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Articles 151 - 180 of 185
Full-Text Articles in Engineering
Encapsulation And Extended Release Of Anti-Cancer Anastrozole By Stealth Nanoparticles, Kumkum Sarkar, Hu Yang
Encapsulation And Extended Release Of Anti-Cancer Anastrozole By Stealth Nanoparticles, Kumkum Sarkar, Hu Yang
Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
To improve delivery efficiency of anastrozole, we applied dendrimer-based stealth nanoparticles to encapsulate anastrozole to formulate stealth anastrozole nanoparticles. This work demonstrated that stealth nanoparticles composed of a PAMAM dendrimers core and a PEG layer could encapsulate anastrozole, hence causing improved water solubility of anastrozole. Anastrozole encapsulation depended on concentration of stealth nanoparticles and generation of dendrimer. The extended release of anastrozole was achieved. We envisioned that this highly structurally adaptable stealth nanoparticle could be further biofunctionalized to construct a targeted therapeutic delivery system for breast cancer treatment.
The Processing, Mechanical Properties And Bioactivity Of Strontium Based Glass Polyalkenoate Cements, Anthony Wren, Daniel Boyd, Mark R. Towler
The Processing, Mechanical Properties And Bioactivity Of Strontium Based Glass Polyalkenoate Cements, Anthony Wren, Daniel Boyd, Mark R. Towler
Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
The suitability of zinc-based glass polyalkenoate cements (GPCs) for use in orthopaedics can be improved by the substitution of strontium into the glass phase which should impart improved radiopacity and bone forming properties to the cements without retarding strength. The purpose of this research was to produce novel GPCs based on calcium-strontium-zinc-silicate glasses and to evaluate their mechanical properties and biocompatibility with the ultimate objective of developing a new range of cements for skeletal applications. Three glass compositions, based on incremental substitutions of strontium for calcium, were synthesized; BT100 (0.16CaO, 0.36ZnO, 0.48SiO2), BT101 (0.04SrO, 0.12CaO, 0.36ZnO, 0.48SiO2 …
Comparison Of An Experimental Bone Cement With Surgical Simplex® P, Spineplex® And Cortoss®, D. Boyd, Mark R. Towler, A. Wren, O. M. Clarkin
Comparison Of An Experimental Bone Cement With Surgical Simplex® P, Spineplex® And Cortoss®, D. Boyd, Mark R. Towler, A. Wren, O. M. Clarkin
Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
Conventional polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) cements and more recently Bisphenol-a-glycidyl dimethacrylate (BIS-GMA) composite cements are employed in procedures such as vertebroplasty. Unfortunately, such materials have inherent drawbacks including, a high curing exotherm, the incorporation of toxic components in their formulations, and critically, exhibit a modulus mismatch between cement and bone. The literature suggests that aluminum free, zinc-based glass polyalkenoate cements (Zn-GPC) may be suitable alternative materials for consideration in such applications as vertebroplasty. This paper examines one formulation of Zn-GPC and compares its strengths, modulus, and biocompatibility with three commercially available bone cements, Spineplex®, Simplex® P and Cortoss®. The setting times indicate …
The Role Of Sr²⁺ On The Structure And Reactivity Of Sro-Cao-Zno-Sio2 Ionomer Glasses, Daniel Boyd, Mark R. Towler, Sally Watts, Robert G. Hill, Anthony W. Wren, Owen M. Clarkin
The Role Of Sr²⁺ On The Structure And Reactivity Of Sro-Cao-Zno-Sio2 Ionomer Glasses, Daniel Boyd, Mark R. Towler, Sally Watts, Robert G. Hill, Anthony W. Wren, Owen M. Clarkin
Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
The suitability of Glass Polyalkenoate Cements (GPCs) for use in orthopaedics is retarded by the presence in the glass phase of aluminum, a neurotoxin. Unfortunately, the aluminum ion plays an integral role in the setting process of GPCs and its absence is likely to hinder cement formation. However, the authors have previously shown that aluminum free GPCs may be formulated based on calcium zinc silicate glasses and these novel materials exhibit significant potential as hard tissue biomaterials. To further improve their potential and given that Strontium (Sr) based drugs have had success in the treatment of osteoporosis, the authors have …
Tem Analysis Of Apatite Surface Layers Observed On Zinc Based Glass Polyalkenoate Cements, D. Boyd, Mark R. Towler, A. W. Wren, O. M. Clarkin, D. A. Tanner
Tem Analysis Of Apatite Surface Layers Observed On Zinc Based Glass Polyalkenoate Cements, D. Boyd, Mark R. Towler, A. W. Wren, O. M. Clarkin, D. A. Tanner
Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
The amorphous nature and composition of the surface apatite layers observed on glass polyalkenoate cements based on zinc silicate glasses (Zn-GPCs) after immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF) have been analyzed by the transmission electron microscopy (TEM). TEM was conducted using a JEOL JEM-2011 electron microscope operated at an accelerating voltage of 200 kV. The composition elements of the surface layer indicated the presence of calcium, phosphorous, zinc, and strontium within the amorphous structure. This composition, in particular the inclusion of Zn in the structure, indicates the lack of crystallinity associated with the formation of the apatite layers observed on …
Phase Transformations Of Calcium Phosphates Formed In Wet Field Environments, O. M. Clarkin, Mark R. Towler, G. M. Insley, M. E. Murphy
Phase Transformations Of Calcium Phosphates Formed In Wet Field Environments, O. M. Clarkin, Mark R. Towler, G. M. Insley, M. E. Murphy
Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
The crystal phase and morphology of calcium phosphate salts precipitated in a wet field environment at temperatures between 30 and 70 °C and pHs between 3 and 8 were examined. Dicalcium Phosphate Dihydrate (DCPD) was the most prevalent phase precipitated. Using accelerated ageing study techniques, precipitates studied were aged, under dry conditions at 50 °C for 8 and 16 days, before being re-examined using XRD, FTIR and SEM techniques. DCPD was found to be most stable when precipitated at 40 °C and 5 pH. Considerably more phase transformation to Octacalcium Phosphate (OCP), Amorphous Calcium Phosphate (ACP) and Hydroxyapatite (HA) was …
Influence Of Two Changes In The Composition Of An Acrylic Bone Cement On Its Handling, Thermal, Physical, And Mechanical Properties, G. Lewis, J. Xu, S. Madigan, Mark R. Towler
Influence Of Two Changes In The Composition Of An Acrylic Bone Cement On Its Handling, Thermal, Physical, And Mechanical Properties, G. Lewis, J. Xu, S. Madigan, Mark R. Towler
Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
This study is a contribution to the growing body of work on the influence of changes in the composition of an acrylic bone cement on various properties of the curing and cured material. The focus is on one commercially-available acrylic bone cement brand, Surgical Simplex®P, and three variants of it and a series of properties, namely, setting time, maximum exotherm temperature, activation energy and frequency factor for the polymerization reaction, diffusion coefficient for the uptake of phosphate buffered saline, at 37°C, ultimate compressive strength (UCS), plane-strain fracture toughness, fatigue life (under fully-reversed tension-compression stress), hardness (H) and elastic modulus (both …
Influence Of Acid Washing On The Surface Morphology Of Ionomer Glasses And Handling Properties Of Glass Ionomer Cements, C. M. Crowley, J. Doyle, Mark R. Towler, N. Rushe, S. Hampshire
Influence Of Acid Washing On The Surface Morphology Of Ionomer Glasses And Handling Properties Of Glass Ionomer Cements, C. M. Crowley, J. Doyle, Mark R. Towler, N. Rushe, S. Hampshire
Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
Acid washing is known to influence the handling properties of ionomer glasses used in glass ionomer cements due to the production of an ion depleted zone on the surface of the glass particles. The influence of acid washing on the particle size distribution and surface area of four glasses was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), particle size analysis (PSA) and accelerated surface area porosimetry (ASAP) and the working and setting times of cements, produced from the glasses, correlated to changes in surface morphology. A linear relationship was found between the specific surface area of acid-washed SiO2-Al2 …
Preliminary Work On The Development Of A Novel Detection Method For Osteoporosis, P. Moran, Mark R. Towler, S. Chowdhury, J. Saunders, M. J. German, N. S. Lawson, H. M. Pollock, I. Pillay, D. Lyons
Preliminary Work On The Development Of A Novel Detection Method For Osteoporosis, P. Moran, Mark R. Towler, S. Chowdhury, J. Saunders, M. J. German, N. S. Lawson, H. M. Pollock, I. Pillay, D. Lyons
Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
Osteoporosis affects both the organic and mineral phases of bone resulting in a decrease in resistance to fracture. Dual x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scans are used for diagnosing osteoporosis, which is conventionally characterized by a decrease in mineral density. Unfortunately, some patients who suffer osteoporotic fractures have normal bone density, because both the organic and the mineral phase are affected. However, there are currently no methods of evaluating the health of the organic phase. Patients undergoing treatment for osteoporosis have reported hardening of their fingernails. As the properties of nail and bone may be linked in a comparable, measurable way, this …
Raman Spectroscopy Of The Human Nail: A Potential Tool For Evaluating Bone Health?, Mark R. Towler, A. Wren, N. Rushe, J. Saunders, N. M. Cummins, P. M. Jakeman
Raman Spectroscopy Of The Human Nail: A Potential Tool For Evaluating Bone Health?, Mark R. Towler, A. Wren, N. Rushe, J. Saunders, N. M. Cummins, P. M. Jakeman
Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
Dual X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) is the current gold standard for the diagnosis of osteoporosis. However, patients can suffer osteoporotic fractures despite normal bone mineral density, partly because of unmeasured influences of both the protein and mineral phases of bone that are affected in osteoporosis. There is currently no clinically applicable method of evaluating the health of the protein phase. The proteins in human nail (keratin) and bone (collagen) require sulphation and disulphide bond (S-S) formation for structural integrity and disorders of either sulphur metabolism or cystathione beta-synthase can lead to structural abnormalities in these tissues. Raman protein spectra provide a …
Influence Of Two Changes In The Composition Of An Acrylic Bone Cement On Some Of Its Properties: The Case Of Surgical Simplex® P, S. Madigan, Mark R. Towler, G. Lewis
Influence Of Two Changes In The Composition Of An Acrylic Bone Cement On Some Of Its Properties: The Case Of Surgical Simplex® P, S. Madigan, Mark R. Towler, G. Lewis
Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
Influence of two changes in the composition of a self-curing acrylic bone cement on some of its properties are discussed. Acrylic bone cements are widely used in orthopedic surgery for the fixation of joint prosthesis and in vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty for the stabilization and augmentation of fractured vertebrae. The cement's curing process is the result of a free-radical polymerization of a mixture of poly (methyl 1 methacrylate) [PMMA] containing powder and a liquid monomer that has methyl methacrylate (MMA) in it. It is initiated by the decomposition of benzoyl peroxide (BPO) in the powder, activated by a tertiary amine in …
The Influence Of Ultrasonic Setting On Fluoride Release From Glass Polyalkenoate Cements, N. Rushe, Mark R. Towler
The Influence Of Ultrasonic Setting On Fluoride Release From Glass Polyalkenoate Cements, N. Rushe, Mark R. Towler
Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
The effects of ultrasonic setting on fluoride release from glass polyalkenoate cements (GPC) were investigated. Cements based on two different aluminosilicate glasses that contained silica, alumina, phosphate, and strontia were used for the experiment. A series of GPCs were examined to show that increased release F- ion occurs, regardless of GPC composition. The results show that there is a greater release of fluoride from the ultrasonically set samples than those set chemically, regardless of the chemical composition. The snap set caused by the ultrasound is likely to be due to a combination of cavitation, improved mixing of the constituents, …
Calcium And Zinc Ion Release From Polyalkenoate Cements Formed From Zinc Oxide/Apatite Mixtures, Mark R. Towler, S. Kenny, D. Boyd, T. Pembroke, M. Buggy, A. Guida, R. G. Hill
Calcium And Zinc Ion Release From Polyalkenoate Cements Formed From Zinc Oxide/Apatite Mixtures, Mark R. Towler, S. Kenny, D. Boyd, T. Pembroke, M. Buggy, A. Guida, R. G. Hill
Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
Calcium and zinc ion release from hydroxyapatite-zinc oxide-poly (acrylic acid) (HAZnO-PAA) composite cements into deionised water was investigated as a function of HA content, PAA concentration, PAA molecular weight and maturation time. At any given maturation time, zinc ion release was constant until the HA content was at the maximum loading (60 wt%) resulting in the cement matrix breaking up, allowing exacerbated ion release. The calcium ion release increased with increased HA content in the composite until the maximum loading where the release drops off. Up to this point, the release of both ionic species was proportional to square root …
The Antibacterial Effects Of Zinc Ion Migration From Zinc-Based Glass Polyalkenoate Cements, D. Boyd, H. Li, D. A. Tanner, Mark R. Towler, J. G. Wall
The Antibacterial Effects Of Zinc Ion Migration From Zinc-Based Glass Polyalkenoate Cements, D. Boyd, H. Li, D. A. Tanner, Mark R. Towler, J. G. Wall
Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
Zinc-based glass polyalkenoate cements have been synthesised and their potential use in orthopaedic applications investigated. Zinc ions were released from the materials in a rapid burst over the first 24 h after synthesis, with the release rate falling below detectable levels after 7 days. Cement-implanted bone samples were prepared, and the released zinc was shown, using energy dispersive X-ray analysis, to penetrate from the cement into the adjacent bone by up to 40 μm. Finally, the cements exhibited antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans and Actinomyces viscosus that reflected the pattern of zinc release, with the inhibition of growth greatest shortly …
An Investigation Into The Structure And Reactivity Of Calcium-Zinc-Silicate Ionomer Glasses Using Mas-Nmr Spectroscopy, D. Boyd, Mark R. Towler, R. V. Law, R. G. Hill
An Investigation Into The Structure And Reactivity Of Calcium-Zinc-Silicate Ionomer Glasses Using Mas-Nmr Spectroscopy, D. Boyd, Mark R. Towler, R. V. Law, R. G. Hill
Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
The suitability of Glass Polyalkenoate Cements (GPCs) for orthopaedic applications is retarded by the presence in the glass phase of aluminum, a neurotoxin. Unfortunately, the aluminum ion plays an integral role in the setting process of GPCs and its absence is likely to hinder cement formation. However, the authors have previously shown that aluminum-free GPCs may be formulated based on calcium zinc silicate glasses and these novel materials exhibit significant potential as hard tissue biomaterials. However, there is no data available on the structure of these glasses. 29Si MAS-NMR, differential thermal analysis (DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and network crosslink density …
Ultrasonically Set Glass Polyalkenoate Cements For Orthodontic Applications, D. A. Tanner, N. Rushe, Mark R. Towler
Ultrasonically Set Glass Polyalkenoate Cements For Orthodontic Applications, D. A. Tanner, N. Rushe, Mark R. Towler
Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
There is an accepted clinical requirement for a luting cement that can be command set upon satisfactory placement of an orthodontic appliance onto dentition. This work evaluates the suitability of ultrasound, imparted from a dental scaler, as a potential mechanism for achieving this. The net setting times and subsequent compressive strengths of a range of commercial and experimental glass polyalkenoate cements (GPCs) were evaluated, using modified ISO 9917 methods, when set both chemically and by ultrasound. The ultrasound was applied to the GPC through an orthodontic brace. It was possible to command set GPCs by the application of five to …
Optimisation Of The Composition Of An Acrylic Bone Cement: Application To Relative Amounts Of The Initiator And The Activator/Co-Initiator In Surgical Simplex®P, S. Madigan, M. R. Towler, G. Lewis
Optimisation Of The Composition Of An Acrylic Bone Cement: Application To Relative Amounts Of The Initiator And The Activator/Co-Initiator In Surgical Simplex®P, S. Madigan, M. R. Towler, G. Lewis
Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
In cemented arthroplasties, the two-part self-curing acrylic bone cement is currently the only material used for anchoring the total joint replacement to the contiguous bone. In virtually all commercially available formulations of this cement, the agents used for the initiation and activation/co-initiation of the radical polymerisation reaction are benzoyl peroxide (BPO) and N, N dimethyl-paratoluidine (DMPT), respectively. There are no reports in the open literature on the rationale for the amounts of these and other constituents in the formulations of the cement. Given the concerns that have been raised in the literature regarding the effect of residual DMPT on the …
The Processing, Mechanical Properties And Bioactivity Of Zinc Based Glass Ionomer Cements, D. Boyd, Mark R. Towler
The Processing, Mechanical Properties And Bioactivity Of Zinc Based Glass Ionomer Cements, D. Boyd, Mark R. Towler
Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
The suitability of Glass Ionomer Cements (GICs) for use in orthopaedics is retarded by the presence in the glass phase of aluminium, a neurotoxin. Unfortunately, the aluminium ion plays an integral role in the setting process of a GIC and its absence is likely to hinder cement formation. However, zinc oxide, a bacteriocide, can act both as a network modifying oxide and an intermediate oxide in a similar fashion to alumina and so ternary systems based on zinc silicates often have extensive regions of glass formation. The purpose of this research was to produce novel GICs based on calcium zinc …
Physico-Chemical Characteristics Of European Pulverized Coal Combustion Fly Ashes, N. Moreno, X. Querol, J. M. Andrés, K. Stanton, Mark R. Towler, H. Nugteren, M. Janssen-Jurkovicová, R. Jones
Physico-Chemical Characteristics Of European Pulverized Coal Combustion Fly Ashes, N. Moreno, X. Querol, J. M. Andrés, K. Stanton, Mark R. Towler, H. Nugteren, M. Janssen-Jurkovicová, R. Jones
Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
Fly ashes sourced from European pulverized coal burning power plants (from Spain, The Netherlands, Italy and Greece) were characterized in terms of their chemical composition, mineralogy and physical properties. The amount and composition of the glass present in the ashes were also determined. The materials analyzed have very different compositions and were selected with a view to determining their suitability for different applications and for further studies on applications. The results were compared to the literature to determine their similarities to UK coal fly ashes. Chemical analysis has enabled the categorization of the ashes based on their oxide contents. Devitrification …
Determining Suitability Of A Fly Ash For Silica Extraction And Zeolite Synthesis, Natàlia Moreno, Xavier Querol, Angel López-Soler, José Manuel Andres, Maria Janssen, Henk Nugteren, Mark R. Towler, Kenneth Stanton
Determining Suitability Of A Fly Ash For Silica Extraction And Zeolite Synthesis, Natàlia Moreno, Xavier Querol, Angel López-Soler, José Manuel Andres, Maria Janssen, Henk Nugteren, Mark R. Towler, Kenneth Stanton
Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
Zeolitic material is obtained from fly ash both by direct conversion of the ash or from SiO2 extracts obtained from fly ash. This study focuses on determining the suitability of a fly ash for SiO2 extraction and for zeolite synthesis by direct conversion. The SiO2 extraction experiments from different fly ashes show that the main parameters governing the SiO2 extraction are: (a) a high bulk SiO2 content (> 52%, for obtaining an extraction yield of 100 g SiO2 kg-1) in the starting fly ash, (b) a high proportion (> 55%) of the bulk SiO …
Investigation Into The Ultrasonic Setting Of Glass Ionomer Cements : Part Ii Setting Times And Compressive Strengths, E. Twomey, Mark R. Towler, C. M. Crowley, J. Doyle, S. Hampshire
Investigation Into The Ultrasonic Setting Of Glass Ionomer Cements : Part Ii Setting Times And Compressive Strengths, E. Twomey, Mark R. Towler, C. M. Crowley, J. Doyle, S. Hampshire
Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
The ultrasonic setting of glass ionomer cements (GIC) was discussed. It was observed that the ultrasonic setting resulted in improvements of compressive strength. An increase in the PAA molecular weight from PAA50 to PAA200 resulted in an increase in the strength, but with a further increase in the PAA molecular weight to PAA450, there was a reduction in the strength. Results show that the strength of the ultrasonically set materials after 1 day were close to the values for the 7 days chemically set samples.
The Influence Of Strontium Substitution In Fluorapatite Glasses And Glass-Ceramics, R. G. Hill, A. Stamboulis, R. V. Law, A. Clifford, Mark R. Towler, C. Crowley
The Influence Of Strontium Substitution In Fluorapatite Glasses And Glass-Ceramics, R. G. Hill, A. Stamboulis, R. V. Law, A. Clifford, Mark R. Towler, C. Crowley
Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
Strontium is often substituted for calcium in order to confer radio-opacity in glasses used for dental cements, Biocomposites and bio glass-ceramics. The present paper investigates the influence of substituting strontium for calcium in a glass of the following composition: 4.5SiO23Al2O 31.5P2O53CaO2CaF2, having a Ca:P ratio of 1.67 corresponding to calcium fluorapatite (Ca5(PO 4)3F). The glasses were characterized by magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS-NMR), by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). The 29Si, 27Al and 31P NMR spectra for the glasses with …
Characterisation Of The Glass Fraction Of A Selection Of European Coal Fly Ashes, J. Henry, Mark R. Towler, K. T. Stanton, X. Querol, N. Moreno
Characterisation Of The Glass Fraction Of A Selection Of European Coal Fly Ashes, J. Henry, Mark R. Towler, K. T. Stanton, X. Querol, N. Moreno
Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
Fly ash largely consists of the inorganic content of coal that remains after combustion. The crystalline phases present in fly ash may form upon cooling of a molten alumino-silicate glass. This view is supported by the spherical shape of many fly ash particles, inferring that they have gone through a viscous fluid state. The amorphous content in fly ash is believed to dominate reactivity behaviour, under both alkaline and acid conditions, because glasses have a higher potential energy than the equivalent crystal structure and the variation of bond angles and distances in a glass makes the bond breakage easier. It …
Preliminary Work On The Antibacterial Effect Of Strontium In Glass Ionomer Cements, A. Guida, Mark R. Towler, J. G. Wall, R. G. Hill, S. Eramo
Preliminary Work On The Antibacterial Effect Of Strontium In Glass Ionomer Cements, A. Guida, Mark R. Towler, J. G. Wall, R. G. Hill, S. Eramo
Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
The antibacterial effect of strontium in glass ionomer cements (GIC) was discussed. The glass transition temperatures were found to decrease with the increasing fluorine content consistent with the fluorine replacing bridging oxygens. However no significant correlation was found between the fluoride release and the antibacterial activity.
Investigation Into The Ultrasound Setting Of Glass Ionomer Cements. Part I. Postulated Modalities, Mark R. Towler, C. M. Crowley, R. G. Hill
Investigation Into The Ultrasound Setting Of Glass Ionomer Cements. Part I. Postulated Modalities, Mark R. Towler, C. M. Crowley, R. G. Hill
Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
Fuji IX glass is a low phosphate, low soda containing glass which has strontia incorporated as a radio-pacifier. This glass material was analyzed during exposure to different durations of ultrasound in an attempt to determine how the glass phase reacts. Cross sections of Fuji IX cement, set both conventionally and by ultrasound, were subsequently compared by microscopy. The resultant data were analyzed in detail.
Fluoride Release From Model Glass Ionomer Cements, A. Guida, R. G. Hill, Mark R. Towler, S. Eramo
Fluoride Release From Model Glass Ionomer Cements, A. Guida, R. G. Hill, Mark R. Towler, S. Eramo
Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
Glass ionomer cements (GICs) are an important class of biomedical material used extensively for color matched mercury free, dental restorations. GICs can release clinically beneficial amounts of fluoride and have acceptable handling properties which make them suitable as dental restoratives. The fluoride release of model GICs produced from specially synthesized fluoro-alumino-silicate glasses was studied. Nine glasses of varying fluoride content based on 4.5SiO2-3Al2O3-1.5P2O5-(5-Z)CaO-ZCaF2 were synthesized, and cement disks were prepared from them. The glass transition temperature reduced with increasing fluorine content of the glass. Fluoride ion release was measured …
A Preliminary Study Of An Aluminum-Free Glass Polyalkenoate Cement, Mark R. Towler, C. M. Crowley, D. Murphy, A. M.C. O'Callaghan
A Preliminary Study Of An Aluminum-Free Glass Polyalkenoate Cement, Mark R. Towler, C. M. Crowley, D. Murphy, A. M.C. O'Callaghan
Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
No abstract provided.
Thermal Analysis Of Fly Ashes Sourced From European Non-Blended Coals, Kenneth T. Stanton, Mark R. Towler, Patrick Mooney, Robert G. Hill, Xavier Querol
Thermal Analysis Of Fly Ashes Sourced From European Non-Blended Coals, Kenneth T. Stanton, Mark R. Towler, Patrick Mooney, Robert G. Hill, Xavier Querol
Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
Fly ashes exist as a mixture of major amorphous phases and minor crystalline phases. For commercial applications, such as in concretes and for the production of zeolites, it would be desirable to be able to predict the reactivity of fly ashes. The amorphous phase dominates degradation behaviour, because glasses have a higher potential energy than the equivalent crystal structure and the variation of bond angles and distances in a glass make the bond breakage easier. Despite the large quantities of fly ash produced annually by coal-burning power plants, there have been very few studies investigating the microstructure and composition of …
Modelling Of The Glass Phase In Fly Ashes Using Network Connectivity Theory, Mark R. Towler, Kenneth T. Stanton, Patrick Mooney, Robert G. Hill, Natalia Moreno, Xavier Querol
Modelling Of The Glass Phase In Fly Ashes Using Network Connectivity Theory, Mark R. Towler, Kenneth T. Stanton, Patrick Mooney, Robert G. Hill, Natalia Moreno, Xavier Querol
Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
The amorphous phase of fly ash dominates degradation behaviour because glass has a higher potential energy than the equivalent crystal structure and the variation of bond angles and distances in a glass make the bond breakage easier. It would be advantageous to predict the presence and subsequent degradability of glass on the basis of the solid-state chemistry of the fly ash. To this end, and inorganic polymer model was applied to a selection of European fly ashes to determine the value known as cross-link density (CLD). A cross-link density value of less than two implies that the material is amorphous …
The Effect Of Low Levels Of Zirconia Addition On The Mechanical Properties Of Hydroxyapatite, Mark R. Towler, I. R. Gibson
The Effect Of Low Levels Of Zirconia Addition On The Mechanical Properties Of Hydroxyapatite, Mark R. Towler, I. R. Gibson
Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
The effect of low levels of zirconia addition on the mechanical properties of hydroxyapatite was analyzed. Optimum amount of zirconia required to prevent decomposition of hydroxyapatite during sintering was determined. The particle size, morphology and surface area were measured and calcium to phosphorus ratio and trace element impurity content were determined by x-ray fluorescence. Low level addition of zirconia resulted in composites with better mechanical properties and minimum levels of decomposition.