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Full-Text Articles in Education

Male Recruitment Strategies For Middle School Chorus, Bryan Cody Rante Aug 2023

Male Recruitment Strategies For Middle School Chorus, Bryan Cody Rante

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

This qualitative study examined the answers given by the K-12 choral directors of District 14 in Georgia about their stories, approaches, and strategies for maintaining and recruiting males into the chorus classes. The instrument used for this study was a survey sent to the participants asking about the successes, failures, thoughts, and approaches to recruiting males in the chorus classes and keeping them enrolled year after year. An analysis of the responses found that recruiting males in the classroom was inspired by their love for music, similar friends or peers signing up for the classes, school requirements, and celebrated masculinity. …


Remediation As Perceived By Community College Students: A Case Study, Amy Katherine Justice Taylor Aug 2023

Remediation As Perceived By Community College Students: A Case Study, Amy Katherine Justice Taylor

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this single instrumental case was to understand how community college students in rural Tennessee perceive the impacts of mandatory remediation with regard to finances, time, and effectiveness. The theory that was used to guide this study was Malcom Knowles’ adult learning theory. This case study was conducted with qualitative measures by utilizing a survey, journaling, and interviews with a sample of students from a community college in rural Tennessee who were assigned to remedial placement in the areas of math, reading, and/or writing. This method of data collection provided students with the opportunity to share their individual …


The Impact Of Instructor Immediacy And Social Presence On Online Students' Academic Success: A Hermeneutical Phenomenology Study, Colette B. Lazenka Aug 2023

The Impact Of Instructor Immediacy And Social Presence On Online Students' Academic Success: A Hermeneutical Phenomenology Study, Colette B. Lazenka

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological study was to describe the experiences of instructor social presence and immediacy on student success for asynchronous online students at universities that offer asynchronous learning in Southern California. The theory guiding this study was Short’s theory of social presence, as it explains the real and present interaction that affects the saliency and interpersonal relationships of the participants. The methodology for this qualitative study followed a hermeneutical phenomenological design of 10 asynchronous online students enrolled in universities in Southern California. Data were collected using individual interviews, letter writing, and a focus group. The data analysis …


Discovering The Pedagogy And Secrets Of Gamification And Game-Based Learning Applied To The Music Theory Classroom, Jordan E. Montana Richards Aug 2023

Discovering The Pedagogy And Secrets Of Gamification And Game-Based Learning Applied To The Music Theory Classroom, Jordan E. Montana Richards

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

This research project aims to establish the credibility of gamification and game-based learning (GBL) in higher education and online education, specifically for applying digital game-based learning (DGBL) to the twenty-first-century music theory classroom. This research project aims to address the current Education Engagement Crisis, the historical need of engaging students, and adapting the music curriculum to the current technological age. This research project will propose an original digital game concept and framework for teaching music theory core skills and other areas of music-related study in higher education as its contribution to the field and research of music education and digital …


A Phenomenological Study On Cultivating Empowering Attributes That Promote Successful Living In Graduates Of A Social Emotional Learning Program, Diran Linta Cowell Aug 2023

A Phenomenological Study On Cultivating Empowering Attributes That Promote Successful Living In Graduates Of A Social Emotional Learning Program, Diran Linta Cowell

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this transcendental phenomenological study is to reveal the empowering attributes that promote successful living academically, behaviorally, and socially at home, in school, and in the community as described through the lived experiences of individuals who have completed a social-emotional learning program. The central research question, “What experiences in social-emotional learning impact the behaviors of individuals who have completed SEL programs?”, is developed to gather the lived experiences that describe how SEL influences the conduct of various people. This study is guided by Bandura’s social learning theory, which focuses on the significance of observing, emulating, and modeling attitudes …


English As A Second Language Teachers' Lived Experience Of Transitioning From Remote Learning To The Traditional Classroom Setting: A Phenomenological Study, Shawn Glen Eldot Aug 2023

English As A Second Language Teachers' Lived Experience Of Transitioning From Remote Learning To The Traditional Classroom Setting: A Phenomenological Study, Shawn Glen Eldot

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this phenomenological study is to describe the experiences of ESL teachers who transitioned from remote learning back to the traditional classroom setting post-Covid at community colleges in upstate New York. The theory that will be guiding and directing this study will be the constructivist theory. The focus will be on understanding how English as a second language teachers adapt from the distance learning setting implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic back to the brick-and-mortar classroom. In addition, the study will attempt to understand how the behavior of ESL teachers is reflected in the changing teaching environment. The constructivist …


Is Psychological Safety Increased During The Pre Briefing Phase? A Study Of High-Fidelity Simulation For Medical Students, Timothy J. Hodge Aug 2023

Is Psychological Safety Increased During The Pre Briefing Phase? A Study Of High-Fidelity Simulation For Medical Students, Timothy J. Hodge

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this quantitative, experimental pretest, posttest control group design was to examine if the level of psychological safety a student arrives with to a high-fidelity simulation is predictive of their stress and psychological safety levels after a simulation event. Because recent research has found inconsistencies in the goals of the prebriefing phase of a simulation learning event, there exists the question of whether a facilitator can adequately establish psychological safety during the prebriefing. This study sampled 114 students from a medical school in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States to examine if preexisting psychological safety can predict …


Remote Learning In Collegiate Instrumental Courses: The Impact Of Remote Learning During The Covid-19 Pandemic And The Future Of Remote Learning, Beverly R. Gard Aug 2023

Remote Learning In Collegiate Instrumental Courses: The Impact Of Remote Learning During The Covid-19 Pandemic And The Future Of Remote Learning, Beverly R. Gard

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

During the 2020-2022 COVID-19 pandemic, many colleges were required to transition to a remote learning platform. This was a new concept to many professors and proved to impact college courses, including courses that relied on in-person learning and interactions, such as instrumental music courses. Courses were affected because teaching and learning methods that applied to in-person learning were not entirely possible with remote learning due to the mandates of social distancing and the lack of face-to-face instruction. Many music professors were required to make necessary changes to the curriculum, teaching styles, and educational technologies. Courses required new and innovative ways …


A Phenomenological Study Of Teachers’ Lived Experiences While Addressing Cultural Diversity In Middle Schools And High Schools, Juan Pablo Vivialdi Remy Aug 2023

A Phenomenological Study Of Teachers’ Lived Experiences While Addressing Cultural Diversity In Middle Schools And High Schools, Juan Pablo Vivialdi Remy

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

This transcendental phenomenological study sought to understand and describe teachers’ lived experiences with cultural diversity in middle school and high schools using cross-cultural dimensions as lenses. A social constructivist research paradigm derived from Lev Vygotsky’s social constructivism theory urged this study’s theoretical framework. The approach of cross-cultural dimension from Geert Hofstede was applied as a lens to investigate the participants’ views about their experience with cultural diversity. Teachers from middle school and high schools participated in the research. The participants were from different social backgrounds, races, lifestyles, countries, and organizations, which made each answer unique regarding cultural diversity and cross-cultural …


A Transcendental Phenomenological Study Of What Schools Can Do To Retain Lumbee Indian Students With Disabilities Through High School To Graduation, Telisha Daniell Locklear Aug 2023

A Transcendental Phenomenological Study Of What Schools Can Do To Retain Lumbee Indian Students With Disabilities Through High School To Graduation, Telisha Daniell Locklear

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this transcendental phenomenological study was to explore what schools can do to retain Lumbee Indian students with disabilities through high school to graduation. The theory guiding this phenomenological study was Maslow’s theory of human motivation. It relates to the motivation to satisfy a series of basic needs before individuals can meet their full potential. There were 12 special education teacher participants in this study who serve Lumbee Indian students. Data were collected through participant interviews, open letters, and focus groups. Data were analyzed thematically using the Van Kaam methodology. Five major themes emerged from the analyzed data. …


Parent Perspectives Of Inclusion For Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Phenomenological Study, Rebecca A. Mack Aug 2023

Parent Perspectives Of Inclusion For Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Phenomenological Study, Rebecca A. Mack

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this transcendental phenomenological study was to explore the experiences with inclusion for parents of students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and combined intellectual impairment in elementary schools in the United States. The theory guiding this study is Bandura’s theory on social cognitive learning as it applies to students with disabilities learning from observing their peers without disabilities. This study design was a transcendental phenomenological qualitative design to explore multiple parents’ unique experiences with the same phenomenon—inclusion for their child with ASD. Participants were chosen using criterion and snowball sampling from social media groups and live across the …


Somatic Experience Treatment Techniques For Trauma Symptoms: A Qualitative Case Study, Ashley Marie Schlief Aug 2023

Somatic Experience Treatment Techniques For Trauma Symptoms: A Qualitative Case Study, Ashley Marie Schlief

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this qualitative case study is to provide insight into somatic Experience techniques used while treating clients who suffer from trauma symptoms. Somatic therapeutic techniques improve trauma victims’ negative body and mind symptoms. The use of somatic theory to treat psychological and physical trauma is a relatively new concept within the field of clinical mental health counseling. Somatic therapies are a body-oriented approach that releases restricted trauma emotions by addressing the response communication that continually runs between the mind and the body. For example, bodily therapists use mind-body techniques to release the suppressed tension that negatively influences an …


The Impact Of Video-Based Whole Group Lessons On Place, Manner, And Voicing Of Speech Sounds On Reading Achievement, Myranda Noelle Victoria Aug 2023

The Impact Of Video-Based Whole Group Lessons On Place, Manner, And Voicing Of Speech Sounds On Reading Achievement, Myranda Noelle Victoria

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this study was to determine if students who received video-based lessons of the place, manner, and voicing (PMV) of speech sounds demonstrated gains on reading achievement compared to students who did not receive the intervention. A quantitative, quasi-experimental study with a pretest, posttest was developed, using the instrumentation of the reading Measures of Academic Progress (MAP). This study addressed gaps in the existing research regarding the impact of video-based instruction of speech sounds on reading achievement. Participants in this study (n=136) were drawn from a convenience sample of kindergarten students attending two elementary schools within the same …


Multicultural Assessment Practices: A Phenomenological Study Examining Speech-Language Pathologists' Self-Efficacy, Paola Jessica Flores Aug 2023

Multicultural Assessment Practices: A Phenomenological Study Examining Speech-Language Pathologists' Self-Efficacy, Paola Jessica Flores

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to understand speech-language pathologists’ (SLP) self-efficacy beliefs toward assessing culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) students within public elementary schools in California. Bandura’s self-efficacy theory guided this study since it evaluated SLPs’ belief in their capacity to manage their motivation, behavior, and social environment to carry out appropriate assessment procedures for CLD students. As not all students from CLD backgrounds are accurately identified, gathering the SLPs’ lived experiences regarding current assessment practices helped provide insight into the appropriate identification of SLI. Participants included SLPs employed by rural public school districts in California, with students …


Health Sciences Instructor Self-Efficacy And Professional Development Experiences: A Phenomenological Study, Melanie Elizabeth Castle Aug 2023

Health Sciences Instructor Self-Efficacy And Professional Development Experiences: A Phenomenological Study, Melanie Elizabeth Castle

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this phenomenological study aimed to understand the lowered self-efficacy of higher education health sciences faculty at the community college two-year degree level due to deficient professional development in a Mid-Atlantic state. The central research question guiding this study was: What are the professional development experiences of higher education health sciences faculty that affect self-efficacy? The theory guiding this study was Bandura’s social cognitive theory, as it focuses on the behavior determinant of self-efficacy of the participants. A hermeneutic phenomenological methodology was used for this qualitative research design. Criterion sampling was used to interview fourteen faculty individually, followed …


Adverse Childhood Experiences In The Yoruba Tribe/Ethnic Group Of Nigerians Living In America: A Phenomenological Exploration, Patricia O. Akinrogunde Aug 2023

Adverse Childhood Experiences In The Yoruba Tribe/Ethnic Group Of Nigerians Living In America: A Phenomenological Exploration, Patricia O. Akinrogunde

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

This transcendental phenomenological study examined the lived adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) of the Yoruba tribe of Nigerians living in America. The study setting was virtual through Microsoft Teams sampling members of a local church in central Maryland with a population of about 95% of Nigerians from the Yoruba tribe. The trauma from ACEs and cultural factors that may have contributed to the participants’ negative adulthood aggressive behavior was explored in this study. Behavioral constructivism and social constructivism theories guided this study and provided insight into the factors contributing to the experiences of Nigerians from the Yoruba tribe with childhood trauma. …


Teachers’ Experiences With Providing Multi-Tiered Student Support For Students With Borderline Intellectual Functioning: A Qualitative Case Study, Teresa Davis Kelso Aug 2023

Teachers’ Experiences With Providing Multi-Tiered Student Support For Students With Borderline Intellectual Functioning: A Qualitative Case Study, Teresa Davis Kelso

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this qualitative case study is to understand the obstacles that rural public school teachers encounter while delivering Multi-Tiered Student Support interventions for students with borderline intellectual functioning. The central question guiding this study was: What are the experiences of rural South Carolina public school teachers tasked with providing Tier III interventions for students with borderline intellectual functioning? The theory guiding this study was Bandera’s self-efficacy theory in that teachers are more effective when they are confident in their ability to use appropriate strategies and materials. The setting for the qualitative study was in a small rural district …


Career Pathway Of Women In Higher Education Leadership: A Qualitative Transcendental Phenomenological Study, Avel Shenika Fulp Aug 2023

Career Pathway Of Women In Higher Education Leadership: A Qualitative Transcendental Phenomenological Study, Avel Shenika Fulp

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

This qualitative transcendental phenomenological study aimed to explore the real-life experiences of women serving in senior-level higher education leadership positions in higher education institutions. The theory guiding this study was the Self-Efficacy Theory, as presented by theorist Albert Bandura, was used as a theoretical guide, identifying if participant's self-efficacy could be or was affected by whether or not they were successful in the studied environment, along with how others within the environment contributed to that perception as imposed by their experiences. This research employed a qualitative method, with the design being a transcendental phenomenological study. Purposeful and snowball sampling identified …


Educators’ Experiences Of Job Embeddedness In Parochial Schools: A Phenomenological Study, Timothy Martin Biesterfeld Aug 2023

Educators’ Experiences Of Job Embeddedness In Parochial Schools: A Phenomenological Study, Timothy Martin Biesterfeld

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this hermeneutic phenomenological study was to explore educators’ experiences of job embeddedness in southeastern United States parochial schools and communities. The theory guiding this study was the job embeddedness theory, which states that people within an organization have links or connections with other stakeholders or activities in the organization and that an employee’s professional life must be a good fit with other aspects of their life. I explored educators’ experiences of job embeddedness during this study. The central research question asked, “How do educators describe experiences of job embeddedness while teaching in a parochial school system in …


The Perceived Availability And Usefulness Of Academic Accommodations, Academic Supports, And Academic Self-Efficacy In Graduate Counseling Students With Invisible Disabilities: A Preliminary Study, Lisa Marie Ansell Aug 2023

The Perceived Availability And Usefulness Of Academic Accommodations, Academic Supports, And Academic Self-Efficacy In Graduate Counseling Students With Invisible Disabilities: A Preliminary Study, Lisa Marie Ansell

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Academic accommodations exist through Section 504 of The Rehabilitation Act of 1973, The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, and the Americans with Disabilities Act Amended Act of 2008. Graduate counseling students with invisible disabilities may be unaware of all available accommodations or find incomplete information on disability support services websites. Such lack of awareness creates academic and emotional barriers for students with an invisible disability. While these issues are not isolated to one university, this quantitative study analyzed responses to an anonymous survey that invited current graduate counseling students enrolled in a CACREP counseling program who identified as having …


The Relationship Between Time To Degree Completion And Dual-Enrollment Credits, Peter S. Flint Aug 2023

The Relationship Between Time To Degree Completion And Dual-Enrollment Credits, Peter S. Flint

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this quantitative, correlational study is to determine if there is a predictive relationship between the number of dual-enrollment credits a student earns and the overall length of time to college degree completion. The continued growth of dual-enrollment programs and the encouragement for high school students to participate in efforts to reduce their time in college make this a necessary topic of research. Using the Higher Education Data Sharing Consortium (HEDS) Graduating Student Survey (GSS) a sample of students pursuing a baccalaureate degree at a private university were surveyed to determine if a relationship existed between the number …


Exploring Academic Goal Commitment And Grit In College Education: A Transcendental Phenomenological Study Of The Experiences Of African American Male Graduates, Anthony Earl Reid Aug 2023

Exploring Academic Goal Commitment And Grit In College Education: A Transcendental Phenomenological Study Of The Experiences Of African American Male Graduates, Anthony Earl Reid

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this qualitative transcendental phenomenological study was to explore how African American male graduates experience and understand academic goal commitment and grit regarding college education in a small Southeastern regional North Carolina district. Duckworth’s grit theory was the framework used to explore the learning problems students encounter based on the premise that everyone can use the constructs of passion, perseverance, sustained interest, and sustained effort toward achieving long-term goals. Data from 10 African American male graduates came from a questionnaire; one-on-one, open-ended interviews; and focus groups. The approach used for data analysis was reactive awareness toward bringing a …


The Experiences Of Tier 3 Early Reading Intervention Providers Three Years After A School Closure: A Phenomenological Study, Sue Ellen Nilena Washington Aug 2023

The Experiences Of Tier 3 Early Reading Intervention Providers Three Years After A School Closure: A Phenomenological Study, Sue Ellen Nilena Washington

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this transcendental phenomenological study was to describe the lived experiences of Tier 3 early reading intervention providers at the Urban Independent School District in Texas three years after a school closure. The central research question was, what are the lived experiences of Tier 3 early reading intervention providers in the Urban Independent School district three years after a school closure? Sub-questions explored early reading intervention providers’ beliefs, attitudes, mental states, and actions three years after a school closure. This study was guided by two central theories: the Vygotskian sociocultural theory of human learning and Bandura’s self-efficacy theory. …


The Relationship Between Self-Efficacy, Years Of Experience, And Stress Scores For Special Education Teachers In Central Tennessee, Deborah Joy Ellison Aug 2023

The Relationship Between Self-Efficacy, Years Of Experience, And Stress Scores For Special Education Teachers In Central Tennessee, Deborah Joy Ellison

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this quantitative, correlational study was to identify the relationship between stress levels, years of experience, and feelings of self-efficacy for special education teachers in central Tennessee. High levels of stress for special education teachers have impacted classrooms and education systems in recent years. This study built on previous and existing research on special education teacher stress by studying how stress impacts feelings of teacher self-efficacy for special education teachers and whether years of teaching experience plays a role in this. The 74 participants came from a convenience sample of elementary, middle, and high school special education teachers …


Attitudes And Experiences Of Preservice Teachers Utilizing Video Annotation Software: A Phenomenological Study, Heather Rogers Lucas Aug 2023

Attitudes And Experiences Of Preservice Teachers Utilizing Video Annotation Software: A Phenomenological Study, Heather Rogers Lucas

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this hermeneutic phenomenological study was to explore preservice teachers’ experiences with video observations at Central University. The theory guiding this study was Bandura’s self-efficacy theory as it provides insights into the internal and external factors that affect an individual’s perception of their capabilities. Self-efficacy is a critical component and goal of field experience observations. The central research question for this hermeneutic phenomenological study was: What are preservice teachers’ attitudes and experiences using video annotation software during field experience? The study was divided into two phases: individual interviews with preservice teachers, audio-visual elicitation interviews, a letter-writing activity, and …


Examining The Influence Of Induction Practices On Novice Teachers’ Perceptions Of Efficacy And Student Learning Outcomes, Thomas Ryan Betsa Aug 2023

Examining The Influence Of Induction Practices On Novice Teachers’ Perceptions Of Efficacy And Student Learning Outcomes, Thomas Ryan Betsa

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to investigate novice teachers’ perceptions of the influence of induction practices on student learning outcomes at a public secondary high school. A theory that guided this study is Knowles’s theory of andragogy as it establishes the need for novice teachers to participate in training that is self-directed, builds competency in problem-solving, and focuses on their experiences. Another theory that guided this study is Lave’s and Wenger’s situated learning theory as it offers a framework for induction that increases novice teacher efficacy and professionalism in the workplace. A transcendental phenomenology was used to detect …


A Phenomenological Study Examining The Experiences Of Homeschool Parents Who Use Online Courses As Scaffolding To Improve Their Children's Self-Efficacy, Andrew Scott Robinson Aug 2023

A Phenomenological Study Examining The Experiences Of Homeschool Parents Who Use Online Courses As Scaffolding To Improve Their Children's Self-Efficacy, Andrew Scott Robinson

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The number of homeschooling families in the United States has rapidly increased since the 1970s, and in particular since the COVID-19 pandemic. This influx of families has brought differing motivations for homeschooling and expectations for curriculum. Online course implementation has been linked to improved self-efficacy, as well as science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) career selection. The purpose of this transcendental phenomenological study was to understand how homeschool parents utilize online courses as scaffolding to improve self-efficacy in their children as a means of college or career preparation. The theories guiding this study were Bandura’s theory of self-efficacy and Bruner’s …


A Phenomenological Study Of Early Childhood Teachers’ Lived Experiences And Perceptions Of Their Training In Recognizing Dysgraphia In Young Children, Melonie Daun Boyd Ardoin Aug 2023

A Phenomenological Study Of Early Childhood Teachers’ Lived Experiences And Perceptions Of Their Training In Recognizing Dysgraphia In Young Children, Melonie Daun Boyd Ardoin

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this phenomenological qualitative study was to examine the lived experiences of early childhood teachers who are seeking to recognize the warning signs of dysgraphia in young children. The learning disorder known as dysgraphia affects written expression and can affect a student’s academic development, achievements, and self-efficacy. The study was conducted via Zoom at two Oklahoma public schools and one Texas public school. The 12 participants were active early childhood teachers who individually expressed their knowledge and perceptions on the recognition of dysgraphia through a written letter, an interview, and a focus group. One central research question guided …


A Phenomenological Study Of Teachers' Experiences With Educational Gamification And Its Impact On Student Engagement In The Middle School Math And Science Classroom, Kimberly Rudd Parks Aug 2023

A Phenomenological Study Of Teachers' Experiences With Educational Gamification And Its Impact On Student Engagement In The Middle School Math And Science Classroom, Kimberly Rudd Parks

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to understand digital gamification and its effect on student engagement based on the lived experiences of middle school math and science teachers in rural schools in the southeast region of the United States. Nick Pelling’s gamification theory guided the study herein. Gamification theory served as a tool to alter learner engagement which impacted instruction and learning. I used a criterion-based purposeful selection of 10 middle school math and science teachers with gamification experience. Participating teachers had three or more years of teaching experience and taught in regional rural schools. The hermeneutical phenomenological study …


Inside Out Apologetics: Engaging Christian And Postmodern Approaches To Higher Education, Camila Alejandra Roldan Hernandez Aug 2023

Inside Out Apologetics: Engaging Christian And Postmodern Approaches To Higher Education, Camila Alejandra Roldan Hernandez

Masters Theses

The current decline in performance and effectiveness of higher education makes it necessary to re-evaluate the teaching foundation on the theology of human nature that college professors hold. Since their foundation determines the approach that defines them as teachers, their pedagogy, and their curriculum, it is essential to consider two approaches. One of them is the transcendent approach of the Christian faith that defines human beings as lovers, believers, and thinkers. The other approach is the autonomist postmodern approach which defines human beings as social constructs. Since the college professor’s approach to human nature affects students' learning outcomes, this thesis …