakraborty, K. Pal

Innovative Research Publications IRP India

An equation has been developed to measure the efficiency of PV module instantly, if the climatic parameters of the area are known. The measured and calculated values of efficiency are verified to check the percentage error between them. It is observed that developed equation has very correlation with the measured values.


Influence Of Environmental Dust On The Operating Characteristics Of The Solar Pv Module In Tripura, India, Innovative Research Publications Irp India, T. Bhattacharya, A. K. Chakraborty, K. Pal Mar 2015

Influence Of Environmental Dust On The Operating Characteristics Of The Solar Pv Module In Tripura, India, Innovative Research Publications Irp India, T. Bhattacharya, A. K. Chakraborty, K. Pal

Innovative Research Publications IRP India

The production of PV power depends on different meteorological parameters. Accumulation of dust is one of the factor which reduces the output power. The recent study was done in Tripura, India and there is maximum of 13% and minimum of 9% reduction in efficiency has been observed during the period of experiment


A Stand Alone Robust Pv-Fc-Eletrolyzer Utilization Scheme, Innovative Research Publications Irp India, Maged N. F. Nashed Mona Eskander, Adel M Sharaf ,Life Mar 2015

A Stand Alone Robust Pv-Fc-Eletrolyzer Utilization Scheme, Innovative Research Publications Irp India, Maged N. F. Nashed Mona Eskander, Adel M Sharaf ,Life

Innovative Research Publications IRP India

A stand-alone efficient robust photovoltaic (PV)- Electrolyzer Scheme using a PV-Array, a DC-DC buck-boost converter, an Electrolyzer, a hydrogen tank, and an additional Fuel Cell (FC) stack feeding an standalone autonomous load is investigated and validated for efficient energy utilization, voltage stabilization and maximum power point tracking (MPPT) of the PV array under different insolation and temperature variations. The DC-DC Converter by controlled to ensure stable regulated operation. The PV generated power is used to electrolyze water to Hydrogen H2 and Oxygen O2, where hydrogen is stored in a suitably sized tank to be used later for the PEM-Proton Exchange …


Fundamentals And Applications Of Transducers Technology And Sensors In Measuring Methodology, Innovative Research Publications Irp India, Nwosu, A.W., Eke, V.O.C. Mar 2015

Fundamentals And Applications Of Transducers Technology And Sensors In Measuring Methodology, Innovative Research Publications Irp India, Nwosu, A.W., Eke, V.O.C.

Innovative Research Publications IRP India

This paper deals on fundamentals and application of transducer technology and sensors in measuring techniques. Emphasis are laid on the principles of sensors and transducer technology, its application in measurement and their significance in data acquisition for micro-computer data based machine or automatic control systems .More so, the discussion exclusively appended improved applications of technology, expect and remote control systems.


Reduction Of Papr Through Pts Technique In Mc-Cdma, Innovative Research Publications Irp India, Rubina, Er.D.P Chechi Mar 2015

Reduction Of Papr Through Pts Technique In Mc-Cdma, Innovative Research Publications Irp India, Rubina, Er.D.P Chechi

Innovative Research Publications IRP India

The most favorable technique for high speed data transmission is Multicarrier Code Division Multiple Access. The MC-CDMA signals, which are characterized through PAPR, which can reduce the efficiency of the system. In this paper, we have to reduce the PAPR of an MC-CDMA system using PTS (Partial Transmit Sequence) through suboptimal combination algorithms (BPSO&BFO), which uses binary phase factors, for different number of subcarriers and for different length of sub blocks of PTS.


Interference Free Window (Ifw) In Las Cdma System And Comparison With Traditional Cdma, Innovative Research Publications Irp India, Neha Arora, Er. D. P. Chechi Feb 2015

Interference Free Window (Ifw) In Las Cdma System And Comparison With Traditional Cdma, Innovative Research Publications Irp India, Neha Arora, Er. D. P. Chechi

Innovative Research Publications IRP India

Large area synchronous code-division multiple access (LAS-CDMA) is a proposed fourth generation cellular standard. The feature that distinguishes LAS-CDMA from traditional CDMA is the new set of codes used to separate users. LAS code has zero cross-correlation in the “Zero Interference Window” and has only an impulse autocorrelation in the “Zero Interference Window”. These excellent features of the technique help to eliminate interference and give better performance


A New-High Speed-Low Power-Carry Select Adder Using Modified Gdi Technique, Innovative Research Publications Irp India, M. Anitha, J.Princy Joice, Rexlin Sheeba.I Feb 2015

A New-High Speed-Low Power-Carry Select Adder Using Modified Gdi Technique, Innovative Research Publications Irp India, M. Anitha, J.Princy Joice, Rexlin Sheeba.I

Innovative Research Publications IRP India

Adders are of fundamental importance in a wide variety of digital systems.This paper presents a novel bit block structure which computes propagate signals as carry strength. Power consumption is one of the most significant parameters of carry select adder.The proposed method aims on GDI(Gate Diffusion Input) Technique.Modified GDI is a novel technique for low power digital circuits design further to reduce the swing degradation problem.This techniques allows reduction in power consumption,carry propagation delay and transistor count of the carry select adder.This technique can be used to reduce the number of transistors compared to conventional CSLA and made comparison with known …