Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Education Commons

Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Career development

Teacher Education and Professional Development

Institution
Publication Year
Publication
Publication Type

Articles 1 - 30 of 33

Full-Text Articles in Education

Collegiate Aviation Students’ Perceptions Towards The Integration Of Diversity And Inclusion Training: A Qualitative Case Study, Jorge L. D. Albelo Ph.D., Nicola M. O'Toole M.S., Eugene Kim B.S. Jan 2023

Collegiate Aviation Students’ Perceptions Towards The Integration Of Diversity And Inclusion Training: A Qualitative Case Study, Jorge L. D. Albelo Ph.D., Nicola M. O'Toole M.S., Eugene Kim B.S.

Journal of Aviation/Aerospace Education & Research

Multiple industries have become more supportive and engaging places to work by embedding diversity, equity, and inclusion within their institutional processes. Institutions of higher education have seen the educational benefits of integrating diversity and inclusion principles within their program outcomes. Notably, the aviation industry has seen an increase in diversity, equity, and inclusion practices to attract more customers and increase the number of potential applicants. Yet, there is scant literature on how aviation students at collegiate flight institutions perceive the integration of diversity and inclusion training within the airline industry as part of their career development. This study aimed to …


Career Development And Employability Skill Integration Within The Equine Science And Management Undergraduate Program At The University Of Kentucky, Savannah Faye Robin Jan 2022

Career Development And Employability Skill Integration Within The Equine Science And Management Undergraduate Program At The University Of Kentucky, Savannah Faye Robin

Theses and Dissertations--Educational Leadership Studies

College graduates need to be equipped with career and employability skills that are necessary to be meaningfully and gainfully employed in their future. These skills consist of self-management, career-management, essential-employability, and discipline-specific skills. More responsibility is being placed on college and university academic programs to ensure that students are graduating with these skills when they enter the workforce. However, students are growing less likely to participate in out of course career development activities and resources. Integrating these skills into program curriculum can be an effective way to ensure that all students have the ability to develop these necessary skills.

While …


The North Carolina Teaching Fellows Program: A Case Study Of The Use Of Forgivable Loans In Recruiting Future Stem Teachers, Katie N. Smith Oct 2021

The North Carolina Teaching Fellows Program: A Case Study Of The Use Of Forgivable Loans In Recruiting Future Stem Teachers, Katie N. Smith

Journal of Student Financial Aid

In 2018-2019, North Carolina implemented a loan forgiveness program to recruit talented postsecondary students into teaching majors in needed subject areas. This qualitative case study analyzes the influence of the North Carolina Teaching Fellows Program (NCTFP) on 10 student participants’ college, major, and career plans in STEM education to understand how loan incentives shaped student interest in teaching careers in STEM subjects. Findings reveal that forgivable loan funding influenced college choice among those choosing institutions at the time of NCTFP acceptance. While the NCTFP was most appealing to participants who already planned to become STEM educators, there is also evidence …


Journey To The Professoriate: Exploring The Career Development Of African American Male Faculty In Counselor Education, Lacretisha Danielle Mcdole Aug 2021

Journey To The Professoriate: Exploring The Career Development Of African American Male Faculty In Counselor Education, Lacretisha Danielle Mcdole

Dissertations

Much of the existing literature on African American faculty in counselor education and supervision programs focuses on the challenges that confront them as racial minorities (Bradley & Holcomb-McCoy, 2004; Holcomb-McCoy & Addison-Bradley, 2005; Thompson, 2008; Turner & Myers, 2000). Findings from recent research studies have offered ways to support and guide African American faculty in combating racial discrimination and oppression within the academy (Jones-Boyd, 2016; Robinson, 2018). However, there are gaps in the literature about the personal and environmental factors that shape African Americans’ decisions to pursue the professoriate in counselor education and supervision, and factors that contribute to their …


Setting The Foundation For Experiential Learning And Academic Success In Mbio 101: Introduction To The Microbiology Major, Brandi Sigmon Jan 2021

Setting The Foundation For Experiential Learning And Academic Success In Mbio 101: Introduction To The Microbiology Major, Brandi Sigmon

UNL Faculty Course Portfolios

Introductory courses for majors, typically completed by first-year students, are important to student success and retention as they set the foundation for students in their respective majors. At the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Microbiology majors complete MBIO 101: Introduction to the Microbiology Major during their first semester as their introductory, foundational course. In this course portfolio, I chose to focus on investigating the impact on student learning of integrating more emphasis on experiential learning knowledge and acquisition within the course through the participation of students in a hands-on workshop and research symposium. Integration of these two events into the MBIO 101 …


The Teaching And Learning International Survey 2018. Australian Report Volume 2: Teachers And School Leaders As Valued Professionals, Sue Thomson, Kylie Hillman Aug 2020

The Teaching And Learning International Survey 2018. Australian Report Volume 2: Teachers And School Leaders As Valued Professionals, Sue Thomson, Kylie Hillman

OECD Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS)

The OECD Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS) collects internationally comparable data on the learning environment and the working conditions of teachers and principals in schools across the world. TALIS 2018 is the third cycle of TALIS, and Australia has participated in each cycle. In Australia, a nationally representative sample of 4,000 teachers and principals from 200 lower secondary schools was randomly selected to participate in the study. Findings from TALIS 2018 in Australia are reported in two volumes. The first volume, Teachers and School Leaders as Lifelong Learners, published in November 2019, explored teaching practices, the changing contexts for …


The Effects Of A Site-Based Teacher Professional Development Program On Student Learning, Abha Gupta, Guang-Lea Lee Jan 2020

The Effects Of A Site-Based Teacher Professional Development Program On Student Learning, Abha Gupta, Guang-Lea Lee

Teaching & Learning Faculty Publications

A mixed methods study is used to investigate the effectiveness of a professional development program intended to enhance teacher knowledge and student learning so as to systematically improve student achievement in elementary literacy. In this study, a large urban school district partnered with a local university to provide intervention in a Title 1, low-performing elementary school. Measures included teacher knowledge and practices based on surveys, classroom observation, and student achievement data. Teachers self-reported their perspectives on schoolbased teacher training in terms of its significance, requirements, challenges, and possible solutions to teacher training. Schools were selected based on their Adequate Yearly …


New Year's Resolutions, Career Outlook, And Personality: An Investigation Of Library Employees' Goal Setting Behaviors, Amelia Anderson, Leo Lo Jan 2019

New Year's Resolutions, Career Outlook, And Personality: An Investigation Of Library Employees' Goal Setting Behaviors, Amelia Anderson, Leo Lo

STEMPS Faculty Publications

Many organizations use goal setting as a professional tool to get employees to achieve gains within the workplace. Many librarians in the United States participate in setting New Year's resolutions as part of their personal goal-setting behavior. As studies indicate correlations between personal goal-setting behaviors, performance and attitude in professional roles, the researchers posit that learning how library employees set and achieve New Year's resolutions could provide insight into how organizations can improve employee goal setting. An online survey was conducted in 2016 with 512 respondents. Results showed that respondents who self-reported as ambitious tend to be more successful in …


Great Libraries Open Doors: Collaborating With Career Services To Support Library Employees At James Madison University, Jennifer A. Keach, Chandra Lane Jun 2018

Great Libraries Open Doors: Collaborating With Career Services To Support Library Employees At James Madison University, Jennifer A. Keach, Chandra Lane

Libraries

Supporting the career development of your library faculty and staff can help you retain highly qualified employees and develop your next leaders. In 2017, the presenters’ university library embraced a new initiative to support our employees in their career goals. Through a partnership with the university Career & Academic Planning office, the mid-sized academic library developed and implemented an immersive program focused on the participants’ career goals. The blended program included self-assessments, 360-degree feedback, expert panels, informational interviews, networking strategies, resume reviews, and interview practice during in-person class sessions and online. This poster provides details about the program objectives, curriculum, …


Estimating Wasi Iq Scores To Assist In Identifying Elementary School Gifted Students, Debra Garrett Pregler Jun 2018

Estimating Wasi Iq Scores To Assist In Identifying Elementary School Gifted Students, Debra Garrett Pregler

Dissertations

Identifying gifted students early is important so they may receive adaptations in their learning environment including admittance into gifted programs (Subotnik, Olszweski-Kubilius, & Worrell, 2012). An effective method to increase the likelihood of identifying gifted students is needed (Pfeiffer, 2003). Admission at the elementary level primarily uses the individually-administered intelligence test; yet, the test is only administered to students nominated to the gifted program. The purpose of this study was to determine if individually-administered IQ test scores were related to specific information available to the elementary school counselor to aid in the determination of unidentified gifted elementary school students who …


Facilitating Video Analysis For Teacher Development: A Systematic Review Of The Research, Laura H. Baecher, Shiao-Chuan Kung, Sarah Laleman Ward, Kimberly Kern Apr 2018

Facilitating Video Analysis For Teacher Development: A Systematic Review Of The Research, Laura H. Baecher, Shiao-Chuan Kung, Sarah Laleman Ward, Kimberly Kern

Publications and Research

Video analysis of classroom practice as a tool in teacher professional learning has become ever more widely used, with hundreds of articles published on the topic over the past decade. When designing effective professional development for teachers using video, facilitators turn to the literature to identify promising approaches. This article offers a comprehensive, systematic review of the international literature on video viewing in teacher education and professional development. Over 100 articles published in a five-year period between 2012-2016 were collected and findings examined as data in regards to the contexts for the use of video in teacher learning, the type …


The Researchers' Perspective: For And By The Community: Processes And Practices From The Development Of National School Library Standards, Elizabeth A. Burns, Marcia A. Mardis Jan 2018

The Researchers' Perspective: For And By The Community: Processes And Practices From The Development Of National School Library Standards, Elizabeth A. Burns, Marcia A. Mardis

STEMPS Faculty Publications

In this study, we describe the innovative and rigorous phased process used to compose the American Association of School Librarians (AASL) National School Library Standards (AASL, 2018). We begin by recounting previous standards iterations and compared their development processes to the most recent process used during the development of the AASL Standards. After we detail the development timeline and process phases, we conclude with implications for best practices in standards development for school librarians, professional leaders, and practitioners.


Developing Multicultural Self-Awareness Through A Transformative Learning Experience, Cynthia Bezard, Sara A. Shaw Dec 2017

Developing Multicultural Self-Awareness Through A Transformative Learning Experience, Cynthia Bezard, Sara A. Shaw

Journal of Research in Technical Careers

The purpose of this qualitative case study was to explore the ways that a change in perspective can create a better understanding of cultural identity. This study addressed: (1) How does a self-awareness transformative learning experience develop critical cultural competence in career and technical education instructors? (2) How does the practice of critical reflection construct career and technical education instructors’ ability to develop self-awareness of critical cultural competence? (3) How does involvement in critical discourse construct career and technical education instructors’ ability to develop self-awareness of critical cultural competence? A three-phase professional development experience rooted in multicultural education provided key …


An Examination Of The Relationship Between Professional Development Providers' Epistemological And Nature Of Science Beliefs And Their Professional Development Programs, Alfonso Garcia Arriola Jun 2017

An Examination Of The Relationship Between Professional Development Providers' Epistemological And Nature Of Science Beliefs And Their Professional Development Programs, Alfonso Garcia Arriola

Dissertations and Theses

In the last twenty years in US science education, professional development has emphasized the need to change science instruction from a direct instruction model to a more participatory and constructivist learning model. The result of these reform efforts has seen an increase in science education professional development that is focused on providing teaching strategies that promote inquiry learning to learn science content. Given these reform efforts and teacher responses to professional development, research seems to indicate that whether teachers actually change their practice may depend on the teachers' basic epistemological beliefs about the nature of science. The person who builds …


International Students Career Development: Acculturative Stress And Career Outcomes, Sneha J. Pitre Jan 2017

International Students Career Development: Acculturative Stress And Career Outcomes, Sneha J. Pitre

ETD Archive

International students face many challenges as they adapt to a new host country. These challenges are present in social, psychological, academic, and career domains of life. Although students aim to reduce the difficulties encountered in the acculturation process, negative experiences often have a harmful impact. Acculturative stress can negatively affect mental and physical health, as well as career outcomes. The literature focusing on the career-related needs and placement concerns of international students with relation to acculturative stress is scare and needs further exploration. The present study investigated the relationship between acculturative stress and the career outcomes of work hope, career …


Students With Physical Disabilities - Reflections On Their Experiences With Work Preparation Programs, Services And Accommodations In A Higher Education Institution, Claudia Castillo May 2016

Students With Physical Disabilities - Reflections On Their Experiences With Work Preparation Programs, Services And Accommodations In A Higher Education Institution, Claudia Castillo

FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations

For a variety of reasons, college students with disabilities encounter stressors beyond those of students who do not have disabilities. One of the more salient examples is that students with disabilities are required to disclose that they have a disability and to communicate with faculty and staff in order to receive academic accommodations, as afforded to them under sub-part E of Section 504 of the Education and Rehabilitation Act of 1974. Therefore, postsecondary institutions are required to make appropriate accommodations available to students with disabilities, but they are not required to proactively seek them out.

The purpose of this study …


The Scholarship Of Student Affairs Professionals: Effective Writing Strategies And Scholarly Identity Formation Explored Through A Coaching Model, Lisa Janie Hatfield May 2015

The Scholarship Of Student Affairs Professionals: Effective Writing Strategies And Scholarly Identity Formation Explored Through A Coaching Model, Lisa Janie Hatfield

Dissertations and Theses

Student affairs professionals work directly with university students in various programs that provide services to these students. From these experiences, they collect daily valuable insights about how to serve students successfully. Yet, in general, they are not publishing about their work even though dissemination of such knowledge through publication could positively impact programs and services across many institutions. My dissertation explored what happens when mid-level student affairs professionals pursue scholarly writing during a structured program intended to help participants produce manuscripts for publication. In working with five professionals in student services at a large urban institution in the Pacific Northwest …


Early Childhood Educators' Perception Of Oregon's Professional Development System: A Hermeneutic Phenomenological Study, Ingrid Anderson Dec 2014

Early Childhood Educators' Perception Of Oregon's Professional Development System: A Hermeneutic Phenomenological Study, Ingrid Anderson

Dissertations and Theses

Since 2011, the state of Oregon has embarked on a comprehensive educational policy change to create a unified birth to twenty educational system. As part of the birth to age five early childhood and family investment strategy, mandated participation in Oregon professional development system is required for all early childhood educators working in Office of Child Care licensed programs. To date, research on early childhood educators' experience in professional development systems has focused primarily on experiences with regulatory systems. This hermeneutic phenomenological study explored how four early childhood educators made meaning of their experiences of professional engagement in Oregon's state …


Misalignments: Challenges In Cultivating Science Faculty With Education Specialties In Your Department, Seth D. Bush, Nancy Pelaez, James A. Rudd Ii, Michael T. Stevens, Kimberly D. Tanner, Kathy S. Williams Dec 2014

Misalignments: Challenges In Cultivating Science Faculty With Education Specialties In Your Department, Seth D. Bush, Nancy Pelaez, James A. Rudd Ii, Michael T. Stevens, Kimberly D. Tanner, Kathy S. Williams

PIBERG Publications

Science Faculty with Education Specialties (SFES) are increasingly being hired across the United States. However, little is known about the motivations for SFES hiring or the potential or actual impact of SFES. In the context of a recent national survey of US SFES, we investigated SFES perceptions about these issues. Strikingly, perceptions about reasons for hiring SFES were poorly aligned with perceptions about potential and actual contributions reported by SFES themselves, and the advice they extended to beginning SFES was varied. While preparation of future teachers and departmental teaching needs were common reasons offered for SFES hiring, the potential and …


The Externship Experience: Developing A Short-Term Experiential Learning Opportunity To Enhance Career Development, Alexandra Finney Apr 2014

The Externship Experience: Developing A Short-Term Experiential Learning Opportunity To Enhance Career Development, Alexandra Finney

Higher Education Student Work

Research supports experiential learning models, focusing on career exploration, as one of the best ways college students can clarify their interests and determine future goals (Orndorff & Herr, 1996). This capstone explored the existing literature on: fundamental career development theories, experiential learning’s connection to career preparation, student populations needing additional career preparation, and ways to address these needs. Typically, sophomore students need but rarely receive this special attention, since they statistically have the highest withdrawal rates (Tobolowsky, 2008). This capstone project was conducted through a mixed methods pragmatic methodological assessment of the development and implementation of Merrimack College’s Externship Experience. …


Navigating The Roles Of Leadership: Mentors Perspectives On Teacher Leadership, Saundra Shillingstad, Sheryl Mcglamery, Barbara Davis, Carol Gilles Feb 2014

Navigating The Roles Of Leadership: Mentors Perspectives On Teacher Leadership, Saundra Shillingstad, Sheryl Mcglamery, Barbara Davis, Carol Gilles

Teacher Education Faculty Proceedings & Presentations

The qualitative study described in this paper began as a collaborative project between three Universities offering comprehensive induction programs to first year teachers. Fourteen teacher mentors were selected to participate in this case study of teacher leaders and leadership. Three of the fourteen teacher leaders were selected to participate in a special case study of their leadership development. The researchers found their leadership qualities to be exemplary and wanted to explore in more depth the three teacher leaders and how they developed and shared their skills as leaders with their mentees and colleagues. The three participants represent perspectives from three …


Career Development In Language Education Programs, Saad Fathy Shawer, Saad Ali Alkahtani Jun 2013

Career Development In Language Education Programs, Saad Fathy Shawer, Saad Ali Alkahtani

Australian Journal of Teacher Education

This study assesses the influence of a two-year language program evaluation on program directors and faculty career development. The study makes use of mixed-paradigms (positivism and qualitative interpretive), mixed-strategies (survey research and qualitative evaluation), one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a post-hoc test of multiple comparisons (Scheffe). The findings indicate that imposed program evaluation experiences help faculty members advance their career skills in terms of course planning, classroom teaching, learning assessment, classroom research, and coping with career pressure. The findings also indicate significant improvement in program director academic and administrative career skills. Moreover, the findings did not show inter-program differences …


Teacher Educators’ Professional Development In The 21st Century: Practicing What We Preach, Sandra Rodriguez-Arroyo, Wendy Loewenstein Mar 2013

Teacher Educators’ Professional Development In The 21st Century: Practicing What We Preach, Sandra Rodriguez-Arroyo, Wendy Loewenstein

Teacher Education Faculty Proceedings & Presentations

As teacher educators encourage teacher education candidates to incorporate new technologies (SmartBoard, hardware, software, web tools) into teaching, there is a need for them to serve as role models for their students. To move beyond a paper and pencil approach, teacher educators should advance their own technological knowledge and apply it in their teaching. The focus of this brief paper is on the steps taken to encourage teacher educators at a Midwest institution to incorporate new technologies into their teaching. This professional development is still a work in progress, as teacher education faculty work in collaboration with an instructional technology …


Teacher Educators’ Professional Development In The 21st Century: Practicing What We Preach, Sandra Rodriguez-Arroyo, Wendy Loewenstein Jan 2013

Teacher Educators’ Professional Development In The 21st Century: Practicing What We Preach, Sandra Rodriguez-Arroyo, Wendy Loewenstein

Sandra Rodriguez-Arroyo

As teacher educators encourage teacher education candidates to incorporate new technologies (SmartBoard, hardware, software, web tools) into teaching, there is a need for them to serve as role models for their students. To move beyond a paper and pencil approach, teacher educators should advance their own technological knowledge and apply it in their teaching. The focus of this brief paper is on the steps taken to encourage teacher educators at a Midwest institution to incorporate new technologies into their teaching. This professional development is still a work in progress, as teacher education faculty work in collaboration with an instructional technology …


Moving Forward On Common Ground: A Mixed Methods Exploration Of National Standards, Sharon Kay Cogan Aug 2012

Moving Forward On Common Ground: A Mixed Methods Exploration Of National Standards, Sharon Kay Cogan

UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones

There is extant literature regarding teacher professional development; however, there is limited research in the area of "high-quality" teacher professional development practices which are advocated for at the government and district levels based on Learning Forward's (formerly National Staff Development Council - NSDC) guidelines for school reform.

The intent of this proposed research study is to examine the professional development practices of three elementary schools in a large urban area in the southwest region of the United States, and how well the professional development practices align with Learning Forward's national standards for constructing effective professional development. Administrators and teachers anonymously …


The Self-Efficacy Beliefs Of Black Women Leaders In Fortune 500 Companies, Latonya R. Jackson May 2012

The Self-Efficacy Beliefs Of Black Women Leaders In Fortune 500 Companies, Latonya R. Jackson

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Black women are underrepresented in leadership positions within organizations. The extent to which self-efficacy influences the advancement potential of Black females is unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine the self-efficacy beliefs of black women in leadership positions and to determine how Black women leaders' careers are influenced by their self-efficacy beliefs. Participants for the study were determined using convenient random sampling. The objectives of this study were to determine the profile and level of self-efficacy, and leadership practices of participants based on tenure (length of time in a leadership position), age comparison and work experience (total number …


A Longitudinal Study Of Teaching Practice And Early Career Decisions: A Cautionary Tale, Marilyn Cochran-Smith, Patrick Mcquillan, Kara Mitchell Viesca, Dianna Gahlsdorf Terrell, Joan Barnatt, Lisa D’Souza, Cindy Jong, Karen Shakman, Karen Lam, Ann Marie Gleeson Jan 2012

A Longitudinal Study Of Teaching Practice And Early Career Decisions: A Cautionary Tale, Marilyn Cochran-Smith, Patrick Mcquillan, Kara Mitchell Viesca, Dianna Gahlsdorf Terrell, Joan Barnatt, Lisa D’Souza, Cindy Jong, Karen Shakman, Karen Lam, Ann Marie Gleeson

Department of Teaching, Learning, and Teacher Education: Faculty Publications

Although the turnover rate among beginning teachers has been a major concern for some time, most studies do not link teacher retention with teaching practice. In contrast, this study looks specifically at career decisions coupled with practice. Guided by a view of teaching as social and cultural practice, the study used multiple qualitative data sources, including extensive observations, interviews, and samples of teachers’ and students’ work. Based on within and cross-case analysis of 15 cases at four distinct time points within a 5-year period, the authors identified multiple patterns of teaching practice linked to early career decisions, which reflect considerable …


New School, New Job, New Life: Supporting The Transition Of Student Affairs Graduate Assistants, Karen J. Haley, Brandi Hephner, Peggy Koutas Apr 2011

New School, New Job, New Life: Supporting The Transition Of Student Affairs Graduate Assistants, Karen J. Haley, Brandi Hephner, Peggy Koutas

Educational Leadership and Policy Faculty Publications and Presentations

Student affairs professionals have a responsibility for the professional development of graduate assistants (GAs) in the department as these positions are marketed as first professional positions. While prior literature has addressed the transition of graduate students into graduate school, there is little about the transition process for students with graduate assistantships in student affairs. Student transitions are important as they may set the tone for their first professional experience and ongoing professional development. Four key themes emerged from the voices of the graduate student participants in this study as they described their transition process into a GA position. First, they …


A Phenomenological Exploration Of How West Indian Professionals In South Florida Perceive Their Career Construction, Judith D. Bernier Nov 2010

A Phenomenological Exploration Of How West Indian Professionals In South Florida Perceive Their Career Construction, Judith D. Bernier

FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations

This phenomenological study explored how West Indian professionals in South Florida perceive their career construction. The study used Savickas’s (2005) theory of career construction as its theoretical framework. Semi-structured interviews were conducted, transcribed, and analyzed for 15 West Indian professionals, who self-identified as West Indians and met all the criteria for this study. Interview data were analyzed using inductive, deductive, and comparative analyses. Five themes emerged from the inductive analysis of the data: (a) vocational influences, (b) adjustment challenges, (c) employment patterns, (d) career mobility patterns, and (d) career success perceptions. The theory of career construction guided the deductive analysis. …


"What Was Really Accomplished Today?" Mathematics Content Specialists Observe A Class For Prospective K-8 Teachers, Andrew M. Tyminski, Sarah D. Ledford, Dennis Hembree Jan 2010

"What Was Really Accomplished Today?" Mathematics Content Specialists Observe A Class For Prospective K-8 Teachers, Andrew M. Tyminski, Sarah D. Ledford, Dennis Hembree

Faculty and Research Publications

One of the important activities mathematics teacher educators engage in is the development of teachers at both the in-service and pre-service levels. Also of importance is the professional development of these professional developers. In the summer of 2004, a summer institute was held that allowed mathematics teacher educators watch the teaching of a mathematics content course for prospective K-8 teachers. This paper examines the manner in which a specific group of mathematics content specialists experienced this professional development.