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Journal of Educational Technology Development and Exchange (JETDE)

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Full-Text Articles in Education

Digitizing Borderless Higher Education Landscapes Through Curriculum Policy Change To Educate Global Citizens, Hanife Akar, Elanur Yilmaz-Na, Rukiye Ayan-Civak, Anil Kandemir Dec 2022

Digitizing Borderless Higher Education Landscapes Through Curriculum Policy Change To Educate Global Citizens, Hanife Akar, Elanur Yilmaz-Na, Rukiye Ayan-Civak, Anil Kandemir

Journal of Educational Technology Development and Exchange (JETDE)

Advancements in science and technology are mobilizing higher education landscapes into borderless settings. Such changes also urge higher education settings to adopt transformative learning opportunities into their curriculum policy. Universities are accountable for helping youth build on their 21st Century competences by highlighting societal issues at global levels such as climate change, refugee crises or big human movements due to poverty, politics, conflicts, wars, or natural disasters. Youth need to build on knowledge, skills, and competences to recognize that any crises in one location can have an immediate impact on neighboring countries primarily and the whole world and challenge their …


Digital Transformation To Advance High-Quality Development Of Higher Education, Zongkai Yang Dec 2022

Digital Transformation To Advance High-Quality Development Of Higher Education, Zongkai Yang

Journal of Educational Technology Development and Exchange (JETDE)

Digitization will bring unlimited potential and a new vision for education, and the digitization of education is a historical process and an inevitable trend of education reform. This paper first puts forward the connotation, foundation, core of education digital transformation and the typical stages of development. Then extracts a series of practices launched in China to cope with the demand in digital transformation from four aspects: platform construction, curriculum supply, teaching methods and evaluation methods. Finally, the exploration and practice carried out by three typical universities are presented where the author has served as president, namely Central China Normal University, …


Undergraduate Students’ Utilization Of Technologies For Self-Regulated Learning In Kwara State, Adenike Aderogba Onojah, Amos Ochayi Onojah, Olumorin C. Olubode Dec 2022

Undergraduate Students’ Utilization Of Technologies For Self-Regulated Learning In Kwara State, Adenike Aderogba Onojah, Amos Ochayi Onojah, Olumorin C. Olubode

Journal of Educational Technology Development and Exchange (JETDE)

Self-Regulated Learning is a method of learning in which a learner sets goals, controls and manages his learning as well as evaluating himself. Despite numerous benefits of utilization of technology-oriented strategies for learning, studies have shown that the adoptions are often poorly adopted for use. The objectives of this study therefore were to investigate undergraduate students’ utilization of technologies for SRL; and influence of gender, academic level; and school proprietorship on the utilization of technologies for SRL. This study adopted the descriptive design of quantitative survey type. The sample comprised 389 respondents across federal, state and private universities in Kwara …


A Study Of The Verification Of The Effectiveness Of Multiple Endings In Learning Novel Games, Jiejin Luo, Zhe Li Dec 2022

A Study Of The Verification Of The Effectiveness Of Multiple Endings In Learning Novel Games, Jiejin Luo, Zhe Li

Journal of Educational Technology Development and Exchange (JETDE)

Today, digital games that incorporate multi-ending scenarios are not uncommon in the entertainment field. However, there is no such application of the multiple endings to learning games and educational situations. Therefore, there are no studies that have examined the learning effects of the multiple endings in learning games. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a multiple endings learning game on learners' motivation and learning effectiveness. To test effectiveness of multiple endings, a multiple endings learning novel game was designed in the experiment. The results of the experiment showed that the learners of group with multiple …


The Empirical Research On University Instructors’ Competencies In Virtual Reality Environment From The Perspective Of Students’ Learning Experience, Jing Ma, Yue Wang, Meng Jiang Dec 2022

The Empirical Research On University Instructors’ Competencies In Virtual Reality Environment From The Perspective Of Students’ Learning Experience, Jing Ma, Yue Wang, Meng Jiang

Journal of Educational Technology Development and Exchange (JETDE)

The integration of virtual reality (VR) and education is a key way to realize the modernization of higher education. Instructors’ competencies directly affect students’ learning experiences and achievements. Based on the IBSTPI competency standards compiled by the International Board of Standards for Training, Performance, and Instruction (IBSTPI), this study developed an instructors’ competencies scale suitable for the VR environment from the perspective of students’ learning experience and conducted an empirical research on the current situation of instructors’ competencies in VR environment. The scale categorizes of instructors’ competencies included six dimensions: establishing and maintaining learning motivation competencies, expressing competencies, questioning competencies, …


Reviewers Of Volume 15, Issue 1, Jetde Sep 2022

Reviewers Of Volume 15, Issue 1, Jetde

Journal of Educational Technology Development and Exchange (JETDE)

List of reviewers for Volume 15, Issue 1 of JETDE


Table Of Contents Sep 2022

Table Of Contents

Journal of Educational Technology Development and Exchange (JETDE)

Table of Contents of Journal of Educational Technology Development and Exchange 15 (1)


Explicit Vocabulary Instruction For Fifth Graders’ Vocabulary Knowledge And Reading Comprehension: An Action Research Study, Tonia Bauer, Hengtao Tang Sep 2022

Explicit Vocabulary Instruction For Fifth Graders’ Vocabulary Knowledge And Reading Comprehension: An Action Research Study, Tonia Bauer, Hengtao Tang

Journal of Educational Technology Development and Exchange (JETDE)

This action research aimed to evaluate the impact that explicit vocabulary instruction delivered through Schoology had on the vocabulary knowledge and reading comprehension of fifth graders at an urban elementary school in the southeastern United States. A convergent mixed-method approach was applied. The vocabulary and reading comprehension scores and the learner experience survey accounted for the quantitative data. Furthermore, qualitative data gathered from semi-structured interviews were analyzed inductively. Findings show that students' vocabulary knowledge and reading comprehension significantly increased after receiving explicit vocabulary instruction, and results marked instruction regarding Latin and Greek roots as areas needing attention. For elementary educators, …


User Review Analysis Of Mobile English Vocabulary Learning, Yixin Qian Jul 2022

User Review Analysis Of Mobile English Vocabulary Learning, Yixin Qian

Journal of Educational Technology Development and Exchange (JETDE)

More and more language learners today rely on mobile assisted vocabulary learning to expand their grasp of words. Against this background, reviews left by target users are impactful in a language learning app market because online reviews play roles as a decision-making tool used by prospects before committing to any service provider and as a channel through which a mobile app developer understand users’ current expectations and their using and learning experience in depth. The aim of this study is to explore the issues users concern the most in app-based vocabulary learning and provide suggestions to mobile app developers, hoping …


Educators Synchronously Using Multiple Platforms And Devices For Teaching And Learning During Covid-19 Lockdown, Nyarai Tunjera, Agnes Chigona Jul 2022

Educators Synchronously Using Multiple Platforms And Devices For Teaching And Learning During Covid-19 Lockdown, Nyarai Tunjera, Agnes Chigona

Journal of Educational Technology Development and Exchange (JETDE)

The 21st century coupled with the COVID-19 worldwide pandemic is indeed imposing new demands on teaching and learning. Higher education institutions affected extensively educational institutions are mandated with the responsibility of inclusiveness and preparing students for realities of the current and unknown future. There has been heightened attention to educational technologies to mitigate the COVID-19 instigated disruptions. To ensure inclusiveness during future pandemics, there is a need to pay attention to the forms of digital technologies that students have access to (e.g., mobile phones, laptops, as well as applications they are using) in their areas. The article reports the use …


Ict Resource Accessibility And Competencies In Usage After The Covid-19 Partial Closure Of Pre-Tertiary Schools In Ghana: Administrators’ Perspective, Justice Dokyi Oduro, Clarke Ebow Yalley Jul 2022

Ict Resource Accessibility And Competencies In Usage After The Covid-19 Partial Closure Of Pre-Tertiary Schools In Ghana: Administrators’ Perspective, Justice Dokyi Oduro, Clarke Ebow Yalley

Journal of Educational Technology Development and Exchange (JETDE)

School administrators’ technological competencies serve as an essential element in school excellence. As a lead for curriculum implementation, school administrators anchor technological integration in the school settings and operations, curriculum and pedagogy and create an enabling environment for ICT development competencies between and among teachers and students. As a result, this study aimed to investigate the ICT resource accessibility and pre-tertiary administrators’ competencies in usage after the covid-19 partial closure of schools in Ghana. The study used a sequential explanatory mixed-method approach and a descriptive survey design. The target population was 70 Public Senior High School (PSHS) administrators in the …


Professional Development Rewired: A Case Study Of Tims Approach, Tian Luo, Jilian Reynolds, Pauline Muljana Jul 2022

Professional Development Rewired: A Case Study Of Tims Approach, Tian Luo, Jilian Reynolds, Pauline Muljana

Journal of Educational Technology Development and Exchange (JETDE)

This paper presents a case study of a technology-enhanced professional development strategy and demonstrates how an extended workshop approach, based on tutorials, instructional modeling, and support (TIMS), was used for professional learning at a school site. Data collection procedures included a pre-survey, an audiotaped focus group, interviews, a post-survey, and previous district historical survey collection and analysis regarding professional development sessions. Overall, the results indicate that the TIMS approach is an effective form of professional development delivery, which focuses on providing live modeling, attending to lesson relevancy and student needs, as well as being content-specific. Implications regarding implementing technology-focused professional …


Quantitative Content Analysis Methods In Instructional Technology Research: Defining, Coding, Analyzing And Modeling (Dcam), Leping Liu Jul 2022

Quantitative Content Analysis Methods In Instructional Technology Research: Defining, Coding, Analyzing And Modeling (Dcam), Leping Liu

Journal of Educational Technology Development and Exchange (JETDE)

Content analysis has been applied in the research of instructional design and technology to analyze (a) text-based contents, such as online discussions, social media communications, or published articles, and (b) other formats of contents such as videos, audios, or pictures. The purpose of this article is to introduce a method of DCAM (Defining, Coding, Analyzing and Modeling) for content analysis with practice examples. DCAM is a quantitative method generated from a series of studies in instructional design conducted by the author, and supported by the literature in the field. The variables defined from the text-content or other formats of contents …


Transactional Distance Theory And Scaffolding Removal Design For Nurturing Students’ Autonomy, Katsuaki Suzuki, Naoshi Hiraoka Jul 2022

Transactional Distance Theory And Scaffolding Removal Design For Nurturing Students’ Autonomy, Katsuaki Suzuki, Naoshi Hiraoka

Journal of Educational Technology Development and Exchange (JETDE)

This paper prorposes eight design principles to nurture autonomy of college students, based on re-conceptualization of Michael Moore's Transactional Distance Theory (TDT). After proposed in 1970’s, TDT has been helping to concepturalize distance education in terms of psychological, not physical, distance among people involved. TDT, on the other hand, has been creating confusions and misinterpretations when utilized in the research and practices of distance education. COVID-19 has forced all educational practices to be offered as distance education, which made us realized the importance of student autonomy, when limited guidance could be offered. Utilizing the framework of TDT, this paper proposes …


Measuring Creativity In The Fermi Problem, A Type Of Mathematical Modeling, Applying Information Theory, Hidemichi Okamoto Jun 2022

Measuring Creativity In The Fermi Problem, A Type Of Mathematical Modeling, Applying Information Theory, Hidemichi Okamoto

Journal of Educational Technology Development and Exchange (JETDE)

Many methods of measuring creativity have been studied - mainly in psychology. In recent years, there have been attempts to incorporate such creativity into mathematical modelling, a topic handled in mathematics education. Accordingly, some studies have been trying to assess creativity in it. However, there have been no clear criteria or formulas that can be used for any problem, since a rubric has been created for each problem and evaluated individually. In the present study, to measure creativity in the Fermi problem, a type of mathematical modelling, a formula that applies information theory used in information science is proposed and …


Technology Acceptance Of Lms—Do Previous Online Learning Experiences Matter?, Yan Dai, Xi Lin, Li Li Nov 2021

Technology Acceptance Of Lms—Do Previous Online Learning Experiences Matter?, Yan Dai, Xi Lin, Li Li

Journal of Educational Technology Development and Exchange (JETDE)

Using the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), this study explores the variability of Chinese college students’ technology acceptance of using Learning Management System (LMS) during two semesters of fully online learning. A total of 262 college students participated in this study at a Chinese university. Results showed a significant increase in student technology acceptance towards using the LMS with growing online learning experiences. To be specific, compared to taking fully online courses for the first time, students have a higher level of Facilitating Conditions, Perceived Usefulness, and Attitude of using Technology when attending fully online courses for the second time. However, …


Teachers' Profiles Of Ict-Related Dispositions And Relations To Secondary School Students’ Information Literacy: A Latent Profile Analysis, Di Wu, Liqin Yu, Sha Zhu, Qin Wang Nov 2021

Teachers' Profiles Of Ict-Related Dispositions And Relations To Secondary School Students’ Information Literacy: A Latent Profile Analysis, Di Wu, Liqin Yu, Sha Zhu, Qin Wang

Journal of Educational Technology Development and Exchange (JETDE)

Teachers play a significant role in integrating information and communication technology (ICT) in schools as well as in fostering information literacy among students. However, there is a lack of research that focuses on the differential influence of teachers' profiles concerning ICT-related dispositions on students' information literacy. To fill this gap, the present study examined whether teacher profiles differ in terms of their ICT-related dispositions. If so, the relationship between the identified teachers' profiles and their students' information literacy was investigated. Three distinct teacher profiles were identified based on their ICT-related dispositions: negative users, moderate users, and positive users. In addition, …


Characteristics Of Initial Posts And Peer Engagement: Density Score Analyses For Social Presence In Online Discussions, Kathy Hanselman, Leping Liu Nov 2021

Characteristics Of Initial Posts And Peer Engagement: Density Score Analyses For Social Presence In Online Discussions, Kathy Hanselman, Leping Liu

Journal of Educational Technology Development and Exchange (JETDE)

A common activity in online courses that allows for student interaction is the asynchronous discussion; however, discussions do not inherently lead to meaningful engagement among students. This study explores how the moves that students make in their initial discussion posts influence the emotional engagement of their peers in response posts. 1500 asynchronous online discussion messages were collected from an undergraduate online course offered at a western state university. 608 online discussion threads were analyzed to determine how the characteristics of initial posts are associated with the engagement in peer responses. Six characteristic variables from initial posts were identified and analyzed. …


Evaluation Of Individual Contribution In Blended Collaborative Learning, Shurui Gao, Jiaqi Liu, Haolin Zheng, Fati Wu Nov 2021

Evaluation Of Individual Contribution In Blended Collaborative Learning, Shurui Gao, Jiaqi Liu, Haolin Zheng, Fati Wu

Journal of Educational Technology Development and Exchange (JETDE)

With the deepening of classroom teaching reform, blended collaborative learning has become a common collaborative learning method, and its significance and value has been verified by many parties. However, there is still a lack of quantitative analysis and detailed insight into the internal interaction dynamics of the group at the individual level. There are limitations in the evaluation dimensions and methods of individual contribution in collaborative learning in previous studies, so it is difficult to obtain a comprehensive evaluation of individual contribution. The purpose of this study is to build an effective evaluation model of individual contribution in blended collaborative …


Knowledge Tracing: A Review Of Available Technologies, Miao Dai, Jui-Long Hung, Xu Du, Hengtao Tang, Hao Li Oct 2021

Knowledge Tracing: A Review Of Available Technologies, Miao Dai, Jui-Long Hung, Xu Du, Hengtao Tang, Hao Li

Journal of Educational Technology Development and Exchange (JETDE)

As a student modeling technique, knowledge tracing is widely used by various intelligent tutoring systems to infer and trace the individual’s knowledge state during the learning process. In recent years, various models were proposed to get accurate and easy-to-interpret results. To make sense of the wide Knowledge tracing (KT) modeling landscape, this paper conducts a systematic review to provide a detailed and nuanced discussion of relevant KT techniques from the perspective of assumptions, data, and algorithms. The results show that most existing KT models consider only a fragment of the assumptions that relate to the knowledge components within items and …


A Comparison Of Assessment Book Authors’ And Educators’ Perspectives On Ethics Issues In Assessment: A Review Study, Jin Liu, Robert L. Johnson, Xumei Fan, Ruiqin Gao Jun 2021

A Comparison Of Assessment Book Authors’ And Educators’ Perspectives On Ethics Issues In Assessment: A Review Study, Jin Liu, Robert L. Johnson, Xumei Fan, Ruiqin Gao

Journal of Educational Technology Development and Exchange (JETDE)

Assessment book authors’ perspectives on ethical assessment practices are not necessarily consistent with those of educators. This study’s purpose was to explore similarities and differences between the two perspectives. Researchers presented scenarios of classroom assessment practices to gain insights into educators’ perspectives on ethical issues. Fourteen scenarios that were common across three empirical research articles were selected. Educators had similar opinions on a scenario if 70% or more respondents selected “ethical” or “unethical” on one item. Twenty-five assessment-related books were reviewed to present the authors’ views on the ethicality of classroom assessment practices. The results showed that assessment book authors …


Examining Trajectories Of Elementary Students’ Computational Thinking Development Through Collaborative Problem-Solving Process In A Stem-Integrated Robotics Program, Yi-Chun Hong, Yingxiao Qian, Yu-Fen Yang Jun 2021

Examining Trajectories Of Elementary Students’ Computational Thinking Development Through Collaborative Problem-Solving Process In A Stem-Integrated Robotics Program, Yi-Chun Hong, Yingxiao Qian, Yu-Fen Yang

Journal of Educational Technology Development and Exchange (JETDE)

Developing K-12 students’ computational thinking (CT) skills is essential. Building on the existing literature that has emphasized programming skill development, this study expands the focus to examine students’ use of underlying CT cognitive skills during collaborative problem-solving processes. A case study approach was employed to examine video data of 5th graders engaging in an integrated-STEM robotics curriculum. The findings reveal that students applied algorithmic thinking most frequently and prediction the least. They recorded most debugging behaviors initially in the problem-solving process, but after accumulating more experiences their uses of other CT skills, including algorithmic thinking, pattern recognition, and prediction, …


Student Evaluations Of Instructor Email Response Speed As Chronemic Expectancy Violations, Nicholas T. Tatum Jun 2021

Student Evaluations Of Instructor Email Response Speed As Chronemic Expectancy Violations, Nicholas T. Tatum

Journal of Educational Technology Development and Exchange (JETDE)

Instructional communication researchers have begun exploring the effects of instructor email response speed on student evaluations of their instructor. To date, researchers have concluded that faster response times result in more favorable evaluations. To extend this line of research, this experiment explores student evaluations of instructor response speed through the lens of expectancy violations theory, arguing that eliciting positive evaluations is not just about responding quickly, but rather, responding more quickly than students expect. Results indicated that positive violations of instructor email response speed are evaluated more favorably than negative chronemic violations in terms of instructor credibility and relational closeness. …


Exploring Chinese Students’ Learning Experience In Cic Mooc 2.0– A Study With Chinese Online Communities, Qing Zhang, Hengtao Tang, Barbara B. Lockee, Kathryn Jablokow Mar 2021

Exploring Chinese Students’ Learning Experience In Cic Mooc 2.0– A Study With Chinese Online Communities, Qing Zhang, Hengtao Tang, Barbara B. Lockee, Kathryn Jablokow

Journal of Educational Technology Development and Exchange (JETDE)

This research explores Chinese students’ learning experience in the Creativity, Innovation, and Change (CIC) Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) 2.0 from the cultural, language, and communication perspectives. The CIC MOOC was the first course offered in both English and Chinese in Coursera. Data in this study were collected via online survey, interviews, QQ chat logs, and discussion threads in Guokr platform. Content analysis was performed to identify key themes from the collected data. Findings reveal that differences exist in Eastern and Western societies regarding power distance, individualism versus collectivism, and masculinity versus femininity. Communication patterns also vary in QQ and …


Multiple-Role Perspective On Assessing Teaching Ability: Reframing Tvet Teachers’ Competency In The Information Age, Jun-Feng Diao, Juan Yang Jan 2021

Multiple-Role Perspective On Assessing Teaching Ability: Reframing Tvet Teachers’ Competency In The Information Age, Jun-Feng Diao, Juan Yang

Journal of Educational Technology Development and Exchange (JETDE)

In the information age, technology has changed people's lives as well as working and learning styles. The teaching competency of vocational teachers’ is facing new challenges. Based on the modernization of vocational education, "Internet + Vocational Education", and "reform of teachers, teaching materials and teaching methods", the study intends to enrich the research on vocational teachers’ teaching competency theoretically by establishing the framework, criteria and assessing instrument. In practice, the study aims to provide benchmarks and tools for the diagnosis and assessment of vocational teachers’ teaching competency. Furthermore, the study wishes to provide guidelines for vocational teachers' professional development and …


Online Learning In Vocational Education Of China During Covid-19: Achievements, Challenges, And Future Developments, Xibin Han, Qian Zhou, Wanruo Shi, Shuyuan Yang Dec 2020

Online Learning In Vocational Education Of China During Covid-19: Achievements, Challenges, And Future Developments, Xibin Han, Qian Zhou, Wanruo Shi, Shuyuan Yang

Journal of Educational Technology Development and Exchange (JETDE)

COVID-19 has challenged education systems globally. Traditional teaching and learning activities of more than 1,300 vocational colleges and nearly 11,000 vocational high schools in China have had to be paused and transformed into an online mode. A study had been conducted to trace the unprecedented change which would provide reflections on policies and practical experience worthy of reference for the follow-up development of online vocational education in China and other countries in the world. The study used two methods to collect data: (1) delivering questionnaires to 767 schools, 17009 teachers, 270,732 students, and (2) gathering 110 institute cases from 21 …


Analysis Of The Cores Of These Improvements Of Online Teaching System And Model-Based On The Evaluation And Feedback On The Online Teaching Model And Teaching Platform, Jiangxue Zhang, Kaiquan Chen Dec 2020

Analysis Of The Cores Of These Improvements Of Online Teaching System And Model-Based On The Evaluation And Feedback On The Online Teaching Model And Teaching Platform, Jiangxue Zhang, Kaiquan Chen

Journal of Educational Technology Development and Exchange (JETDE)

In recent years, MOOC, SPOC and other online teaching modes have attracted widespread attention. Online teaching platforms such as Tencent Classroom and MOOC of Chinese universities have emerged in an endless stream. During the 2020 outbreak of COVID-19, schools at all levels actively engaged in online teaching. The problems and challenges faced in the course of this teaching process will push the research hotspots of modern educational technology to construct the online teaching model that meets the needs of colleges and universities in the context of "Internet + Education". This study collected the evaluation and feedback of college students from …


Parents’ Voices: Virtual Classroom Bridging Homeschooling To Public Schools, Dennis Norman, Tian Luo, Pauline Salim Muljana Dec 2020

Parents’ Voices: Virtual Classroom Bridging Homeschooling To Public Schools, Dennis Norman, Tian Luo, Pauline Salim Muljana

Journal of Educational Technology Development and Exchange (JETDE)

This research examined to what extent homeschooling parents believed that virtual classrooms have bridged the home and public-schooling systems via a case study. Data were drawn from an online survey as well as Skype and personal interviews with ten participants who were parents of home-schooled children with an understanding of the virtual learning process. Participants reported both benefits and challenges of virtual homeschooling from parents’ perspectives. Discussion and implications to educational practitioners are included.


Stimulus Of Specialization On Postgraduate Students’ Application Of Mobile Technologies For Learning, Amos Ochayi Onojah, Adenike Aderogba Onojah, Nwadubike Edwin Nweke-Richards Dec 2020

Stimulus Of Specialization On Postgraduate Students’ Application Of Mobile Technologies For Learning, Amos Ochayi Onojah, Adenike Aderogba Onojah, Nwadubike Edwin Nweke-Richards

Journal of Educational Technology Development and Exchange (JETDE)

Most students could be adopting the mobile technologies available but may not be for learning purposes. This study investigated the postgraduate students’ application of mobile technologies for learning and examined the differences in the application of mobile technologies by postgraduate students based on their area of specialization. The study was a quantitative research design. The population comprised all postgraduates’ students in Nigeria out of which 750 of them were purposively sampled across eleven universities based on accessibility. The data for the study was gathered using a Researchers-developed questionnaire. Statistical form of Mean was used to answer the research questions while …


Methods To Analyze Likert-Type Data In Educational Technology Research, Li-Ting Chen, Leping Liu Dec 2020

Methods To Analyze Likert-Type Data In Educational Technology Research, Li-Ting Chen, Leping Liu

Journal of Educational Technology Development and Exchange (JETDE)

Likert-type items are commonly used in education and related fields to measure attitudes and opinions. Yet there is no consensus on how to analyze data collected from these items. In this paper, we first synthesized literature on strategies for analyzing Likert-type data and provided computing tools for these strategies. Secondly, to examine the use and analysis of Likert-type data in the field of educational technology, we reviewed 424 articles that were published in the journal Educational Technology Research and Development between 2016 and 2020. Our review showed that about 50% of the articles reported Likert-type data. A total of 139 …