Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Discipline
-
- Educational Assessment, Evaluation, and Research (23)
- Higher Education (21)
- Curriculum and Instruction (20)
- Educational Methods (16)
- Teacher Education and Professional Development (15)
-
- Social and Behavioral Sciences (14)
- Educational Leadership (10)
- Science and Mathematics Education (9)
- Educational Administration and Supervision (6)
- Educational Psychology (6)
- Elementary Education (5)
- Physical Sciences and Mathematics (5)
- Adult and Continuing Education (4)
- Higher Education and Teaching (4)
- International and Comparative Education (4)
- Psychology (4)
- Secondary Education (4)
- Curriculum and Social Inquiry (3)
- Education Policy (3)
- Educational Technology (3)
- Elementary and Middle and Secondary Education Administration (3)
- Engineering (3)
- Information Literacy (3)
- Library and Information Science (3)
- Mathematics (3)
- Online and Distance Education (3)
- Public Affairs, Public Policy and Public Administration (3)
- Scholarship of Teaching and Learning (3)
- Arts and Humanities (2)
- Institution
-
- Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER) (7)
- Old Dominion University (7)
- Gardner-Webb University (5)
- Liberty University (5)
- University of Kentucky (5)
-
- Purdue University (4)
- Concordia University St. Paul (3)
- Edith Cowan University (3)
- Georgia Southern University (3)
- Kennesaw State University (3)
- Northwestern College, Iowa (3)
- Selected Works (3)
- University of Arkansas, Fayetteville (3)
- University of Nebraska - Lincoln (3)
- Utah State University (3)
- California State University, San Bernardino (2)
- Molloy University (2)
- University of Maine at Farmington (2)
- Abilene Christian University (1)
- Aga Khan University (1)
- Bethel University (1)
- Boise State University (1)
- Bridgewater College (1)
- Brigham Young University (1)
- City University of New York (CUNY) (1)
- Cleveland State University (1)
- Dordt University (1)
- Fort Hays State University (1)
- Loyola University Chicago (1)
- Marshall University (1)
- Publication Year
- Publication
-
- Doctoral Dissertations and Projects (5)
- Education Dissertations and Projects (4)
- Theses and Dissertations (4)
- Australian Journal of Teacher Education (3)
- Educational Leadership & Workforce Development Faculty Publications (3)
-
- Greater Faculties: A Review of Teaching and Learning (3)
- Master's Theses & Capstone Projects (3)
- OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) Australia (3)
- 2009 - 2019 ACER Research Conferences (2)
- CUP Ed.D. Dissertations (2)
- Dissertations (2)
- Georgia International Conference on Information Literacy (2)
- Graduate Theses and Dissertations (2)
- IMPACT Presentations (2)
- M.S.Ed. in Educational Leadership Research Projects (2)
- STEMPS Faculty Publications (2)
- All Electronic Theses and Dissertations (1)
- All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Fall 2023 to Present (1)
- All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023 (1)
- All Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Other Capstone Projects (1)
- Associate Professor Pauline Taylor-Guy (1)
- Basic Communication Course Annual (1)
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research (1)
- Department of Educational Administration: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research (1)
- Department of Industrial and Management Systems Engineering: Faculty Publications (1)
- Departmental Technical Reports (CS) (1)
- Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects (1)
- Doctor of Education (Ed.D) (1)
- Doctor of Education Dissertations (1)
- Doctor of Education in Teacher Leadership Dissertations (1)
- Publication Type
- File Type
Articles 1 - 30 of 97
Full-Text Articles in Education
Thinking Outside The Box: Exploring The Instructional Conversations Model Beyond English Language Learners Into Gifted Learners, Terri Thornton
Thinking Outside The Box: Exploring The Instructional Conversations Model Beyond English Language Learners Into Gifted Learners, Terri Thornton
Dissertations
Gifted students, characterized by exceptional intellectual abilities and unique learning needs, often find themselves navigating an educational landscape that may not fully cater to their specific requirements. Traditional teaching methods may fall short of engaging and challenging these students to realize their full potential. This dissertation delves into the efficacy of instructional conversations as an innovative pedagogical approach tailored to the distinctive learning profiles of gifted students. Through a comprehensive examination of relevant literature, theoretical frameworks, and empirical evidence, this study seeks to illuminate the impact of instructional conversations on the academic, social, and emotional development of gifted learners.
The …
A Hermeneutic Phenomenological Study On The Common Core State Standards Implementation And The Influence On Academic Motivation Of Students In Middle School English Classes, Susan Diane Wright
A Hermeneutic Phenomenological Study On The Common Core State Standards Implementation And The Influence On Academic Motivation Of Students In Middle School English Classes, Susan Diane Wright
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
The purpose of this hermeneutic phenomenological study was to describe the lived experiences of English teachers and determine how implementing Common Core State Standards has influenced student motivation for middle school language arts students at Smith Middle School. Since the implementation of increased testing, changes in curriculum, and mandated instructional strategies, student motivation has declined in secondary students. The theory guiding this study was Dewey’s theory of experience which explains that students should have individualized, challenging, real-world learning opportunities. Dewey’s theory connected to this study of how the Common Core State Standards have changed the school’s instructional model. The sample …
Comparing Ipad And Flash Card Interventions For Enhancing Math Performance In Addition And Subtraction Facts, Taylor Huber
Comparing Ipad And Flash Card Interventions For Enhancing Math Performance In Addition And Subtraction Facts, Taylor Huber
Master's Theses & Capstone Projects
This action research was driven by the researcher's interest in increasing students' math fact knowledge. The researcher implemented both an iPad and flash card intervention to determine and compare the effectiveness of each. Two-minute addition and subtraction probes were utilized as a pre and post-test to determine growth. A student survey was also given to determine students' interest in their respective intervention. The findings revealed that both interventions resulted in growth in both addition and subtraction facts, but there was no significant difference in growth between the two. The findings also revealed that most students found both the iPad and …
Using Gamification To Foster Student Resilience And Motivation To Learn, And Using Games To Teach Significance Testing Concepts In The Statistics Classroom, Todd Partridge
All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Fall 2023 to Present
Two studies are outlined in this dissertation.
In the first study, elements of Super Mario Bros. videos games were used to change the way college students in a beginners’ statistics course were graded on their work. This was part of an effort to help students remain optimistic in the face of challenging coursework and even failure on assignments and tests. The study shows that the changes made to the grading structure did help students to keep trying and to use the materials given to them by their professor until they achieved their desired grade in the course, and suggests ways …
“I Changed My Mind”: Exploring Why College Students Change Majors To Become Teachers, Ross Bussell
“I Changed My Mind”: Exploring Why College Students Change Majors To Become Teachers, Ross Bussell
Excelsior: Leadership in Teaching and Learning
While teacher education programs have long studied what draws students to choose a career in teaching, a less studied aspect of teacher candidates relates to students who change majors to become teachers. As a phenomenon that is common in teacher preparation, I am interested in better understanding why this happens. This article centers around six participants who began college choosing a science major, changing their course of study after at least one full year. Through questionnaires and semi-structured interviews, a discussion of what led the participants to change majors, what they were looking for when deciding to become teachers, and …
Elementary Teachers’ Perception Of Digital Resources Based On Student Achievement, Tanya R. Small
Elementary Teachers’ Perception Of Digital Resources Based On Student Achievement, Tanya R. Small
Doctor of Education (Ed.D)
Many factors impact teachers’ decisions about when and how to implement technology during instruction. However, a gap exists in understanding teachers’ motivations for technology integration and face-to-face instruction. Therefore, this qualitative case study explored how teachers’ perceptions of student achievement, motivation, classroom behaviors, and digital challenges influenced their decisions about using technology or direct instruction in the classroom setting. A group of 20 teachers from two southern Florida public elementary schools completed anonymous Likert-scale surveys; six teachers participated in semi-structured interviews. The findings determined via descriptive statistics and thematic analysis revealed that teachers’ inclusion of technology and traditional resources is …
Understanding The Role Of Parent-Teacher Communication In Motivating Elementary School Students: A Case Study, Brittany Rose Powers
Understanding The Role Of Parent-Teacher Communication In Motivating Elementary School Students: A Case Study, Brittany Rose Powers
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
The purpose of this multiple case study was to understand parent-teacher communication and its role in motivating students in elementary school. The work was guided by the following central research question and two sub-questions: CRQ) How do parent-teacher relationships motivate students? SQ1) How does a met or not met basic need dictate the motivational outcomes of students? SQ2) How do elementary school students perceive the role of parents and teachers in their motivation to learn? A qualitative research design was used to gather individual experiences and participants’ perspectives. The multiple case study design allowed many participants to share varying perspectives …
Exploring The Process Of Motivating Undergraduate Online Student From Online Instructors' Perspectives: A Qualitative Case Study, Nicole S. Morin
Exploring The Process Of Motivating Undergraduate Online Student From Online Instructors' Perspectives: A Qualitative Case Study, Nicole S. Morin
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
The purpose of this case study was to describe the process of motivating online undergraduate students from the online instructors’ perspectives at online institutions. The theory guiding this study was B.F. Skinner’s reinforcement theory as it provided insight into how students are motivated using reinforcements. This is imperative to this study as instructors provide many of these reinforcements to their student population. This study was designed to answer a central question: How do online instructors describe the process of keeping their students motivated within the online classroom? Utilizing the prescribed data collection methods, a sample was derived from Cherry Hill …
Elevating Education: Adoption Of Standards-Based Grading, Wendi M. Love
Elevating Education: Adoption Of Standards-Based Grading, Wendi M. Love
Master's Theses & Capstone Projects
This paper examines the transformative impact of implementing Standards-Based Grading (SBG) on student learning and motivation. Through surveys and data analysis, this research evaluates stakeholder perceptions during SBG adoption, comparing its perceived benefits to traditional grading methods. The findings offer valuable insights for institutions seeking to enhance academic excellence and equity and foster a culture of continuous improvement. The plan emphasizes personalized feedback, competency-based progression, and a deeper understanding of the subject matter. Furthermore, the study delves into the challenges of faculty adaptation, resistance to change, and the integration of SBG with existing practices, ensuring a successful induction process for …
Arkansas Teachers' Grading Practices And Implications, Sarah C. Mckenzie, Josh B. Mcgee
Arkansas Teachers' Grading Practices And Implications, Sarah C. Mckenzie, Josh B. Mcgee
Policy Briefs
In this brief, we assess current grading practices in Arkansas. We find teachers’ grading practices are inconsistent across the state. We suggest districts assess their grading practices and provide ongoing professional development opportunities for teachers to reflect on their grading practices.
Motivating Underrepresented Students To Achieve And Pursue Postsecondary Education: A Case Study, Lynnette Nicole Adams
Motivating Underrepresented Students To Achieve And Pursue Postsecondary Education: A Case Study, Lynnette Nicole Adams
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
The purpose of this qualitative, single case study was to understand the roles of the faculty at one Advancement Via Individual Determination (AVID) and Early College High School (ECHS) combined school and how the faculty motivate underrepresented students to achieve and pursue postsecondary education. Student motivation is generally defined as the overall need or enthusiasm of students to achieve specific goals through autonomy, competence, and relatedness. The theory guiding this study was self-determination theory, as it places emphasis on how educators can address students’ basic psychological needs (autonomy, competence, and relatedness) to increase students’ intrinsic motivation to achieve. Faculty at …
Goal Setting And Student Conferencing Action Research Study, Jamie Johnson
Goal Setting And Student Conferencing Action Research Study, Jamie Johnson
Masters of Arts in Education Action Research Papers
This paper aims to answer the question: “How does student choice, goal setting and student conferencing impact student motivation to continue learning in a Montessori classroom?” The previous research has shown that choice is more motivational for students than no choices. Researchers have different opinions on what the options should look like to be most effective. This research compares these and sees what is most effective with the data. New and older research was used in conjunction with the foundations of the Montessori method to see what fits seamlessly to implement without much effort. The findings are the right combination …
Examining Motivation In Turbulent Times: A Self-Determination Theory Replication, Jessalyn I. Vallade, Renee Kaufmann, T. Kody Frey
Examining Motivation In Turbulent Times: A Self-Determination Theory Replication, Jessalyn I. Vallade, Renee Kaufmann, T. Kody Frey
Basic Communication Course Annual
The purpose of this study was to replicate and extend previous work (Chiu, 2021a, 2021b; Vallade et al., 2020) by applying self-determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985) to student motivation and engagement in the basic communication course during the shift to online learning in the initial onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Results indicated that students were most often motivated and engaged through instructor communication and behavior that met their need for relatedness, with a particular emphasis on instructor presence. Theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed within the context of the basic communication course.
Student Retention And Persistence In Certificate-First Programs, M. Troy Martin
Student Retention And Persistence In Certificate-First Programs, M. Troy Martin
Theses and Dissertations
This research explores the effect that earning professional certificates has on student confidence, motivation, and persistence. For this study, the focus is the student motivation and persistence of nontraditional students who seek to earn a bachelor's degree despite considerable obstacles and challenges. Specifically, this study evaluates the matriculation rates between two cohorts of students who participated in the online PathwayConnect program. The first cohort was encouraged to complete the program and apply for an online bachelor's degree program at BYU-Idaho. The second cohort was also encouraged to apply to an online program, but only after earning a professional certificate in …
What’S In It For Me? Use Science History To Make The Truth Compelling, Henrietta Verma, Heather Darling-Cortes
What’S In It For Me? Use Science History To Make The Truth Compelling, Henrietta Verma, Heather Darling-Cortes
Georgia International Conference on Information Literacy
We think of people of antiquity as leaning on superstition and traditions when it came to making decisions large and small. Even as long ago as the Roman empire, however, there were precursors to modern professionals such as civil engineers, and these people needed real solutions to vexing problems. Somehow, society slowly—very slowly—began leaning more toward the methodical thinking and working styles of these early scientists. In this program, science teacher Heather Darling-Cortes of M.S. 577 in Brooklyn, New York, will look at how the world at large and individuals became willing to move from reliance on familiar beliefs and …
Pisa 2018: Australia In Focus Number 1: Academic Resilience Among Australian Students, Sue Thomson
Pisa 2018: Australia In Focus Number 1: Academic Resilience Among Australian Students, Sue Thomson
OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) Australia
Socioeconomically disadvantaged students (i.e. those whose scores on a constructed measure of social and cultural capital are below a specified cut-off, usually the 25th percentile) have been found to be more likely to drop out of school, repeat a grade, achieve lower levels at senior secondary school, and score lower on tests such as the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). Despite this association between socioeconomic disadvantage and poorer outcomes related to education, a percentage of students who come from disadvantaged backgrounds enjoy success at school. This apparent success despite the odds is of interest to researchers and educators alike …
Digital Literacy: The Impact Of A Blended Learning Model On Student Motivation And Achievement, Jennifer Miller
Digital Literacy: The Impact Of A Blended Learning Model On Student Motivation And Achievement, Jennifer Miller
Doctor of Education Dissertations
Educators continue to search for a balance between preparing students for a marketable future and integrating face-to-face instruction. Many factors influence various educational models related to best instructional methodologies. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between student perceptions regarding student motivation to read and the corresponding effect on student achievement within a blended learning environment. This mixed methods study determined whether the use of digital collaborative learning, as it applies to literacy, within a blended learning environment would have any corresponding effects on student motivation and achievement. Participants included fifth-grade students at the elementary level and …
Just-In-Time Teaching Adds Motivation But Is Less Efficient, Vladik Kreinovich, Olga Kosheleva, Christian Servin
Just-In-Time Teaching Adds Motivation But Is Less Efficient, Vladik Kreinovich, Olga Kosheleva, Christian Servin
Departmental Technical Reports (CS)
For each major, in addition to directly major-related topics, students also need to learn auxiliary topics –- e.g., math topics –- which are needed to understand more direct major-related ones. To learn these auxiliary topics, students are required to take some prerequisite math class. The problem is that when the students take these classes, they do not fully understand how these classes are related to their major. As a result, they often lack motivations, do not study well, and this hinders their performance in the follow-up major-related classes. One way to enhance the students' motivation is to use just-in-time teaching, …
Student Motivation And Homework Completion, Macey Oden
Student Motivation And Homework Completion, Macey Oden
Master's Theses & Capstone Projects
This literature review explores the interaction between student motivation and homework completion. Studies show that motivation is key to academic success. In order for a student to be motivated, they must have a positive learning environment that promotes self-confidence, choice, and relationships. Studies also show that homework is important to academic achievement. Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation are most effective when combined to increase homework completion and academic performance. Punishment can negatively affect student attitudes, hinder their motivation, and decrease their self-confidence. This research synthesizes the literature on intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, consequences, and punishment, to discern the best ways to …
Global Citizens In The 21st-Century Classroom: A Mixed-Methods Study Of Motivational Aspects Of Global Awareness, Robert James Windorf
Global Citizens In The 21st-Century Classroom: A Mixed-Methods Study Of Motivational Aspects Of Global Awareness, Robert James Windorf
Theses & Dissertations
The present global setting is increasingly driven by the interdependence of heightened environmental, political, socio-economic, and technological forces. As a result, today’s students need a variety of skills to succeed on both professional and personal levels. A wide and increasing array of scholars strongly advocates for students to achieve enhanced global awareness to become global citizens and to successfully navigate this challenging global environment. The growing importance of global awareness and understanding students’ motivational behaviors toward its attainment strongly inspired the purpose of this dissertation study. A convergent parallel mixed-methods design was utilized for this dissertation study to examine how …
How Student Perceptions Of The Online Learning Environment And Student Motivation Predict Persistence, Completion, And Retention In Developmental Mathematics Courses, Samuel K. Gedeborg
How Student Perceptions Of The Online Learning Environment And Student Motivation Predict Persistence, Completion, And Retention In Developmental Mathematics Courses, Samuel K. Gedeborg
All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023
Online developmental mathematics courses have high dropout rates. The focus of this study is to improve understanding of how students’ perceptions of the online learning environment and student motivation from course design predict student drop out. This understanding will benefit faculty and institutions on student support for online developmental mathematics students.
The study included 330 undergraduate students enrolled in online developmental mathematics courses during the Fall 2018 semester at eight public universities and colleges in the Utah State Higher Education (USHE) system. Participants completed a survey with questions measuring their perceptions of the learning environment. They also completed a survey …
Key Pedagogical Practices For Formative Assessment In Higher Education, Brita L. Williams
Key Pedagogical Practices For Formative Assessment In Higher Education, Brita L. Williams
CUP Ed.D. Dissertations
Instructors in higher education, except those in teacher education, generally do not have any prior pedagogical training nor are they generally required to have such training. Formative assessment is an essential component to creating effective teaching and learning. Most research in methods of formative assessment primarily stems from pedagogical research for the PK‒12 learning environment. Consequently, collegiate instructors typically do not know how to use methods of formative assessment in higher education to gather evidence of learning during the teaching and learning process or why it may inform their instruction and have an impact on student learning; hence, achieving student …
Learning Context Matters In Maths Performance, Jeny Raphael
Learning Context Matters In Maths Performance, Jeny Raphael
Teacher India
PISA collects background information to understand contextual factors that affect the performance of students. Building on the evidence, Jeny Raphael discusses the impact of the learning environment on the character strengths of students, and its connection to their maths performance.
Asians Applying For Postsecondary Success: Students, Schools, And Socioeconomic Status, Avery M.D. Davis
Asians Applying For Postsecondary Success: Students, Schools, And Socioeconomic Status, Avery M.D. Davis
Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects
Higher education recruitment rates are rapidly declining as schools are stymied by dynamic demographic shifts and a competitive ecosystem. Despite the constant realities of this challenge for tertiary institutions, the complexities of the interplay for demographics, student motivation, parental influences, and school environments during the postsecondary education application process is often overlooked. This thesis analyses how these four domains impact Asian American students within the Education Longitudinal Study (ELS) in terms of the number of postsecondary schools to which they apply? This study examines a sample (N = 662) of the ELS by employing multivariate regression analysis on the number …
Student Retention In An Introductory Stem Course: A Mixed Methods Study Of Student Motivation And Teaching Approaches, Lina Wang
All Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Other Capstone Projects
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) education is vital to all students. Student motivation, both intrinsic and extrinsic, have been found to be very influential in how successful a student is in a STEM classroom (Krapp, 2007; Lamb, Annetta, Meldrum, & Vallett, 2012; Schoon, Ross, & Martin, 2007; Skinner, Saxton, Currie, & Shuststerman, 2017). The current study examined what correlations, if any, we present between teaching approaches, intrinsic motivation, and extrinsic motivation of students in an undergraduate, non-major, introductory chemistry course at a mid-sized, four-year university in the Midwestern United States. In the focus groups, students were highly motivated by …
The Impact Of Bumpers College Of Agricultural, Food And Life Sciences International Programs On Student Motivation For Continuing College And Student Engagement In The Classroom, Olivia Caroline Caillouet
The Impact Of Bumpers College Of Agricultural, Food And Life Sciences International Programs On Student Motivation For Continuing College And Student Engagement In The Classroom, Olivia Caroline Caillouet
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Colleges aim to increase student achievement, which has been linked to motivation and engagement, as well as increase global partnerships. There is also an increasing demand from students for international programs (IPs) that prepare them to be global citizens. This study aimed to compare student motivation for continuing college and student engagement in the classroom before and after an IP. Students who participated in a Bumpers College of Agricultural, Food, and Life Sciences IP between January 2018 and August 2018 were surveyed prior to, and two weeks and three months post-program participation (n = 24). The instrument had 51 Likert-scale …
Stepping Stone Or Road Block: An Evaluation Of Community Colleges In The Midwest To Improve Attrition And Graduate Percentages Of African American Students, Tamela Odom
CUP Ed.D. Dissertations
The path towards higher education is not the same for all. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to explore why African American students enroll into community college in the Midwest at higher percentages than any other racial group but persist to graduation at the lowest percentages. Factors that hinder African American students from persisting toward graduation and eventual degree completion from a 2-year college were uncovered through interviews conducted with participants on community college campuses throughout the Midwest. Considering the findings of this study, it is suggested that professors and instructors use classroom interactions and instructional opportunities to …
The Effect Of Collaboration On Online Student Motivation In A College Biology Course, Christina Fieber
The Effect Of Collaboration On Online Student Motivation In A College Biology Course, Christina Fieber
Theses and Dissertations
Online coursework in higher education is an accessible, cost-effective alternative for students and institutions. As demand for online courses grows, the need to address discrepancies in online student success and elevated attrition rates is a pressing issue in higher education. Instructional methods in online classrooms are a potential lever for minimizing these gaps. Research indicates motivation is a key indicator of student success and can have a positive impact on student achievement and persistence, whether online or in a traditional classroom setting. Collaboration, including social interaction, has also been shown to have a positive impact on student outcomes, and can …
The Effect Of Formative Assessment On Student Motivation And Self-Regulation, Beau Simon
The Effect Of Formative Assessment On Student Motivation And Self-Regulation, Beau Simon
Graduate Teacher Education
The main purpose of this study was to determine whether the use of formative assessment in a high school classroom setting would increase student motivation and self-regulated learning strategies. The sample (n=41) in this study included students from grades 7-12 social studies course. The researcher engaged in formative assessment strategies paired with formative feedback aimed at improving student understanding of concepts and ideas in social studies. Based on the research, formative assessment, paired with formative feedback, can give students the motivation to aide their learning, and help them learn rather than memorize. The shortened 44-item Motivational Strategies for …
House System: Increasing Community, Motivation, And Student Ownership, Bridget Glass
House System: Increasing Community, Motivation, And Student Ownership, Bridget Glass
Masters of Education in Teaching and Learning
This study looked at the house system in an elementary setting to discover the students’, teachers’, and administrators’ perceptions of how it influences motivation and the community of the school. The researcher’s purpose was to understand if the participants felt that the elements of the house system motivated students to make positive choices and to see if the participants believed the house system influenced the community across campus. The data was collected through a student survey, observations, interviews with students, teacher, and the principal. The data was analyzed through the constant comparative method. The participants perceived that the house system …