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Full-Text Articles in Education

Toxic Leadership: A Phenomenological Investigation Of Recently Retired U.S. Army Service Members' Experiences With Toxic Leaders, Dale A. Henny May 2024

Toxic Leadership: A Phenomenological Investigation Of Recently Retired U.S. Army Service Members' Experiences With Toxic Leaders, Dale A. Henny

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

This phenomenological study investigates the experiences of recently retired U.S. Army service members with toxic leadership. The study involved a sample of 10 participants, with data collection conducted through one-on-one, face-to-face interviews using semi-structured, open-ended questions. Interviews for the study were conducted face-to-face or through virtual platforms like Zoom or Microsoft Teams, with each session lasting no longer than 90 minutes. Data analysis employed a six-step thematic analysis method, with coding completed through NVivo after initial hand-coding. Findings revealed that the military culture, characterized by strict hierarchy and obedience, inadvertently fosters an environment conducive to toxic leadership. Participants reported that …


Educator Motivation For Acquiring Expertise To Support Students With Dyslexia: A Phenomenological Study, Maria T. Casale May 2024

Educator Motivation For Acquiring Expertise To Support Students With Dyslexia: A Phenomenological Study, Maria T. Casale

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this phenomenological study is to describe the invested motivation for acquiring expertise to support students with dyslexia for elementary school teachers at a charter school in a northeastern state. Teachers employed at Oakdale-Mission Charter School are uniquely positioned to receive in-service teacher training support regarding teaching those with dyslexia. The lack of Orton Gillingham-certified teachers to provide for those with dyslexia prevents these students from adequately receiving access and equity in a school district in a large metropolitan city in a northeastern state. Therefore, Oakdale-Mission Charter School was explored as a unique and innovative solution for those …


A Case Study Of Online Discussion Boards For First Year College Students: A Qualitative Case Study, Eric Cummings May 2024

A Case Study Of Online Discussion Boards For First Year College Students: A Qualitative Case Study, Eric Cummings

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this case study was to understand first-year college students’ perspectives on online discussion boards in the context of learning, via the community of inquiry framework. The theory guiding this study is Lev Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory, which identifies how learners create their own learning experiences in the classroom. The theory’s value comes from it being used to understand student thought in discussion boards, which is the study’s focus. A case study was the design, and the goal was to gather empirical data from discussion board experiences from students. The central research question was What are the experiences of …


The Lived Experiences Of Secondary Christian School Administrators As They Work To Foster An Environment Conducive To Student Biblical Worldview Development: A Qualitative Phenomenological Study, Margaret E. Pope May 2024

The Lived Experiences Of Secondary Christian School Administrators As They Work To Foster An Environment Conducive To Student Biblical Worldview Development: A Qualitative Phenomenological Study, Margaret E. Pope

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this hermeneutical phenomenological study was to understand the lived experiences of Christian school secondary administrators as they foster an environment conducive to student biblical worldview development. The theory guiding this study is Leithwood’s iteration of transformational leadership, as it recognizes the influential role school leaders play in the motivation and growth of teachers. Additional consideration of Erdvig’s model of biblical worldview development in evangelical Christian emerging adults was used as the conceptual framework recognizing that the faith elements of worldview formation are unique and relevant to the topic of the study. The central research question was: What …


The Middle School Developmental Vocal Methodology: A Middle School Vocal Music Instructional Methodology - The Vocal Pedagogy Branch, Eunice Nogueras May 2024

The Middle School Developmental Vocal Methodology: A Middle School Vocal Music Instructional Methodology - The Vocal Pedagogy Branch, Eunice Nogueras

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Middle school can be a precarious time for students and teachers. During this seemingly difficult time, some students cope by participating in choir. Studies outline that middle school choir can be notably beneficial for students. However, teaching middle school choir can be challenging, as directors must respond to students’ varying physiological development, especially when training their voices and establishing a choir. Further, choral music education throughout the United States tends to lack uniformity in curricula despite national and state standards, particularly at the middle school level. While some choral music educators in low socio-economic locations maintain successful programs, some are …


Music Educator Turnover In West Virginia: What Is Keeping Music Teachers In Their Classrooms And Why Are Others Leaving?, Jeremiah Dayne Smallridge May 2024

Music Educator Turnover In West Virginia: What Is Keeping Music Teachers In Their Classrooms And Why Are Others Leaving?, Jeremiah Dayne Smallridge

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Although there is much literature related to teacher recruitment and retention, little is applied specifically to music education, and very little focuses on music education within rural school districts like those that are common to West Virginia. Moreover, there is almost no research at all dedicated solely to West Virginia’s unique music teacher retention statistics. Therefore, this study collected data using a survey that was administered to working music teachers in several West Virginia counties. This mixed-method study identified why the music educators chose to stay in their positions. In addition, it also identified reasons that may have made the …


Examining The Impact Of Anxiety On Student Learning: A Transcendental Phenomenological Study Of Teachers' Lived Experiences As They Support Students With Anxiety, Jennifer Hope Crews May 2024

Examining The Impact Of Anxiety On Student Learning: A Transcendental Phenomenological Study Of Teachers' Lived Experiences As They Support Students With Anxiety, Jennifer Hope Crews

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this transcendental phenomenological study was to explore the lived experiences of middle and high school teachers while supporting adolescents with high anxiety. The theories guiding this study are Bandura’s social cognitive theory and Deci and Ryan’s self-determination theory as they relate to an individual’s ability to change their behavior based on their environment and the importance of motivation throughout the learning process. Throughout this transcendental phenomenological study, teachers’ lived experiences were explored in accredited private and public schools. Data were collected from 12 middle and high school teachers, with at least 3 years of experience, through interviews, …


Pressured To Conform: The Qualitative Paradigm In Counselor Education And Supervision, Bridger Dale Falkenstien May 2024

Pressured To Conform: The Qualitative Paradigm In Counselor Education And Supervision, Bridger Dale Falkenstien

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Using Charmaz’s (2014) grounded theory (GT) and Clarke’s (2003; 2005; Clarke et al., 2018) situational analysis (SA), this study explores the experience of counselor educators and their pressure to conform throughout their professional identity development process. As counselor educators, these individuals are thought and practice leaders in the field of professional counseling, training up future counselors and advancing the field in scholarship and advocacy as a social science (Aubrey, 1980; Hansen et al., 2014). As a social science, the integrity and investigative power of counseling are tethered to empirical discovery through quantitative and qualitative methods and philosophy – while inherently …


Experiences Affecting Military Children's Performance In School: A Hermeneutic Phenomenology, Christopher Lee Pruitt Casely May 2024

Experiences Affecting Military Children's Performance In School: A Hermeneutic Phenomenology, Christopher Lee Pruitt Casely

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this hermeneutic phenomenological study was to understand how attachment and loss associated with deployment affect children’s academic performance at Joint Base Lewis McChord. More specifically, the research was centered around a child's attachment to their parent and whether deployment affects that attachment or their academic success. The theory guiding this study was John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth's attachment theory, as it provided a unique framework to examine how the child is affected by the deployment of their parents. The foundational question that drove this study was: What are the experiences of military families, specifically their children’s academic …


Mentoring As A Catalyst For Change: Creating A Mentor Training Curriculum Using The Servant Leadership Model, Alana S. Freeman May 2024

Mentoring As A Catalyst For Change: Creating A Mentor Training Curriculum Using The Servant Leadership Model, Alana S. Freeman

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

This dissertation-in-praxis was a response to the problem of a lack of youth involvement at Warren Chapel United American Free Will Baptist (UAFWB) church in Winterville, NC. The Collaborating Coach, Pastor Betty Haddock, and the Collaborating Team were concerned about the church's future amid its aging congregation. The importance of investing in the spiritual formation of the younger generation in preparation for them being mature successors of current leaders is a principle reflected throughout Scripture. The Bible encourages the older generation to teach the younger generation about Godly principles so they will retain what they have learned when they are …


An Investigation Of The Personal And Professional Experiences Of J-1 Teacher Exchange Visitors In A Rural School District In South Carolina: A Hermeneutic Phenomenological Study, Abigail Althea Ralph May 2024

An Investigation Of The Personal And Professional Experiences Of J-1 Teacher Exchange Visitors In A Rural School District In South Carolina: A Hermeneutic Phenomenological Study, Abigail Althea Ralph

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

This phenomenological study aimed to understand how the personal and professional experiences of J-1 teacher exchange visitors (J-1TEVs) in a rural school district (RSD) in South Carolina impacted their teacher self-efficacy. Personal and professional experience was generally defined as the circumstances surrounding J-1TEVs’ private and work lives. The theory guiding this study was the teacher self-efficacy theory, a derivative construct of Bandura’s social cognitive theory. The theoretical framework guided the exploration of how the personal and professional experiences of J-1TEVs impacted their beliefs in their ability to perform effectively in U. S. classrooms. The central research question was: “What are …


A Qualitative Descriptive Study Of Enrollment And Retention Trends In Mid-Sized Pennsylvania Rural Band Programs, Adam Brian Nobile May 2024

A Qualitative Descriptive Study Of Enrollment And Retention Trends In Mid-Sized Pennsylvania Rural Band Programs, Adam Brian Nobile

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Despite many differences across Pennsylvania's rural school districts, band programs face similar recruitment, retention, and matriculation challenges. Rural school districts in Pennsylvania account for 235 of the 499 school districts in Pennsylvania while educating less than 20 percent of the student population in the state. In addition, rural districts often lack the community infrastructure many urban and suburban school districts possess, creating a unique set of circumstances affecting all aspects of programming, including band programs. While rural communities continue to experience a decline in enrollment, many have had, or currently have, successful band programs while overcoming many obstacles that affect …


The Perceptions Of Army Instructional Systems Specialists Regarding A Formalized Training Program: A Phenomenological Study, Amber Danyel Elizabeth Brouillard May 2024

The Perceptions Of Army Instructional Systems Specialists Regarding A Formalized Training Program: A Phenomenological Study, Amber Danyel Elizabeth Brouillard

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this qualitative transcendental phenomenological study was to explore the perceptions of Army Instructional Systems Specialists regarding implementing a formal training plan at a military training installation. The theory guiding this study is adult education theory, developed by Malcolm Knowles, as it illuminates how adults perceive learning and their training preferences. This study design includes the description, reduction, imaginative variation, and essence of the lived experience with data collection from nonprobability sampling, and criterion sampling was used because all participants experience the same phenomenon. Data was collected using interviews, journal prompts, and focus groups. The data analysis spiral …


The Perceptions Of Principals, English Language Arts Teachers, And Librarians Regarding The Role Of School Librarians In Their Schools Being Identified As National Blue Ribbon Award Winning Exemplary Achievement Gap-Closing Schools: A Qualitative Case Study, Beth Mcguire May 2024

The Perceptions Of Principals, English Language Arts Teachers, And Librarians Regarding The Role Of School Librarians In Their Schools Being Identified As National Blue Ribbon Award Winning Exemplary Achievement Gap-Closing Schools: A Qualitative Case Study, Beth Mcguire

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this case study was to discover the perceptions of the role and programs in school libraries that support academic achievement in the school community for educational professionals at National Blue Ribbon Schools in the United States. Perceptions regarding the role of school librarianship surrounding academic achievement were explored from four National Blue Ribbon Schools locations during 2022 and 2023 in kindergarten through Grade 12. The theory guiding this study was Bandura’s self-efficacy theory. The central research question was: How did educational professional self-efficacy influence the implementation of school library programs during the attainment of the National Blue …


Teachers' Perceptions Implementing Social And Emotional Learning And The Impact It Has On Students: A Phenomenological Qualitative Study, Shaniqua M. Person May 2024

Teachers' Perceptions Implementing Social And Emotional Learning And The Impact It Has On Students: A Phenomenological Qualitative Study, Shaniqua M. Person

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this phenomenological qualitative study is to discover teachers’ lived experiences implementing social and emotional learning in the classroom setting. Social and emotional learning is the skill of an individual that learns the proper social skills required to control emotions while keeping healthy relationships as they make sound judgments. In social and emotional learning studies, teachers’ perceptions have not been well represented. This study seeks to investigate teachers’ experiences implementing social and emotional learning and the impact it has on students. The theory guiding this study is The Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning Framework. The Framework …


Moral Injury In Active Service And Veteran Female Military Combatants, William Curtis Neal May 2024

Moral Injury In Active Service And Veteran Female Military Combatants, William Curtis Neal

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

A topic of concern and discussion in the mental health community, and maybe a special concern from both governmental and civilian practitioners, is the subject of moral injury. Moral Injury has been widely researched over the last 10 years and is a known and discussed condition that is linked to military personnel and veterans who have experienced events while deployed or operating in adverse conditions such as combat. The following descriptive study focuses on one group from which they have been excluded or overlooked in past studies. This creates a gap in the published literature: female servicewomen and veterans. Both …


From Doom To Bloom: The Effects Of Pre-Major Coaching On Undecided Student Persistence, Lisa Dianne Wycoff May 2024

From Doom To Bloom: The Effects Of Pre-Major Coaching On Undecided Student Persistence, Lisa Dianne Wycoff

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Student retention is a persistent dilemma in higher education because it is how student success is measured. Universities invest resources in retaining vulnerable populations and provide additional support measures because they are most at risk of dropping out. The premise of this study is that students who enter college without a major are considered vulnerable, as they are highly prone to drop out. Numerous studies have found that entering college with an “unknown/undecided” status negatively impacts retention, well-being, and motivation due to a lack of clearly defined educational goals. However, students and families often lack adequate information about the importance …


A Phenomenological Study On The Experiences Of English As A Second Language Adjuncts, Dawn Annette Bell May 2024

A Phenomenological Study On The Experiences Of English As A Second Language Adjuncts, Dawn Annette Bell

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this hermeneutic phenomenological study was to describe the experiences of adjunct English as a second language (ESL) teachers in a collegiate setting in the Southwestern United States. The central research question was: What are the experiences of adjunct ESL instructors in higher education settings? The sub-questions explored the adjuncts’ experiences with students, colleagues, and the institution. Purposeful criterion sampling was used to secure 14 participants. The setting was a community college in the Southwestern United States. The theory guiding this study was the social exchange theory (SET) since the study described teacher experiences related to students, colleagues, …


Recommendations For Solving The Problem Of Low Teacher Retention For Houston Independent School District In Houston, Texas, Jordyn L. Jarrett May 2024

Recommendations For Solving The Problem Of Low Teacher Retention For Houston Independent School District In Houston, Texas, Jordyn L. Jarrett

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this study was to provide recommendations to solve the problem of low teacher retention for the Houston Independent School District (HISD) in Houston, Texas. The problem was that 25% of teachers resigned from HISD (Carpenter, 2019). This makes the teacher retention rate for HISD the lowest among Houston-area school districts at only 75%. The rationale for the research was by improving the teacher retention rate, the area teacher shortage will decrease. Additionally, students in the district will be provided with qualified teachers and equitable learning opportunities. This may improve student achievement on state mandated testing. Furthermore, maintaining …


Perspectives Of High School Orchestra Teachers In Urban And Suburban Settings In Using Social-Emotional Learning Techniques, Dale A. Kokot May 2024

Perspectives Of High School Orchestra Teachers In Urban And Suburban Settings In Using Social-Emotional Learning Techniques, Dale A. Kokot

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

A need exists for more literature concerning high school orchestras in an urban setting versus a suburban neighborhood and the different styles of social-emotional learning strategies implemented in each. Universities and other professional development specialists now teach teachers social-emotional learning procedures and processes. However, these specialists often must provide orchestra directors with more specific skills. There also should be more differentiated instruction for high school orchestras in an urban setting versus what school corporations require of teachers in a suburban-specific area. Teachers must identify the demographics of where and to whom they teach and tailor lesson plans and social-emotional techniques …


Representation Matters: The Importance Of Black, Indigenous, And People Of Color (Bipoc) Students Identifying With Academic Advisors, Temeshia N. Lemons May 2024

Representation Matters: The Importance Of Black, Indigenous, And People Of Color (Bipoc) Students Identifying With Academic Advisors, Temeshia N. Lemons

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this hermeneutic phenomenological study was to describe the underdeveloped identifiable relationships with assigned academic advisors for students who identify as Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC) at a public higher education institution. The theory guiding this study was the relational cultural theory (RCT), as it assisted with understanding the importance of BIPOC students developing identifiable relationships with assigned academic advisors. This study's central research question asked, "What are the experiences of BIPOC students building positive relationships with assigned academic advisors?" A qualitative research design was chosen for this study to explore further the experiences shared among …


Addressing The Effects Of Special Education Staff Burnout In Behavioral Placement Schools: A Case Study, Katherine Taylor May 2024

Addressing The Effects Of Special Education Staff Burnout In Behavioral Placement Schools: A Case Study, Katherine Taylor

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this single instrumental case study was to understand the decreased self-efficacy that leads to burnout for special education staff in a Transitional Unit school in the suburbs of the Rust Belt. The theory guiding this study was Albert Bandura’s self-efficacy theory as it relates to the relationship between special education staff in behavioral placement schools and burnout experienced throughout their tenure due to work demands and interactions from professional and personal relationships. The single instrumental case study was chosen to analyze the lives of staff members at Ohio Vale School and their experiences with burnout. The central …


A Phenomenological Study Of The Lived Experiences Of Individuals With Intellectual Disabilities And Their Participation In Postsecondary Job Training Programs: A Qualitative Study, Jami Vickers Granberry May 2024

A Phenomenological Study Of The Lived Experiences Of Individuals With Intellectual Disabilities And Their Participation In Postsecondary Job Training Programs: A Qualitative Study, Jami Vickers Granberry

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this transcendental phenomenological study was to describe the lived experiences of individuals with intellectual disabilities in an inclusive postsecondary education program. The theories that guided this study are Oliver’s theory on the social model of disability and Vygotsky’s theory of social constructivism. This study used a transcendental research design and employed the use of purposeful sampling to select participants who have all experienced the same phenomenon. There were 10 participants who have all had the same experience of attending an inclusive postsecondary education program. The setting took place at P.C.C. in the C.A. program. The central research …


University Student Success In Graduation: A Hermeneutic Phenomenology Of The “Aha” Moment, When A College Graduate Realized They Could Finish Their Degree, Justin M. Shannon May 2024

University Student Success In Graduation: A Hermeneutic Phenomenology Of The “Aha” Moment, When A College Graduate Realized They Could Finish Their Degree, Justin M. Shannon

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to discover the college graduate experience of a junior officer who decided to finish their bachelor’s degree despite any temptation to drop out of school; participants were selected from a midwestern military installation. The guiding theory of this study was Duckworth’s grit theory; the study related to her theory by examining participants’ passion and perseverance and their relation to the motivation in the context of choice to finish the goal of graduating from college and commissioning as an officer in the U.S. Army. This qualitative design used a hermeneutic phenomenological approach; data collection …


A Phenomenological Study Of The Self-Efficacy Of Elementary Reading Specialists To Address The Mental Health Needs Of Students, Virginia Mckinney Shank May 2024

A Phenomenological Study Of The Self-Efficacy Of Elementary Reading Specialists To Address The Mental Health Needs Of Students, Virginia Mckinney Shank

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this transcendental phenomenological study was to explore the self-efficacy and lived experiences of reading specialists who teach struggling readers with mental health needs. The construct of self-efficacy and Bandura’s social cognitive theory provided the theoretical framework for the central research question and three sub-questions: (a) What are literacy specialists' lived experiences and self-efficacy in instructing elementary students with mental health needs? (b) What instructional experiences and strategies do literacy specialists describe as contributing to low feelings of self-efficacy for helping struggling readers with mental health needs? (c) What instructional experiences and strategies do literacy specialists describe as …


A Basis For Removal Or Retention Of Black Folk Songs In Music Education According To Black Americans In The Music Community, Ashley Yarbrough May 2024

A Basis For Removal Or Retention Of Black Folk Songs In Music Education According To Black Americans In The Music Community, Ashley Yarbrough

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Despite the contribution of a large body of musical literature by Black Americans from the late nineteenth century forward, few musical contributions of Black American slaves have been properly attributed from the centuries prior, and many were credited to White Americans. In recent years, cultural sensitivities and misinterpretations toward the early music of Black Americans have created a movement to remove many of these songs from circulation and in particular, music education repertoire. In this study, the folk music created by Black Americans from the seventeenth through the nineteenth century was explored in order to determine the motivational factors according …


Multiple Perspectives Examining How A High School Junior Reserve Officer Training Corps (Jrotc) Program Affects Student Development: A Case Study, Kurt Duane Barry May 2024

Multiple Perspectives Examining How A High School Junior Reserve Officer Training Corps (Jrotc) Program Affects Student Development: A Case Study, Kurt Duane Barry

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this case study was to examine how a high school’s Junior Reserve Officer Training Corps (JROTC) program affects student development of their personal responsibility and a sense of accomplishment by fusing the perspectives of the school administrators, JROTC instructors, and school guidance counselors for a more holistic view. The theories guiding this study are Abraham Maslow’s theory of motivation and Albert Bandura’s theory of self-efficacy, which relate to secondary student development for cadets in the JROTC program. The central research question focused on the benefits of a school’s JROTC program to the cadets enrolled. The research setting …


Experiences Of Teachers Who Have Taught Physical Education Remotely: A Qualitative Study, Danielle Causer Brabston May 2024

Experiences Of Teachers Who Have Taught Physical Education Remotely: A Qualitative Study, Danielle Causer Brabston

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological study was to understand and describe the essence of the experiences of teachers who have taught physical education remotely. The problem is physical education is a core curriculum subject that is designed for in-person instruction and is not easily adaptable to an online setting. The central research question that this study sought to address was what are the experiences of K-12 physical education teachers who taught P.E. remotely? The theory guiding of this study is Dabrowski’s theory of positive disintegration as it details how people can adapt and adjust in response to stressful situations …


A Multi-Site Case Study Examing How Iep Teams Determine The Least Restrictive Placement For Students With Autism Spectrum Disorder At The Elementary School Level, Jennifer J. Hull May 2024

A Multi-Site Case Study Examing How Iep Teams Determine The Least Restrictive Placement For Students With Autism Spectrum Disorder At The Elementary School Level, Jennifer J. Hull

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this qualitative, descriptive, multi-site case study was to determine the criteria individualized education program (IEP) teams used to find the least restrictive environment (LRE) placement for a student with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) at the elementary school level. The theoretical framework of this study was Maslow’s theory of human motivation, which described a hierarchy that should be in place for students to be ready to learn. Knowles’s adult learning theory also guided this study as it described how the adults’ experience shaped their decision-making. I collected data through direct observations, interviews, and focus groups. Utilizing a purposeful …


Teachers’ Lived Experiences Nurturing The Development Of Self-Regulated Learning To Address Academic Outcomes For High School Students With Low Reading Achievement: A Phenomenological Study, Kimberly Mazie Wilson May 2024

Teachers’ Lived Experiences Nurturing The Development Of Self-Regulated Learning To Address Academic Outcomes For High School Students With Low Reading Achievement: A Phenomenological Study, Kimberly Mazie Wilson

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this transcendental phenomenological study was to examine teachers’ lived experiences nurturing the development of self-regulated learning to address academic outcomes for high school students with low reading achievement. The two conceptual frameworks that guided this study were Zimmerman’s self-regulated learning, derived from Bandura’s social cognitive theory, and Duke and Cartwright’s active view of reading. These frameworks both provided contributing factors of self-regulatory skills for improved learning and reading outcomes. The research method used for this study was qualitative, and the design was transcendental phenomenology. Using the qualitative method gave a voice to the participants’ lived experiences. It …