Engineering Commons^™

Strategies To Mitigate Electrostatic Charging During Coffee Grinding, Joshua Méndez Harper, Robin E. Bumbaugh, Christopher H. Hendon

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

Summary: Coffee grinding generates electrostatically charged particles, causing clumping, spark discharge, and beyond. When brewing, the particle aggregates affect liquid-solid surface accessibility, leading to variable extraction quality. Here, we study four charge mitigation strategies. De-electrification is readily achieved by adding small amounts of water to whole beans or by bombarding the grounds with ions produced from a high-voltage ionizer. While these techniques helped reduce visible mess, only water inclusion was found to impact coffee extracts prepared as espresso. Wetting whole beans with less than 0.05 mL/g resulted in a marked shift in particle size distribution, by preventing clump formation and …

A Configurable Real-Time Event Detection Framework For Power Systems Using Swarm Intelligence Optimization, Umar Farooq, Midrar Adham, Mohammed Alsaid, Robert B. Bass

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

Power system balancing authorities are routinely affected by sudden frequency fluctuations. These frequency events can take the form of negligible frequency deviations or more severe emergencies that can precipitate cascading outages, depending on the severity of the disturbance and efficacy of remedial action schema. It is imperative to arrest such disturbances quickly by activating primary frequency control measures. This manuscript proposes a configurable event detection framework using optimization methods to tune a detection algorithm to detect events as specified by experts from a Balancing Authority. The utility of the detection framework is demonstrated using a regression-based frequency event detection algorithm …

Extended Time, Elevated Expectations: The Unappreciated Downsides Of Pausing The Tenure Clock, Maria A. Holland, Katharina Maisel, Carolyn B. Ibberson, Laura K. Wiley, David C. Burnett, Emily M. Mace, Mary Williard Elting

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

In 1971, Stanford became the first university to introduce tenure clock extensions in academia for new mothers. The American Association of University Professors (AAUP) began recommending such policies a few years later, and in 2001, modified their recommendation to include primary or coequal caregivers, following either the birth or adoption of a child (1). By 2004, 43% of 255 surveyed institutions had formal clock-stop policies...

Mmwave Tx-Rx Self-Interference Suppression Through A High Impedance Surface Stacked Ebg, Adewale K. Oladeinde, Ehsan Aryafar, Branimir Pejcinovic

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

This paper proposes a full-duplex (FD) antenna design with passive self-interference (SI) suppression for the 28 GHz mmWave band. The reduction in SI is achieved through the design of a novel configuration of stacked Electromagnetic Band Gap structures (EBGs), which create a high impedance path to travelling electromagnetic waves between the transmit and receive antenna elements. The EBG is composed of stacked patches on layers 1 and 2 of a four-layer stack-up configuration. We present the design, optimization, and prototyping of unit antenna elements, stacked EBGs, and integration of stacked EBGs with antenna elements. We also evaluate the design through …

Supercomputers And Quantum Computing On The Axis Of Cyber Security, Haydar Yalcin, Tugrul Daim, Mahdieh Mokhtari Moughari, Alain Mermoud

Engineering and Technology Management Faculty Publications and Presentations

Cybersecurity has become a very critical area to address for governments, industry and the academic community. Cyber attacks are on the rise so is research to address the challenges presented by these attacks. Research yields several technological advancements. This paper explores the development of quantum computing and supercomputers within the context of cybersecurity. As many governments and organizations are under the threat of cyber-attacks, it is critical and timely to explore the status of technological development. We use advanced scientometric techniques to disclose the development status and identify the centers of excellence. The research uses bibliometric data of published papers …

Trust Model Measurements For The Energy Grid Of Things, N. Sonali Fernando, John M. Acken, Robert Bass

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

Information security is essential for the reliable operation of an Energy Grid of Things (EGoT). In addition to basic information security protocols as defined by published standards, there is a need for a monitoring function that measures the trustworthiness of the various actors participating in an EGoT. We describe in this paper the implementation and evaluation of a Distributed Trust Model that was developed specifically for monitoring communication within an EGoT. We then show how the model parameters are set using statistical measures for hypothesis testing.

Meso-Scale Seabed Quantification With Geoacoustic Inversion, Tim Sonnemann, Jan Dettmer, Charles W. Holland, Stan E. Dosso

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

Abstract Knowledge of sub-seabed geoacoustic properties, for example depth dependent sound speed and porosity, is of importance for a variety of applications. Here, we present a semi-automated geoacoustic inversion method for autonomous underwater vehicle data that objectively adapts model inference to seabed structure. Through parallelized trans-dimensional Bayesian inference, we infer seabed properties along a 12 km survey track on the scale of about 10 cm and 50 m in the vertical and horizontal, respectively. The inferred seabed properties include sound speed, attenuation, density, and porosity as a function of depth from acoustic reflection coefficient data. Parameter uncertainties are quantified, and …

An Introduction To Nanomaterials For Nanopackaging, James E. Morris

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

The multiple purposes of an electronics “package” include the provision of mechanical support to the silicon chip, for example, and protection from the environment, the delivery of power in and the facilitation of heat out, and the reliable input and output of information signals, whether electrical or optical. In the age of heterogeneous integration, this includes the internal conversion of signal modes between multiple technologies within the package, while maintaining the traditional requirement of reliable information transmission between packages, e.g., on a traditional circuit board. This article presents some selected examples of nanopackaging, i.e., the application of nanotechnologies, (nanoparticles, carbon …

Source Level Of Wind-Generated Ambient Sound In The Oceana, N. Ross Chapman, Michael Ainslie, Martin Siderius

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

Inference of source levels for ambient ocean sound from local wind at the sea surface requires an assumption about the nature of the sound source. Depending upon the assumptions made about the nature of the sound source, whether monopole or dipole distributions, the estimated source levels from different research groups are different by several decibels over the frequency band 10–350 Hz. This paper revisits the research issues of source level of local wind-generated sound and shows that the differences in estimated source levels can be understood through a simple analysis of the source assumptions.

Analysis Of Countermeasures Against Remote And Local Power Side Channel Attacks Using Correlation Power Analysis, Aurelien Tchoupou Mozipo, John M. Acken

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

Countermeasures and deterrents to power side-channel attacks targeting the alteration or scrambling of the power delivery network have been shown to be effective against local attacks where the malicious agent has physical access to the target system. However, remote attacks that capture the leaked information from within the IC power grid are shown herein to be nonetheless effective at uncovering the secret key in the presence of these countermeasures/deterrents. Theoretical studies and experimental analysis are carried out to define and quantify the impact of integrated voltage regulators, voltage noise injection, and integration of on-package decoupling capacitors for both remote and …

Energy-Efficient Neuromorphic Architectures For Nuclear Radiation Detection Applications, Jorge I. Canales-Verdial, Jamison R. Wagner, Landon A. Schmucker, Mark Wetzel, Nathan J. Withers, Philippe Erol Proctor, Christof Teuscher, Multiple Additional Authors

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

A comprehensive analysis and simulation of two memristor-based neuromorphic architectures for nuclear radiation detection is presented. Both scalable architectures retrofit a locally competitive algorithm to solve overcomplete sparse approximation problems by harnessing memristor crossbar execution of vector–matrix multiplications. The proposed systems demonstrate excellent accuracy and throughput while consuming minimal energy for radionuclide detection. To ensure that the simulation results of our proposed hardware are realistic, the memristor parameters are chosen from our own fabricated memristor devices. Based on these results, we conclude that memristor-based computing is the preeminent technology for a radiation detection platform.

A Time Synchronized Multi-Hop Mesh Network With Crystal-Free Nodes, Filip Maksimovic, Austin Patel, David C. Burnett, Thomas Watteyne, Kristofer S.J. Pister

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

In this work we propose and demonstrate a protocol for a time synchronized channel hopping mesh network for wireless transceivers that use exclusively imprecise and inaccurate on-chip oscillators. This protocol is built on an IEEE 802.15.4 physical layer radio that enables interoperability with protocols such as 6TiSCH or Thread. A calibration-bootstrapped multi-hop mesh network is demonstrated with a single crystal-enabled node acting as the root. The protocol is designed to create a multi-hop mesh while compensating noisy and drifting oscillators and timers. With a 4 s synchronization period, an experimental implementation of the network maintains, in the worst case, 1.8 …

Energy Services Interface (Doe-Psu-0000922-1), Robert B. Bass

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

This document defines a set of rules known as the Energy Services Interface (ESI), which “establish a bi-directional, service-oriented, logical interface to support secure, trustworthy information exchange between an aggregator and distributed energy resources (DERs). These exchanges facilitate energy interactions between the DERs and the aggregator, thereby allowing the aggregator to provide grid services through dispatch of the DERs.” The ESI serves as an umbrella, ensuring the information exchange between an aggregator and DER owners conforms to expectations: protect privacy, provide security, develop trustworthiness, and ensure interoperability. DERMS developers use the ESI to ensure that information exchange meets these expectations.

Product Specification: Distributed Control Module (Doe-Psu-0000922-5), Nicole Henderson, Kai Zeng, Robert B. Bass

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

This product specification describes the architecture, implementation, and hardware descriptions of a Distributed Control Module (DCM) prototype. A DCM is an enabling technology for distributed energy resources (DER). DERs are grid-enabled generation, storage, and load devices that are owned by utility customers. DCMs enable information exchange between a distributed energy resource management system (DERMS) and DERs for the purpose of networking large numbers of DERs. The DCM prototype described within this document enables DER participation in a service-oriented aggregation system. A DERMS server provides IEEE 2030.5 smart energy resource services to DCM clients using a request/response information exchange process. DCMs …

Implementation Profile: Egot Derms Server/Client System (Doe-Psu-0000922-2), Tylor Slay, Robert B. Bass

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

This implementation profile (IP) provides the scope and requirements necessary to implement a distributed energy resource management system (DERMS), which networks large numbers of DER within an energy grid of things (EGoT). This document originated as part of a U.S. DOE-funded project to develop a DERMS based on a set of rules known as the Energy Services Interface (ESI). The ESI serves as an umbrella, ensuring the information exchange between an aggregator and DER owners conforms to expectations: protect privacy, provide security, develop trustworthiness, and ensure interoperability. DERMS developers use the ESI to ensure that information exchange meets these expectations. …

Implementation Profile: Modeling Environment (Doe-Psu-0000922-3), Sean Keene, Midrar Adham, Robert B. Bass

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

This implementation profile provides the scope, background, and requirements necessary to implement a Modeling Environment (ME) to test a Distributed Energy Resource (DER) Management System (DERMS). A DERMS is used by an aggregator to dispatch large numbers of DERs in order to provide grid services to a Grid Operator. The ME addresses scalability issues inherent to Hardware-in-the-Loop DERMS simulation; a large number of assets are needed in order to observe effects on the grid from deployment and dispatch of DERs.

Psu Derms Operating Manual And Egot System Reference (Doe-Psu-0000922-7), Tylor Slay, Robert B. Bass

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

This document guides the user of the Portland State University Distributed Energy Resource Management System in configuration and normal operation. For direct access to the underlying code and its usage see the accompanying PSU EGoT System Reference. The system reference outlines all classes and methods used through the Energy Grid of Things system including applications, models, interfaces and the entity component system.

Product Specification: Distributed Trust Model System (Doe-Psu-0000922-4), Narmada Sonali Fernando, Abdullah Barghouti, Robert B. Bass, John M. Acken

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

A Distributed Trust Model (DTM) System is a supervisory component within an energy grid of things. The role of a DTM System is to implement the trust aspects of an energy services interface. The DTM System augments existing security measures by monitoring the communication between the various EGoT System actors and quantifying metrics of trust of each actor.

Moisture-Controlled Triboelectrification During Coffee Grinding, Joshua Méndez Harper, Yong-Hyun Kim, Robin E. Bumbaugh, Connor S. Mcdonald, Christopher H. Hendon, Elana J. Cope, Leif E. Lindberg, Justin Pham, Multiple Additional Authors

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

Triboelectrification is the physical process where materials acquire surface charge from frictional interactions at their interfaces.The magnitude of charge depends on the interfacial material composition and can be harnessed in emergent technologies for energy generation.

The mechanism of electrostatic accumulation is complex and is further obscured in granular materials where collisions are sufficiently energetic to cause fracturing. In this “fractoelectric” regime, crack initiation and propagation are thought to charge particles through transfer of electrons and/or ions at the hot crack interface.

Whether a material’s charging is dominated by tribo- or fractoelectrification, fracture-generated granular flows often comprise particles whose surface charge …

Psu Esi Review (Doe-Psu-0000922-6), Tylor Slay, Jaime Kolln, Robert B. Bass

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

A guide to developing an Energy Service Interface (ESI) was created as part of the Grid Modernization Laboratory Consortium 2.5.2 ESI project. The approach applies device-agnostic and service-oriented ESI principles and leverages documents such as the Interoperability Maturity Model and Common Grid Service Definitions to provide a methodology to review, develop, and update standards and profiles to engage distributed energy resources to provide grid services. This document evaluates the ESI developed by Portland State University’s Power Engineering Group under the Electric Grid of Things project funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The evaluation explores the compliance of this specific …

Trust Model Utilization For Energy Grid Communication, N. Sonali Fernando, John M. Acken, Robert B. Bass

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

The internet information that is used by the Energy Grid of Things requires both preventative security measures as well as surveillance measures. The preventative security measures include certificates, encryption, and all of the basic security protocols as defined by published standards. The surveillance measures include monitoring information flow activities and evaluating these messages for indications of potential security attacks. We describe in this paper the utilization of a Distributed Trust Model that was developed specifically for monitoring communication within an Energy Grid of Things. The goal for the Distributed Trust Models is to provide a level of aggregate trust that …

Material And Physical Reservoir Computing For Beyond Cmos Electronics: Quo Vadis?, Christof Teuscher

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

Traditional computing is based on an engineering approach that imposes logical states and a computational model upon a physical substrate. Physical or material computing, on the other hand, harnesses and exploits the inherent, naturally-occurring properties of a physical substrate to perform a computation. To do so, reservoir computing is often used as a computing paradigm. In this review and position paper, we take stock of where the field currently stands, delineate opportunities and challenges for future research, and outline steps on how to get material reservoir to the next level. The findings are relevant for beyond CMOS and beyond von …

Chemical Strategies To Mitigate Electrostatic Charging During Coffee Grinding, Joshua Méndez Harper, Christopher H. Hendon

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

The process of grinding coffee generates particles with high levels of electrostatic charge, causing a number of detrimental effects including clumping, particle dispersal, and spark discharge. At the brewing level, electrostatic aggregation between particles affects liquid-solid accessibility, leading to variable extraction quality. In this study, we quantify the effectiveness of four charge mitigation strategies. Our data suggests that adding small amounts of water to whole beans pre-grinding, or bombarding the grounds with ions produced from a high-voltage ionizer, are capable of de-electrifying the granular flows. While these techniques helped reduce visible mess, only the static reduction through water inclusion was …

Quantum Algorithms For Unate And Binate Covering Problems With Application To Finite State Machine Minimization, Abdirahman Alasow, Marek Perkowski

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

Covering problems find applications in many areas of computer science and engineering, such that numerous combinatorial problems can be formulated as covering problems. Combinatorial optimization problems are generally NPhard problems that require an extensive search to find the optimal solution. Exploiting the benefits of quantum computing, we present a quantum oracle design for covering problems, taking advantage of Grover’s search algorithm to achieve quadratic speedup. This paper also discusses applications of the quantum counter in unate covering problems and binate covering problems with some important practical applications, such as finding prime implicants of a Boolean function, implication graphs, and minimization …

Quantitative Gait And Balance Outcomes For Ataxia Trials: Consensus Recommendations By The Ataxia Global Initiative Working Group On Digital-Motor Biomarkers, Winfried Ilg, Sarah Milne, Tanja Schmitz-Hübsch, Lisa Alcock, Lukas Beichert, Enrico Bertini, Helen Dawes, Christopher M. Gomez, James Mcnames, Multiple Additional Authors

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

With disease-modifying drugs on the horizon for degenerative ataxias, ecologically valid, finely granulated, digital health measures are highly warranted to augment clinical and patient-reported outcome measures. Gait and balance disturbances most often present as the first signs of degenerative cerebellar ataxia and are the most reported disabling features in disease progression. Thus, digital gait and balance measures constitute promising and relevant performance outcomes for clinical trials.

This narrative review with embedded consensus will describe evidence for the sensitivity of digital gait and balance measures for evaluating ataxia severity and progression, propose a consensus protocol for establishing gait and balance metrics …

Depth And Frequency Dependence Of Geoacoustic Properties On The New England Mud Patch From Reflection Coefficient Inversion, Jiang Yong-Min, Charles W. Holland, Stan E. Dosso, Jan Dettmer

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

Muddy sediments cover significant portions of continental shelves, but their physical properties remain poorly understood compared to sandy sediments. This paper presents a generally applicable model for sediment-column structure and variability on the New England Mud Patch (NEMP), based on trans-dimensional Bayesian inversion of wide-angle, broadband reflection-coefficient data in this work and in two previously published reflection-coefficient inversions at different sites on the NEMP. The data considered here include higher frequencies and larger bandwidth and cover lower reflection grazing angles than the previous studies, hence, resulting in geoacoustic profiles with significantly better structural resolution and smaller uncertainties. The general sediment-column …

Optimally Distributed Receiver Placements Versus An Environmentally Aware Source: New England Shelf Break Acoustics Signals And Noise Experiment, William K. Stevens, Martin Siderius, Matthew J. Carrier, Drew Wendeborn

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

This article describes the results of the Spring of 2021 New England Shelf Break Acoustics (NESBA) Signals and Noise experiment as they pertain to the optimization of a field of passive receivers versus an environmentally aware source with end-state goals. A discrete optimization has been designed and used to demonstrate providing an acoustic system operator with actionable guidance relating to optimally distributed receiver locations and depths and likely mean source detection times and associated uncertainties as a function of source and receiver levels of environmental awareness. The uncertainties considered here are those due to the imperfect spatial and temporal sensing …

Modeling And Validating Temporal Rules With Semantic Petri Net For Digital Twins, Han Liu, Xiaoyu Song, Ge Gao, Hehua Zhang, Yu-Shen Liu, Ming Gu

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

Semantic rule checking on RDFS/OWL data has been widely used in the construction industry. At present, semantic rule checking is mainly performed on static models. There are still challenges in integrating temporal models and semantic models for combined rule checking. In this paper, Semantic Petri-Net (SPN) is proposed as a novel temporal modeling and validating method, which implements the states and transitions of the Colored Petri-Net directly based on RDFS and SPARQL, and realizes two-way sharing of knowledge between domain semantic webs and temporal models in the runtime. Several cases are provided to demonstrate the possible applications in digital twins …

Lift Force Analysis For An Electrodynamic Wheel Maglev Vehicle, Colton W. Bruce, Jonathan Bird, Matthew K. Grubbs

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

This paper used an analytic based 3-D second order vector potential model to study the vertical dynamic force ripple and dynamic airgap height change when using a one pole-pair electrodynamic wheel (EDW) maglev vehicle. A one-pole pair EDW creates the lowest lift specific power; however transient finite element analysis (FEA) also shows that the one pole-pair EDW will create a large oscillating vertical force when maintaining a static airgap height. A dynamically coupled eddy current model was used to confirm that when the airgap length is allowed to change with time then an increase in vertical airgap creates a large …

Distributed Deep Learning Optimization Of Heat Equation Inverse Problem Solvers, Zhuowei Wang, Le Yang, Haoran Lin, Genping Zhao, Zixuan Liu, Xiaoyu Song

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

The inversion problem of partial differential equation plays a crucial role in cyber-physical systems applications. This paper presents a novel deep learning optimization approach to constructing a solver of heat equation inversion. To improve the computational efficiency in large-scale industrial applications, data and model parallelisms are incorporated on a platform of multiple GPUs. The advanced Ring-AllReduce architecture is harnessed to achieve an acceleration ratio of 3.46. Then a new multi-GPUs distributed optimization method GradReduce is proposed based on Ring-AllReduce architecture. This method optimizes the original data communication mechanism based on mechanical time and frequency by introducing the gradient transmission scheme …