Education Commons^™

The Effectiveness Of Running Power As A Metric Of Exercise Intensity During Running Interval Training, Eric A. Lambert, Dustin W. Davis, Matahn Blank, Tashari A. Carballo, Elias M. Malek, Kathryn Lei A. Lavin, Thea Sweder, Nicole Argueta, Marcus M. Lawrence, James W. Navalta, Jeffrey Cowley

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Wearable power meters are increasingly popular among runners with Coros and Stryd offering running power as a real-time, trackable of a metric. PURPOSE: This study compared running power (RP) to physiological measures, heart rate (HR) and oxygen consumption (VO₂), across high and low intensity running intervals. METHODS: Thirteen adult participants (n = 6 male; height = 174.9 ± 6.9 cm; mass = 72.5 ± 12.0 kg) were equipped with a Stryd 27 RP meter, a Polar H10 HR monitor, and a Cosmed K5 portable metabolic unit. Participants’ self-selected RP was obtained during a 10-min run on …

Comparing Muscle Oxygenation And Maximal Blood Lactate Concentration In Middle-Distance Athletes: A Speed Reserve Ratio Analysis, Braeden Kraft, Ayla Kraft, Kurt A. Escobar, Evan E. Schick, Joshua A. Cotter

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Middle-distance running is a unique discipline that utilizes both aerobic and anaerobic abilities, resulting in a physiologically diverse athlete population. This diversity in athlete makeup underscores the necessity for precise physiological profiling methods to improve individualized training and race strategy approaches. While the Speed Reserve Ratio (SRR) has garnered attention as an accurate and effective tool in athlete profiling, skeletal muscle oxygenation (SmO2) and blood lactate also have shown potential in this field. However, the effectiveness of these biomarkers in middle-distance populations, especially in conjunction with SRR, is less understood. PURPOSE: This research aims to understand the relationships between …

Biomechanical Indicators Of Steeplechase Hurdle Success, Luke Vankeersbilck, Luke Johnston, Iain Hunter

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The steeplechase is a long-distance running event that requires competitors to jump over 28 hurdles and 7 water jumps over the course of the race. This frequent jumping means that hurdling technique is important and the ability to maintain speed over the barriers can help a runner succeed. PURPOSE: To determine which variables predict maintenance of speed while hurdling in the steeplechase. METHODS: Data were collected at the USATF outdoor championships and Olympic Trials from 2011 to 2023 for both men and women. A Sony video camera running at 120 Hz was used to evaluate several aspects of …

Joint Angle Calculations Using Motion Capture And Deep Learning Pose Estimation While Running, Luke Vankeersbilck, Isaac Hedengren, Mcgyver Clark, Iain Hunter

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Marker based motion capture is currently the most accurate method of measuring human kinematics; however, it is expensive and is often limited to lab environments making it unsuitable for many applications. Two-dimensional methods are available through open source code, but it is unclear which of these methods provides the greatest accuracy. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to quantify the accuracy of pose estimation from a monocular electro-optical sensor with deep learning to infer segment end points and pose estimation utilizing two open-source code approaches. METHODS: One subject ran at 6.5 m/s for 15 s while being …

Effect Of Air Resistance On Braking And Propulsive Impulses During Treadmill Running., Luke Johnston, Jared Steele, Luke Vankeersbilck, Iain Hunter

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Treadmill running is a convenient option for runners looking to avoid adverse environmental conditions or that prefer a gym setting. Outdoor running includes air resistance, whereas treadmill running typically does not. Very little research has been focused on the influence of air resistance and its role on kinetic factors during running. PURPOSE: To determine how anterior/posterior impulses change due to air resistance during two different treadmill speeds. METHODS: A wind tunnel was placed 0.61m from the edge of a force instrumented treadmill (Bertec, Boston, MA) while attempting to run 1.12m from the opening of it. Seven subjects ran …

Novel Application Of A Performance Prediction Model During Altered Running Gait Strategies, Oluchi Ibe, Robert Musci, Jenevieve L. Roper

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Currently, there is limited research demonstrating that gait retraining can significantly impact running economy and subsequent running performance in distance runners with most of the research showing no or minimal change. Recently, a novel model was developed that predicts running performance based on changes in running economy but has not previously been applied when altering running gait strategies. PURPOSE: The goal of the study was to determine the effect of altering running strategy on predicted running performance in distance runners through application of this novel prediction model. METHODS: Fifteen male (n=10; Age: 22.2 ± 4.9 years; Height: 177.7 ± 7.4 …

Performance Gap Between Men And Women In Ironman Triathlons, Sara D. Glaser, Caio V. Sousa Dr.

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

PURPOSE: The increased participation and performance improvement of women in Ironman triathlons (IM) have been showing that the performance gap with men is shorter than ever. Thus, this study aimed to explore this performance gap by discipline (swimming, cycling, and running) and age-groups. METHODS: Publicly available data from all IM events from 2002 to 2022 were used for this analysis. Each performance variable (swimming, cycling, running, and overall) were included as dependent variables in general linear model with gender and category (elite, age-groups) as independent factors. The effect size (Cohen’s d and delta percentage) was calculated for every “male vs. …

Assessing The Validity Of A Performance Prediction Model For Use With Gait Retraining, Christian Faltas, Robert Musci, Jenevieve L. Roper

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

A common strategy that athletic trainers and high-performance athletes use to manage and treat running-related injuries is gait retraining. However, the research is equivocal on how gait retraining can affect running economy and subsequent running performance in distance runners. A new prediction model was developed that predicts running performance based on oxygen consumption changes, however, it is unclear if this model is valid and can accurately be used to predict running performance as a result of gait retraining. PURPOSE: The goal of the study was to determine the validity of the performance prediction model, particularly when applied to gait …

Let The Rhythm Move You: A Scoping Review Of Music And Athletic Performance, Gabriel Zapata, Zakkoyya Lewis, Edward Jo Dr., Minhyuk Kwon

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

PURPOSE: Numerous athletes utilize music to train, warm-up, and during competition. Listening to music during sport activity can capture attention, distract from fatigue and comfort, alter mood state, relieve stress, and evoke a sense of power. The purpose of this study is to examine the literature to determine the impact of music on athletic performance. METHODS: Three databases were searched in September 2022. These included PubMed, Science Direct, Taylor & Francis Online, and the California State Polytechnic University Pomona OneSearch, which indexes over 20 databases within the field of exercise science. Articles that described an intervention program that …

Changes In Vertical Reaction Force During Treadmill High-Intensity Interval Training, Jared Moore, Garry Cai, George Salem

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has become a popular form of exercise due to its low time burden and easily customized protocols. To date, there has been no investigation into how lower extremity loading (ie. GRF) changes over time during a HIIT protocol. Examining this load variability can help inform protocol development for different populations. PURPOSE: The purpose of this pilot study was to examine how the vertical reaction force (vRF) changes during a HIIT running protocol in order to elucidate how working at high intensity for 4min periods can influence subsequent lower extremity loading. METHODS: Three participants (26±3y) …

A Case Study Comparison Of Lower Extremity Kinematics In Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome, Amanda Hernandez, Patricia Vanoosbree, Kristyne Wiegand

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS) affects up to 35% of runners. Chronic MTSS can negatively affect performance or lead to a cessation of activity. Though biomechanical variables such as hip internal rotation, tibial abduction, and rearfoot eversion are considered potential risk factors for MTSS, the research is equivocal. PURPOSE: Therefore, the purpose of this case analysis is to compare lower extremity kinematics of a D3 middle-distance runner with chronic MTSS vs. a matched uninjured runner. METHODS: This case study consists of two female middle-distance runners. Participant one (19 y.o., 1.73 m, 70.3 kg) experienced intermittent MTSS for 4 years. …

Biomechanical Changes In Running Post-Transition In A Triathlon, Luke Vankeersbilck, Travis Peterson Phd

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Triathletes often complain about lower limb discomfort when running after cycling (Quigley, 1996). Several studies have found differences in muscle activation (Chapman, 2009), kinematics (Rendos et al., 2013), and kinetic cost (Millet, 2001) during the transition run. These differences were also found to be more severe in less experienced triathletes (Chapman, 2008). PURPOSE: This study aimed to determine the kinetic differences between baseline and transition runs of inexperienced triathletes. METHODS: Twelve novice triathletes age: 29.4 ± 12.15 y, mass: 71.2 ± 10.3 kg, weekly running mileage: 24.4 ± 16.7 mi/week volunteered to participate. Athletes completed a 20 min …

Validation Of The Garmin Fenix 6s Maximal Oxygen Consumption (Vo2max) Estimate, Macy M. Helm, Bryson Carrier, Dustin W. Davis, Kyle Cruz, Brenna Barrios, James W. Navalta

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Commercially available fitness watches provide recreational athletes insight into aerobic fitness. The Garmin fēnix. 6S (GF) is a recently released multisport watch that provides estimations related to aerobic and endurance performance, including maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max). VO2max is an important physiological metric to determine aerobic capacity, structure training, and anticipate race performance. PURPOSE: Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the validity and accuracy of the GF’s prediction of VO2max in the general population compared to lab-based measurements. METHODS: 20 healthy participants (9 male, 11 female, 24 土 5.4 years, 30.45 土 21.79 km run/wk) participated in two …

Recreation Center_ Virtual Run/Walk Challenge Email, Thad Dwyer

Recreation Center

Email from Thad Dwyer, Assistant Director of Intramural Sports New Balance Recreation Center regarding a virtual run/walk challenge in April 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Comparison Of Portable Metabolic Devices During Walking, Jogging, And Running, Alex Toulouse, Patrick Davis, Gary Oden, Dustin P. Joubert

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Oxygen uptake measurements enable performance professionals, clinicians, and scientists to quantify energy expenditure and aerobic work capacity for various purposes. Devices that accurately detect the composition of expired gases and changes in oxygen uptake, open new possibilities in research methodology and accessibility. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the O₂ uptake measurements of the VO₂ Master Pro (VM) to the Cosmed K5 (K5) during walking, jogging, and running in field and lab conditions. METHODS: Twelve proficient runners, with a current 10k pace < 5:19 min/km, performed 3 matched intervals at 3 different speeds (4.82, 8.05, 11.27 kph) on a treadmill and on an outdoor track while expired gasses were measured. Each interval was 10 minutes and data from minutes 6-9 were averaged for comparisons. An airflow test was performed on both devices by forcing air through the devices using a 3 L syringe timed to a metronome at 15, 25, and 35 strokes/min. RESULTS: During walking intervals, the VM did not report data for the majority …

Billy Mills, Jacqueline N. Gurnard

2020 Symposium Posters

The Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota is home to one of the poorest populations in the United States. Running Strong for American Indian Youth has provided resources for over thirty years to the reservation. One of the co-founders, Billy Mills, has made it his life’s mission to give back to the community he came from. He overcame a difficult childhood to achieve his dreams and chose to use his success to help others. This poster demonstrates the life and accomplishments of Billy Mills that have led him to his philanthropic success.

Can Changes In Running Biomechanics Under Body Weight Support Conditions Lead To Improvements In Aerobic And Anaerobic Energy Capacities?, Shernice A. Thomas, Christopher J. Arellano

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

During the ground contact phase of running, muscles in the lower limb are required to generate force to support body weight which is the most energy-demanding task during running. We are interested in understanding how running mechanics change when we reduce the need for body weight support and how these effects determine maximal metabolic power at top speed. PURPOSE: We aim to determine the biomechanical determinants that underlie peak metabolic power during body weight (BW)-supported running. METHODS: Twenty-five healthy young adults (age 18-36, M/F, BMI < 30.0) who are experienced runners will be recruited for this study. Subjects will complete a graded exercise test to determine their peak metabolic power output at 100% BW at 75% BW. During each trial, subjects’ rates of expired oxygen and carbon dioxide, stance and leg swing times, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and heart rate will be recorded. RESULTS: Our preliminary findings show that similar peak metabolic power output values, at top speeds, …

Running Economy Strongly Related To Ground Contact Time Imbalances, Aaron D. Piper, Erica G. Knowles, Nicholas A. Guerra, Eric J. Jones, Dustin P. Joubert

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Running economy (RE) can be defined as the oxygen consumption or caloric unit cost required to move at a specific velocity. In addition to a runner’s maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and lactate threshold (LT), RE is a key endurance performance determinant. Better RE is advantageous as it represents the ability to run at a lower relative percentage of VO2max at a given speed and reduces the rate of energy depletion. Ground contact time (GCT) has been associated with RE, however it has not been established how GCT imbalances between feet impact economy. Purpose: Determine the relationship between cadence, GCT, and …

The Fort Wayne Vine, Fort Wayne Alumni Center Heritage Association

TUFW Alumni Publications (All)

The Spring 2018 edition of The Fort Wayne Alumnus, published by Taylor University Fort Wayne in Fort Wayne, Indiana.

Body Weight Support On Anti-Gravity Treadmill Induces Less Physiological Strain While Running, Ryan A. Gordon, Chris Irvine, Michael Oldham, Matthew Brisebois, Kyle D. Biggerstaff

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The anti-gravity treadmill developed by AlterG® can be used as an alternative to traditional treadmill running. The AlterG® unloads an individual’s body weight through lower body positive pressure (LBPP) and can support up to 80% of an individual’s body weight. The cardiorespiratory response resulting from a bout of exercise on an AlterG® treadmill may be attenuated compared to similar exercise on a traditional treadmill. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the physiological responses of running at 0%, 15%, 30%, and 45% of body weight support (BWS) on the AlterG® to a traditional treadmill. METHODS: Ten …

An Analysis Of Running Event Consumer Behaviors, Thomas Aicher, Jason Simmons, Alicia Cintron

Journal of Applied Sport Management

The purpose of this study was to examine the motives, constraints, and event selection factors affecting consumers’ decisions to participate in running events, specifically for a running festival in the Midwest United States. In partnership with a large running festival in the Midwest United States, data were collected via an online questionnaire. In total, 1,650 individuals completed a portion of the survey with 1,235 completing the additional questions for this investigation yielding a 74% completion rate. Based on the results of this study, runners’ autonomous motivation was significantly greater among those who participated in more events or longer distances during …

The Impacts Of Formal Training On The Motivation Of Middle-Aged Runners, Margaret Turley

Master's Level Papers/Projects

The problem of this study was to understand the motivational factors behind middle-aged adults who take up running, and whether or not formal training is used by this population to aid in meeting their training goals. To determine this, two surveys were distributed to running groups hosted on social media. The first survey was geared toward middle-aged runners, and the second survey was geared toward trainers and running coaches who train middle-aged runners. The results of the survey were 183 runner participants and one trainer participant. Due to the lack of sufficient data, the trainer survey was not used in …

Life At 6 Miles Per Hour: Running At My Own Pace For Mind, Body And Spirit And Its Applications For Advising In Higher Education, Elizabeth S. Dunbar

Graduate College Dissertations and Theses

Growing up, I never considered myself an athlete. I did not participate in sports or compete on a track, field or slope. However, as an adult, I have chosen to step outside my comfort zone, exploring challenges that push me physically and mentally to grow as a person. In this way, I found running. Running, for me, is not a mere mundane exercise routine, nor a competitive sport by which to be judged. Instead, running at my own pace has been a physical and emotional journey that eases my mind, nourishes my body and replenishes my spirit. Like an old …

The Effects Of Gait Retraining In Runners With Patellofemoral Pain, Jenevieve Roper

Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences ETDs

Running popularity has increased resulting in a concomitant increase in running-related injuries. Of these injuries, patellofemoral pain (PFP) is the most commonly reported. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to determine whether gait retraining by modifying footstrike patterns from rearfoot strike (RFS) to forefoot strike (FFS) reduces PFP and improves associated biomechanical measures, and whether the modification results in increased risk of ankle injuries. METHODS: Sixteen subjects (n=16) received clearance to participate by a licensed physical therapist, and were randomly placed in the control (n=8) or experimental (n=8) group. Subsequently, the experimental group (EXP) performed eight gait retraining running …

Runner Identity And Sponsorship: Evaluating The Rock ‘N’ Roll Marathon, Nancy L. Lough, Jennifer Pharr, Jason O. Owen

Environmental & Occupational Health Faculty Publications

The economic value of participation sport has been reported to eclipse spectator sport significantly. However, scholars have acknowledged the relative lack of research on this important segment of the sport market. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between runner identity and race sponsor effectiveness. Surveys were sent to participants in the Las Vegas Rock ‘n’ Roll Marathon. The survey was constructed to measure runner identity, and sponsor effectiveness as interpreted through rates of recognition, recall and purchase intention. Runners were divided into three groups based on their runner identity score. Of the predictive variables, only runner …

The Meaning Of Running In American Society, Kristin Owen Westfall

College of Education Theses and Dissertations

Most media resources, medical associations, articles of popular culture, and sports-related companies promote running as an activity that builds self-esteem and supports general physical and mental health. This paper delves into the connection between running and the characteristics of our society. The analysis examines the meaning of running, as a symbol of our society that perpetuates ideals of corporatization, consumerism, capitalism, and gender stereotypes. Additionally, this paper examines the ways running is perceived and participated in; and how they have changed overtime, alongside political, economic, and historical events.

Influences Of Eating Disorders And Behaviors On College Cross Country And Track Runners, Kimberly L. Ricker

Browse all Theses and Dissertations

Outside sources can be a large influence on athlete's perceptions of themselves, including their body image. Men and women face the same issues and influences from outside sources. The SCOFF questionnaire was used to determine if an athlete has the possibility of developing or already has an eating disorder. An eight question survey was also used to see what outside sources influence the eating behaviors of college cross country and track runners.

The Express: October 28, 2005, Taylor University Fort Wayne

2005-2006 (Volume 10)

Fire damages Schultz Hall, residents evacuate uninjured — WOD week to offer ministry fair — Louisiana Fall Break Trip — SAC Schedule of Events — Dial M for Murder — You have much to learn young freshmen — Not to burst your Taylor bubble… — Taylor students impacted by summer in Mexico — Soccer season concludes — Women’s Volleyball vs. Goshen College — Sports Updates — Running for the Lord

Relaxation Training, Flexibility Training, And Their Relationship To Running Speeds At Short Distances, Robert Charles Thompson

University of the Pacific Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the relationship of relaxation training and flexibility training to running speeds of high intensity at three short distances for high school males. In addition to the main problem, the following sub-problems were established: (1) Was there a significant difference of effects between the relaxation training and the flexibility training on times at the three distances of 20, 50, and 100 yards? (2) Was the relationship of flexibility and relaxation to running speed the same as the distance increased? (3) Did a combination of flexibility and relaxation training produce different results then relaxation …

A Comparative Sociopsychological Assessment Of Attitude Toward Physical Activity In Selected Male Members Of Running Clubs, Kim Allen Morton

University of the Pacific Theses and Dissertations

This study was designed to survey expressed attitudes toward physical activity in selected male senior and master running club members. These attitudes were contained in a conceptual model developed by Gerald S. Kenyon. The six attitudes included the following: physical activity as a social experience, physical activity for health and fitness, physical activity as the pursuit of vertigo, physical activity as an aesthetic experience, physical activity as a catharsis, and physical activity as an ascetic experience.

Specifically, the study was conducted to compare attitudes toward physical activity between senior runners aged 25 to 39 and master runners aged 40 and …