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Full-Text Articles in Education

Career Pathway Of Women In Higher Education Leadership: A Qualitative Transcendental Phenomenological Study, Avel Shenika Fulp Aug 2023

Career Pathway Of Women In Higher Education Leadership: A Qualitative Transcendental Phenomenological Study, Avel Shenika Fulp

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

This qualitative transcendental phenomenological study aimed to explore the real-life experiences of women serving in senior-level higher education leadership positions in higher education institutions. The theory guiding this study was the Self-Efficacy Theory, as presented by theorist Albert Bandura, was used as a theoretical guide, identifying if participant's self-efficacy could be or was affected by whether or not they were successful in the studied environment, along with how others within the environment contributed to that perception as imposed by their experiences. This research employed a qualitative method, with the design being a transcendental phenomenological study. Purposeful and snowball sampling identified …


A Phenomenological Study Of Faculty Involvement In The Retention And Recruitment Of Students At A Two-Year College: A Progressive Approach, Theresa Marie Strong Jul 2023

A Phenomenological Study Of Faculty Involvement In The Retention And Recruitment Of Students At A Two-Year College: A Progressive Approach, Theresa Marie Strong

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to describe the proven strategies used by faculty to increase retention and recruitment at two-year colleges. The theory guiding this study is van Manen’s theory on hermeneutical phenomenology, as it focuses on the lived experiences of the participants and interpreting their told stories. The setting of this research study consists of two-year community and technical colleges throughout the lower Southeastern United States. Participants in this study include faculty and academic chairs at two-year community and technical colleges throughout the lower Southeastern states who have experience in the student advising process. The faculty and …


A Phenomenological Study That Examines The Perseverance Of Young Single Mothers Who Have Earned A College Degree, Christine Marie Kirkpatrick Jul 2023

A Phenomenological Study That Examines The Perseverance Of Young Single Mothers Who Have Earned A College Degree, Christine Marie Kirkpatrick

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this transcendental phenomenological study is to understand perseverance in young single mothers who have earned a college degree. The theory guiding this study is Duckworth’s theory of grit since many students who complete undergraduate degrees experience barriers related to the components of grit. Participants for this study were single mothers who have completed a college degree from an institution of higher learning in central Pennsylvania by the age of thirty. Data for the study were collected utilizing one-on-one interviews, personal timelines, and focus group discussions. Data were analyzed using Moustakas’ data analysis processes, including horizonalization, reduction, and …


The Lived Experiences Of Student-Parents In Higher Education Who Utilize The Childcare Program At Eastern Community College: A Phenomenological Study, Kindra Lawanda Moore-Smith Jul 2023

The Lived Experiences Of Student-Parents In Higher Education Who Utilize The Childcare Program At Eastern Community College: A Phenomenological Study, Kindra Lawanda Moore-Smith

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to describe the experiences of student-parents who use the Parents for Higher Education program at Eastern Community College. The theory that guided this study was McClusky’s theory of margin, which addresses the support and services adults need to accomplish their goals in life. This framework provided a connection that explained the importance of childcare subsidies and the needs met while attending classes for community college students—the transcendental phenomenology approach used. The setting for this study was the virtual platform Zoom. The study was conducted using 10 participants, all student-parents who participated in the …


Embracing Diverse Thinkers: A Case Study Examining The Graduation Rates From A High Autism College Student Population, Beverly Donovan Jun 2023

Embracing Diverse Thinkers: A Case Study Examining The Graduation Rates From A High Autism College Student Population, Beverly Donovan

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this intrinsic case study was to describe how Alpha College, a private college in the southeastern United States with high neurodiverse enrollment, generates uniquely high graduation rates for its autistic student population. The case study answers the following central question: CQ) How does Alpha College, a private college in the southeastern United States with high neurodiverse enrollment, generate high graduation rates for its autistic student population? The intrinsic case design focused on the case itself; Alpha College observes uniquely high graduation rates of autistic students. This study was guided by Blume and Singers' social stigma theory and …


Developing Strategies To Implement The D.W.S. Program Of Liberty University In South Korea, Taeseong Kim Jun 2023

Developing Strategies To Implement The D.W.S. Program Of Liberty University In South Korea, Taeseong Kim

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

This study suggests practical strategies to implement the Doctor of Worship Studies program of Liberty University in South Korea. In the past several decades, Christian worship in South Korea has followed America’s footsteps of worship transition. As many Christian leaders in the U.S. have agreed on the urgency of worship renewal, so have Christian leaders in South Korea. True worship must be relational with the Triune God, which is the core of Christian worship. When worship lacks a rightful relationship with God, it becomes human-centered and ritualistic. Worship renewal must flow from the worship leaders to laypeople, and it is …


Historically Black Colleges And University Graduates Transitioning To Predominantly White Institutions For Graduate School: A Phenomenological Study, Jessica Trenae Maxwell Apr 2023

Historically Black Colleges And University Graduates Transitioning To Predominantly White Institutions For Graduate School: A Phenomenological Study, Jessica Trenae Maxwell

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore the perceptions of recent Black, Historically Black Colleges and University graduates who chose to transition to a PWI for graduate school. The theory guiding this study was the self-determination theory of motivation developed by psychologists Ryan and Deci. This theory explains how intrinsic and extrinsic motivations and the fulfillment of autonomy, competence, and relatedness impacts human functioning and decisions. This theory was used to determine what motivational factors influenced Black, HBCU graduates to transition to PWIs for graduate school. The research design was a phenomenological approach exploring the perceptions of a …


Exploring Academic Librarians' Lack Of Experiential Learning In Teaching College Freshmen Information Literacy Skills: An Interpretive Phenomenological Study, Pearl Gloria Adzei-Stonnes Apr 2023

Exploring Academic Librarians' Lack Of Experiential Learning In Teaching College Freshmen Information Literacy Skills: An Interpretive Phenomenological Study, Pearl Gloria Adzei-Stonnes

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this interpretive phenomenological study was to explore academic librarians’ lack of experiential learning in teaching college freshmen information literacy skills in four-year higher education institutions across the United States. The central research question was – “what challenges do academic librarians experience in teaching information literacy skills?” – Twelve academic librarians who were involved in teaching college freshmen information literacy skills were examined on the phenomenon. Three different data collection methods used were questionnaire, letter writing and interviews. The theory that guided this study was Kolb’s experiential learning. Kolb’s experiential learning theory emphasized the process of learning in …


A Phenomenological Study Of The Lived Experience Of Creator-Practitioners Of Open Educational Resources And Practices In The United States, Alex Henry Wanstrath Apr 2023

A Phenomenological Study Of The Lived Experience Of Creator-Practitioners Of Open Educational Resources And Practices In The United States, Alex Henry Wanstrath

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this hermeneutic phenomenological study was to describe the lived experience of creator-practitioners of open educational resources (OER) and open educational practices (OEP) in United States (U.S.) higher education institutions. The theory guiding this study is Vygotsky and Bruner’s constructivist theories, as they describe both the cognitive and social aspects of content creation. Eleven current instructors from colleges and universities across the U.S. participated in this study. These participants had used OER for at least one academic term, were current instructors at their institution, created their own OER, and engaged in OEP in at least one of their …


Faculty And Staff Experiences Of The Support Services Provided To Students With Deferred Action For Childhood Arrivals Status At A Community College: A Phenomenological Investigation, Juhi Mehrotra Gor Apr 2023

Faculty And Staff Experiences Of The Support Services Provided To Students With Deferred Action For Childhood Arrivals Status At A Community College: A Phenomenological Investigation, Juhi Mehrotra Gor

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to understand community college faculty and staff members’ experiences of providing support services to Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) recipients. The theory that guided this study was Rendon’s validation theory - as students are validated and made to feel valuable, they will foster personal and social development. This study explored three of the six elements of validation theory through the following research questions: 1. In what ways are faculty and staff at the institution acting as validation agents for DACA students? 2. What initiatives or steps do validating agents take to engage …


Perceived Effectiveness Of Teacher Preparation For Teaching Students With Low-Incidence Disabilities: A Phenomenological Study, Shannon Lynn Feerrar Apr 2023

Perceived Effectiveness Of Teacher Preparation For Teaching Students With Low-Incidence Disabilities: A Phenomenological Study, Shannon Lynn Feerrar

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this hermeneutic phenomenological study was to describe the participants' perceived effectiveness of their teacher preparation program and their experience of teaching students who are identified with a low-incidence disability. The theory guiding this study was the experiential learning theory. Kolb's experiential learning theory is based on the belief that meaningful experiences and reflection promote enhanced learning. The research questions for this study focused on teachers' perceptions of the effectiveness of their special education teacher-preparation programs. Eleven participants who have completed a special education teacher preparation program and currently teach students who are identified with a low-incidence disability …


A Transcendental Phenomenological Investigation Of Perceived Spirituality And Persistence Of Jamaican Women Who Have Received A Tertiary Degree, Ashleigh Jacqueline Yearde Apr 2023

A Transcendental Phenomenological Investigation Of Perceived Spirituality And Persistence Of Jamaican Women Who Have Received A Tertiary Degree, Ashleigh Jacqueline Yearde

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this transcendental phenomenological study was to discover the perceived spirituality and persistence for Jamaican women who had received a tertiary degree at schools in Jamaica. At this stage in the research, a tertiary degree was generally defined as all formal post-secondary education, including public and private universities, colleges, technical training institutes, and vocational schools. The theory guiding this research was Lev Vygotsky’s social constructivist theory. Constructivists believe that knowledge was informed by perspective and shaped by values. The theoretical framework for the study was based on the positive foundation of social support in the learning process. Moustakas’s …


An Exploration Into The Experiences Of Women Student Veterans And Their Campus Support Utilization: A Phenomenological Study, Alyssa C. Baldwin Mar 2023

An Exploration Into The Experiences Of Women Student Veterans And Their Campus Support Utilization: A Phenomenological Study, Alyssa C. Baldwin

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this hermeneutic phenomenological study was to describe the experiences of women student veterans and the role of self-efficacy in their utilization of campus support services. The theory guiding this study was Bandura’s self-efficacy theory as it relates to the influences of the utilization of campus support by women student veterans. Drawing on this theory, this study sought to answer the following central research question: How do women student veterans describe their experiences using academic, administrative, and health support services on campus? This qualitative study employed a hermeneutic phenomenological approach using purposeful sampling techniques, namely maximal variation and …


American Indian/Alaska Native Learners' Experiences With Embodied Cultural Capital In Alaska's Public Postsecondary Institutions: A Phenomenological Study, Victoria Jolene Solis Miller Mar 2023

American Indian/Alaska Native Learners' Experiences With Embodied Cultural Capital In Alaska's Public Postsecondary Institutions: A Phenomenological Study, Victoria Jolene Solis Miller

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this transcendental phenomenological study was to understand the lived experiences of American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) learners’ experiences with embodied cultural capital while pursuing a higher education degree in Alaska’s public postsecondary institutions. The theory guiding this study is Bourdieu’s theory of cultural capital concerning AI/AN adult learners’ degree attainment. The sample population for this study was AI/AN adult learners enrolled in or who recently graduated from public postsecondary institutions in Alaska. The central research question guiding this study was: What is AI/AN learners’ experiences with culture in postsecondary institutions? The research design included semi-structured interviews triangulated with …


How A Higher Education Aviation Faculty Perceived The Challenges Of An Online Emergency Transition During The Covid-19 Pandemic And Identifies Recommendations For Future Emergency Online Transitions, Victor Miguel Fraticelli Rivera Mar 2023

How A Higher Education Aviation Faculty Perceived The Challenges Of An Online Emergency Transition During The Covid-19 Pandemic And Identifies Recommendations For Future Emergency Online Transitions, Victor Miguel Fraticelli Rivera

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this case study is to discover the perceived challenges and identify future recommendations for emergency online learning transition as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic at a major aeronautical higher education institution in the southeast region of the United States. For this study, emergency online learning transition is defined as the period in which higher education faculty members were required to pivot to an online methodology in response to a global pandemic in the spring and fall academic semesters of 2020. The theories guiding this study are the theory of planned behavior (TPB) by Icek Ajzen and …


A Phenomenological Study Of African-American Students' Spiritual And Identity Development At Predominantly White Institutions, Jeffery Clayton Smith Ii Dec 2022

A Phenomenological Study Of African-American Students' Spiritual And Identity Development At Predominantly White Institutions, Jeffery Clayton Smith Ii

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this transcendental phenomenological study is to document the lived experiences of African American (AA) students attending predominantly White institutions (PWI’s). The importance of capturing these experiences is to better understand how PWIs are properly equipped to serve the needs of their AA students. This study describe how AA students are experiencing spiritual and identity development while they are enrolled at a PWI. The two guiding theories of this study are Fowler’s Faith Development Theory and Erikson’s Identity Development Theory. These guiding theories have been paired together to address students’ spiritual development during their emerging adulthood years. The …


Understanding Student Experiences Of College Mental Health-Related Resources And Policies Since The Covid-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative Study, Donna Aron Sepulveda-Shelton Dec 2022

Understanding Student Experiences Of College Mental Health-Related Resources And Policies Since The Covid-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative Study, Donna Aron Sepulveda-Shelton

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this qualitative study was to understand the experiences regarding mental health-related resources and policies since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic for undergraduate students at higher education institutions in northern Georgia. The theory guiding this study is Bandura’s social cognitive theory, as it explores motivators and factors for human behavior and attitude. A phenomenological research design was used to determine common themes among college students enrolled in higher education institutions in northern Georgia before and throughout the entirety of the COVID-19 pandemic. The higher education institutions were within an 80-mile radius, as these colleges were required to …


A Case Study Of Transformational Leadership Practices Utilized To Increase National Rankings Of An Hbcu Through Strategic Planning, Titilayo B. Evans Dec 2022

A Case Study Of Transformational Leadership Practices Utilized To Increase National Rankings Of An Hbcu Through Strategic Planning, Titilayo B. Evans

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this single instrument case study was to explore the transformational leadership practices utilized by university leaders in the implementation of a strategic plan first executed in 2011 at Pride University, a pseudonym used for the setting of the study, a Historically Black College or University (HBCU). The central research question of this study was, “How were transformational leadership strategies utilized in the execution of the strategic plan implemented at Pride University?” Over the years, transformational leadership has been commonly embraced by organizations and has worked well for leaders and followers alike. Although there has been much research …


A Transcendental Phenomenological Study Exploring The Perception Of Scholarship Requirements For Tenure And Promotion In Health Professions Programs, Harrynauth Persaud Dec 2022

A Transcendental Phenomenological Study Exploring The Perception Of Scholarship Requirements For Tenure And Promotion In Health Professions Programs, Harrynauth Persaud

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this study is to explore the perception of scholarship requirements for faculty members teaching in Health Professions Programs (HPP) at a public institution of higher learning located in NYC. This research was guided by the self-determination theory (SDT), which examines how an individual's social interaction can influence different types of motivations. Guided by a central research question and two sub-questions, this study utilized a transcendental phenomenological approach to gain a better understanding of HPP faculty perceptions regarding the requirements for academic scholarship. Three different data collection approaches were used, including individual in-depth interviews, word association, and journal …


An Exploration Of Twice-Exceptional Educators' Experiences: A Hermeneutic Study, Courtney Mcknight Nov 2022

An Exploration Of Twice-Exceptional Educators' Experiences: A Hermeneutic Study, Courtney Mcknight

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

This qualitative hermeneutic phenomenological study explored the lived experiences of educators supporting and instructing twice-exceptional (2e) students. This study was guided by the central research question: What are the lived experiences of teachers working with 2e students? The sub-questions explore the participants' experience regarding twice-exceptional students and how this knowledge affects student performance, the role a lack of teacher preparation has on an educator’s self-efficacy, and their attitudes about the abilities of twice- exceptional students. Using a hermeneutic phenomenological approach, this topic was explored via snowball sampling within three school districts in the state of Georgia. The data collection methods …


A Phenomenological Study Of Online Undergraduate Student Veterans And The Academic Interactions Affecting Their Success In Higher Education, Amanda Jo Verlander Nov 2022

A Phenomenological Study Of Online Undergraduate Student Veterans And The Academic Interactions Affecting Their Success In Higher Education, Amanda Jo Verlander

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this hermeneutic phenomenology was to explore the academic interactions of online undergraduate veterans as they completed their degrees. The objective of this study was to answer the question, “What influences the success of online student veterans in completing their undergraduate degrees?” The theory guiding this study was Astin’s I-E-O model as it framed my research with the inputs of military training, environmental factors as academic interactions, and the outcome of graduating with their degree. My study also contained Vacchi’s Conceptual Model of Student Veteran Support as a focused lens to examine the academic interactions experiences of student …


Consideration Of Why Some Chiropractic Students With Disabilities Choose Not To Utilize Academic Accommodations: A Transcendental Phenomenological Study, Karen G. Canup Nov 2022

Consideration Of Why Some Chiropractic Students With Disabilities Choose Not To Utilize Academic Accommodations: A Transcendental Phenomenological Study, Karen G. Canup

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to understand the experiences of students with disabilities (SWD) at a chiropractic college in the United States that led to their decision not to utilize the academic accommodations available to them. The theory that guided this study is Deci and Ryan’s self-determination theory. This qualitative study was conducted using the transcendental phenomenological approach. The research participants were students enrolled in a Doctor of Chiropractic (DC) program who had received a diagnosis that made them eligible for academic accommodations at any point in their academic career. The researcher conducted semi-structured interviews with participants, followed …


Best Practices Of Exceptional College Professors Who Program Relevance Into Online Distance Learning Courses: A Phenomenological Study, Keri Ann Palasz Oct 2022

Best Practices Of Exceptional College Professors Who Program Relevance Into Online Distance Learning Courses: A Phenomenological Study, Keri Ann Palasz

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this proposed transcendental phenomenological study was to describe specifically the experience of exceptional professors who convey relevance to students in online distance learning higher education courses. The theory that guided this study is Knowles’ Adult Learning Theory (ALT), as it clarifies the relationship between course design and delivery and the characteristics of adult learners. This study addressed four research questions posed to a sample of award-winning college professors who teach online distance learning courses in the American field of higher education to understand better what these professors do to convey relevance in a way that appeals to …


Student Perceptions Of Meaningful Learning, Behaviors Towards Learning Experiences, And Academic Performance In Aeronautical Courses: A Quantitative Research Study, Andrea Lynn Smith Oct 2022

Student Perceptions Of Meaningful Learning, Behaviors Towards Learning Experiences, And Academic Performance In Aeronautical Courses: A Quantitative Research Study, Andrea Lynn Smith

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Current literature on the predictive correlation between a student’s perceived course value and their end-of-course results utilizing the Course Valuing Inventory (Nehari & Bender, 1978) has not been studied in aeronautics education. While research investigating various attributes of academic success exists, quantitative studies specifically addressing predictive variables of course success related to end-of-course grades in aeronautics education do not exist. Given the results of quantitative data, aeronautics academia can strategically implement specific variables into course planning and designing to create academic content that appeals to aeronautic students. The purpose of this quantitative, predictive correlational study is to examine the predictive …


Facilitating Conditions That Increase Faculty Perceived Usefulness Of Learning Management Systems: A Multiple-Case Study, Darnell S. Kemp Aug 2022

Facilitating Conditions That Increase Faculty Perceived Usefulness Of Learning Management Systems: A Multiple-Case Study, Darnell S. Kemp

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this research study designed as a multiple-case study was to discover the facilitating conditions that led faculty at the higher education level to create activities using student-centered learning tools in the learning management systems (LMSs). The theories guiding this study were Davis’ technology acceptance model and two versions of the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology. Both theories looked at how perceived ease of use (PEU) and perceived usefulness (PU) determine a user’s use of a technology. The unified theory of acceptance and use of technology added facilitating conditions as a primary determiner of technology …


A Transcendental Phenomenology To Understand The Persistence Of African American Males At A Historically Black Liberal Arts College, Jill Triplett Ellis Aug 2022

A Transcendental Phenomenology To Understand The Persistence Of African American Males At A Historically Black Liberal Arts College, Jill Triplett Ellis

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this transcendental phenomenological study was to understand the experiences that contributed to the persistence of African American males at a historically Black college. The problem was that the percentage of 18- to 24-year-old African American males enrolled in the nation's colleges and universities over the past two decades has been lower than the rates of White and Hispanic men and women, as well as African American women. The guiding theory in this study was Tinto's persistence theory. This transcendental phenomenological study aimed to obtain individual living experiences of African American male students enrolled in a historically Black, …


A Predictive Correlational Study Of Higher Education Leaders' Emotional Intelligence Based Upon Leadership Style And Gender, Tamara Vanessa Hill Aug 2022

A Predictive Correlational Study Of Higher Education Leaders' Emotional Intelligence Based Upon Leadership Style And Gender, Tamara Vanessa Hill

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

A predictive correlational study was done to ascertain predictive capabilities between a higher education leaders’ transformational leadership style and their emotional intelligence. The study also sought to identify any correlation to emotional intelligence or transformational leadership style based upon gender. Higher education is a dynamic and constantly evolving environment. To ensure success, leadership of these institutions must remain flexible and intuitive to the changing ecosystem. A multiple regression analysis was used in the predictive correlational research design to corroborate the impact of emotional intelligence and gender on the level of transformational leadership style. The study participants consisted of 190 higher …


Phenomenological Study Of How Student Service Members And Veterans With Mental Health Disorders Describe Their Academic Experience In Higher Education, Dustin T. Harris Jul 2022

Phenomenological Study Of How Student Service Members And Veterans With Mental Health Disorders Describe Their Academic Experience In Higher Education, Dustin T. Harris

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this transcendental phenomenological study was to describe the essence of the experiences of 13 student service members and veterans (SSM/V) with a mental health disorder (MHD) living in California. For this study, SSM/V is defined as active service members currently enrolled in higher education, both online and traditional, with a DSM 5 Veteran Affairs (VA) disability rating. The person-centered and existential (PC/E) theories were the two theories that guided this study. Data collection occurred through in-depth interviews, focus groups, and writing prompts. The study sought to answer the central research question (CQ): How do SSM/V with a …


A Phenomenological Study Of Trauma-Informed Teaching During A Global Education Disruption, Angelique Susan Smith Mar 2022

A Phenomenological Study Of Trauma-Informed Teaching During A Global Education Disruption, Angelique Susan Smith

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this hermeneutical, phenomenological study described the experience of university educators using trauma-informed instructional practices during a global education disruption for university educators at Southeast University (pseudonym). The theory guiding this study is Richardson’s metatheory of resilience and resiliency (which describes an individual’s natural flow between homeostasis, through disruption, and adjunct to the disruption as part of the natural order of adaptation. The study addresses the following questions: How do university educators describe their experiences with trauma-informed teaching during a global education disruption? What formal strategies have university educators implemented to build social and emotional skills for students …


See Me: A Grounded Theory Study Of Aspiring Women Leaders In Student Affairs, Michele Anne Magliulo Mar 2022

See Me: A Grounded Theory Study Of Aspiring Women Leaders In Student Affairs, Michele Anne Magliulo

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this grounded theory study was to develop a model for a career development program for entry-level student affairs (SA) women professionals based on the lived experiences of current mid-level SA professionals and senior-level SA professionals. As new women professionals pursue their careers in SA, they must navigate many barriers and require support and guidance to overcome each obstacle. This study sought to answer the following research questions: (a) What necessary components do student affairs departments need to retain entry-level women’s professionals related to a career development model? (b) What components are needed for an entry-level professional woman …