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2020

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Full-Text Articles in Education

The Climb To The Top: Advice For Aspiring Black And African American College And University Presidents, Quncy Martin Iii Dec 2020

The Climb To The Top: Advice For Aspiring Black And African American College And University Presidents, Quncy Martin Iii

Journal of Research on the College President

The purpose of this paper was to provide practical advice on how Black and African American college and university presidential aspirants may adequately prepare themselves for such a pivotal leadership role. Seven Black and African American college and university presidents from a variety of institutional types (community colleges, four-year institutions, Predominately White Institutions [PWI], and Minority-Serving Institutions[MSI]) across the United States answered a simple question: What advice can you offer to aspiring Black and African American college and university presidents to adequately prepare them for this leadership role? The authors supplemented their responses with highlights of professional development opportunities for …


Becoming A Champion Of Orientation, Gregory V. Wolcott, William J. Reckmeyer, Andrene Kaiwi Connor, Rigoberto Flores Dec 2020

Becoming A Champion Of Orientation, Gregory V. Wolcott, William J. Reckmeyer, Andrene Kaiwi Connor, Rigoberto Flores

Journal of Research on the College President

New student orientation programs are one of the most important high impact practices for student success. These introductory programs not only empower students to be able to selfidentify how their academic support needs can be met, they also provide the critically important introduction to building social support networks. College presidents must embrace the critical role of new student orientation programs, understand their complexities, and find ways to illustrate the role of these programs to faculty, staff, and students.


Liaison, Delegates, And Advisors:An Examination Of The Chief Of Staff Role On College Campuses, Laura Jacobs Dec 2020

Liaison, Delegates, And Advisors:An Examination Of The Chief Of Staff Role On College Campuses, Laura Jacobs

Journal of Research on the College President

The chief of staff role first emerged as a military and government position to strategize battles and advise generals centuries ago (O’Brien, 2020). It has been more common in the United States to find chiefs of staff (or COS) in political environments: The White House chief of staff often comes to mind when the title is mentioned. In recent years the role has been adopted by corporate entities. Companies often create and hire individuals into the title to organize senior level, institution work (Ciampa, 2020) and the corporatization and resulting organizational changes in higher education (Bleikliea & Kogan, 2007) have …


Stepping Down? Theorizing The Process Of Returning To The Faculty After Senior Academicleadership, Lisa Jasinski Dec 2020

Stepping Down? Theorizing The Process Of Returning To The Faculty After Senior Academicleadership, Lisa Jasinski

Journal of Research on the College President

While scholars have devoted considerable attention to identifying and developing future academic leaders, scant empirical research has considered the firsthand experiences of senior leaders who returned to the faculty. This grounded theory study developed a theoretical understanding of the process of returning to the faculty after serving as a senior campus administrator. This research examined a common academic rite of passage using the analysis of interviews with 43 former college presidents, provosts, deans, and “other senior leaders” from a variety of postsecondary institutions. Academic leaders in the study characterized the process of returning to the faculty as mostly positive and …


The Effectiveness And Priorities Of The American College President:Perceptions From The Faculty Lounge, G. David Gearhart, Daniel P. Nadler, Michael T. Miller Dec 2020

The Effectiveness And Priorities Of The American College President:Perceptions From The Faculty Lounge, G. David Gearhart, Daniel P. Nadler, Michael T. Miller

Journal of Research on the College President

The American college presidency has become increasingly complex, particularly due to the wide variety of demands placed on the position. Indeed, the effectiveness of a president is often seen through the lens of different constituents. Historically, the faculty have played a key role in determining the success of a president, and the current study sought to identify the perceptions of faculty members regarding the effectiveness of presidents. Additionally, the study sought to compare faculty perception of desired versus actual effectiveness of presidential responsibilities.


Welcome From The Guest Editor, Daniel P. Nadler Dec 2020

Welcome From The Guest Editor, Daniel P. Nadler

Journal of Research on the College President

I am truly grateful to the staff of the National Lab for the Study of the College President for allowing me to be a part of their family during this very strange and challenging academic year. I have been impressed by the Arkansas team, and will be excited to see their Handbook on College and University Leadership in the summer of 2021.


Editors' Remarks, G. David Gearhart, Michael T. Miller Dec 2020

Editors' Remarks, G. David Gearhart, Michael T. Miller

Journal of Research on the College President

Dr. Miller and I are most pleased to share with you the fourth volume of the Journal of Research on the College President from the National Lab for the Study of the College President at the University of Arkansas. While this year has been a great challenge for everyone given the Covid Pandemic the Lab continues to work on a wide variety of issues about the contemporary college president.


The Problem-Based Learning Approach Towards Developing Soft Skills: A Systematic Review, Sadia Deep, Ali Ahmed, Nazia Suleman, Muhammad Zahid Abbas, Uzma Naza, Hina Shaheen, Abdul Razzaq Nov 2020

The Problem-Based Learning Approach Towards Developing Soft Skills: A Systematic Review, Sadia Deep, Ali Ahmed, Nazia Suleman, Muhammad Zahid Abbas, Uzma Naza, Hina Shaheen, Abdul Razzaq

The Qualitative Report

In this paper, we review systematically the role of problem-based learning (PBL) in developing soft skills in Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) and other fields of studies. The Systematic Literature Review (SLR) includes the most recent empirical, review, and conceptual studies from TVET and other multiple fields of studies including medicine, humanities, and engineering between the years of 2001 and 2016 collected from four databases. A qualitative method was used to accomplish the systematic review. After the collection of articles, the selected studies were analyzed through thematic analysis. From this review, we concluded that PBL as an instructional …


People Look At You A Little Bit Differently: Self-Authorship And The Homegoing Experiences Of First-Generation College Students Of Color, Michelle Boettcher, Stacy Dillard, Kimbell Dobbins, Keenan Jones, Nick Lang, Hailey Palmer, Esther Philip, Kierra Richmond, Dylan Wilkes, Wen Xi Nov 2020

People Look At You A Little Bit Differently: Self-Authorship And The Homegoing Experiences Of First-Generation College Students Of Color, Michelle Boettcher, Stacy Dillard, Kimbell Dobbins, Keenan Jones, Nick Lang, Hailey Palmer, Esther Philip, Kierra Richmond, Dylan Wilkes, Wen Xi

New York Journal of Student Affairs

First-generation college (FGC) students represent 56% of college students in the United States (RTI International, 2019). Studies on the role FGC family in students’ campus experiences by Covarrubias et al. (2015) along with Orbe’s (2008) work on the role of culture in FGC identity development provide a foundation for understanding FGC experiences. The role of FGC self-authorship (Carpenter & Peña, 2017) on campus also helps support FGC student success. Unexamined are FGC students’ homegoing experiences in their communities of origin. This study helps fill a void in the literature about FGC students’ experiences in their home communities through the voices …


Which Role Shall I Perform? The Doctoral Experience Of Women, Aviva Vincent, Megan Weber, Danielle Sabo Nov 2020

Which Role Shall I Perform? The Doctoral Experience Of Women, Aviva Vincent, Megan Weber, Danielle Sabo

New York Journal of Student Affairs

Doctoral women experience disparities in self-efficacy, degree completion, and mental fatigue compared to men-identified colleagues. Women pursuing doctorates express hardships mirroring those reported in the 1970s. Applied qualitative methodology yielded emergent themes, contextualized by the frameworks of role theory and academic resilience theory. The experiences shared by the women in this study support that the expectations of women regarding the doctoral process do not align with the situational reality, specifically regarding imposter syndrome, mentorship, family-planning, financial support, and social expectations. Recommendations for departments and universities are provided to create a more just experience.


Exploring The “At-Risk” Student Label Through The Perspectives Of Higher Education Professionals, Nick Dix, Andrew Lail, Matt Birnbaum Ph.D., Joseph Paris Nov 2020

Exploring The “At-Risk” Student Label Through The Perspectives Of Higher Education Professionals, Nick Dix, Andrew Lail, Matt Birnbaum Ph.D., Joseph Paris

The Qualitative Report

Institutions of higher education often use the term “at-risk” to label undergraduate students who have a higher likelihood of not persisting. However, it is not clear how the use of this label impacts the perspectives of the higher education professionals who serve and support these students. Our qualitative study explores the descriptions and understandings of higher education professionals who serve and support at-risk students. We use thematic analysis (Braun & Clark, 2006) to interpret our data and develop our themes. These themes include conflicting views of the “at-risk” definition, attempts to normalize at-risk, fostering relationships, and “at-promise.”


Doctoral Student Online Learning: Addressing Challenges Of The Virtual Experience, Dejuanna M. Parker, Kent Willis, Barbara D. Holmes Oct 2020

Doctoral Student Online Learning: Addressing Challenges Of The Virtual Experience, Dejuanna M. Parker, Kent Willis, Barbara D. Holmes

Journal of Research Initiatives

Abstract

This qualitative study sought to understand student beliefs and perceived levels of confidence in a primarily online professional doctoral degree in education. Before accessing course material and formal instruction, respondents assigned scores to a Likert-style survey and answered open-ended questions about their understanding of basic educational research methodology. The rise of distance education follows the rapid growth of technological advancement, yet, much is still unknown about pedagogical practices that contribute to improved learning outcomes for students in the virtual environment. Themes that emerged from this study suggest that (1) student expectations do not align with prior preparation, (2) student …


An Exploration Of The Perceptions Of Institutional Advancement Leaders On Their Role In The Survival Of Private Hbcus: A Qualitative Study, Evelyn Leathers, Comfort O. Okpala Oct 2020

An Exploration Of The Perceptions Of Institutional Advancement Leaders On Their Role In The Survival Of Private Hbcus: A Qualitative Study, Evelyn Leathers, Comfort O. Okpala

Journal of Research Initiatives

The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the perceptions of institutional advancement leaders on their role in the survival of private HBCUs. The major goals of the study focused on how advancement leaders perceived their leadership roles in generating funds to sustain private historically Black colleges and universities in the southeastern region of United States. Purposive sampling technique was utilized to select seven experienced and successful advancement leaders for the study. Through in-depth phenomenological interview and analyses, four themes emerged. The findings from the study show that the participants strongly perceived that their leadership role in fundraising to …


The Therapeutic Nature Of Qualitative Interviewing: Benefits Of Research Participation, April Perry, Mary Grace Bigelow Oct 2020

The Therapeutic Nature Of Qualitative Interviewing: Benefits Of Research Participation, April Perry, Mary Grace Bigelow

Journal of Research Initiatives

This research explored the notion that interview studies can be therapeutic for participants. It examines the common themes that participants report as beneficial from participating in a study about the transition from higher education to post-university life. The findings are presented as common themes and illuminated by participant excerpts. It is concluded that there are therapeutic characteristics to the qualitative interview process that mirror some of the benefits individuals can receive from the counseling process.


Factors That Influence Emirati Male Achievement In Higher Education, Melvin (Jai) Jackson, Kaitlin M. Jackson Oct 2020

Factors That Influence Emirati Male Achievement In Higher Education, Melvin (Jai) Jackson, Kaitlin M. Jackson

Journal of Research Initiatives

The success of Emirati male students in higher education is one filled with positive interactions between the students, faculty, and staff. The influence of faculty in the success of Emirati males is vital to the overall curricular success of this student population. The strong cultural ties to seeking out elders for guidance and influence is easily replicated on college and university campuses. In this manuscript we examine the history of education in the Middle East from its inception to the meteoric rise of higher education. Through examining the past and present education we will explore how the cultural and societal …


Reconstructing Our Ships: Navigating The Use Of Simulation In Csd, Carol C. Dudding Oct 2020

Reconstructing Our Ships: Navigating The Use Of Simulation In Csd, Carol C. Dudding

Teaching and Learning in Communication Sciences & Disorders

Simulations for clinical training is an example of a disruptive technology in that it offers great potential in the training and assessment of students and professionals in Communication Sciences and Disorders. As such, those considering adoption of simulations should anticipate the need for restructuring of the educational program in order to take full advantage of the benefits and minimize the unintended consequences.


Angry White Men On Campus: Theoretical Perspectives And Recommended Responses, Kyle C. Ashlee, Pietro A. Sasso, Christina Witkowicki Oct 2020

Angry White Men On Campus: Theoretical Perspectives And Recommended Responses, Kyle C. Ashlee, Pietro A. Sasso, Christina Witkowicki

Journal of Critical Scholarship on Higher Education and Student Affairs

In this article, the authors explore a rise in violent protest among white college men, theoretical interpretations of this trend, and recommendations that student affairs educators can implement to address the harmful acts of white male on campus. By examining hegemonic masculinity, the theory of dispossession, anomic protest masculinity, and white men’s disengagement in college, student affairs professionals can begin to understand the larger contemporary trend of student activism among white college men. Moreover, evaluating common strategies for engaging college men, including behavior-only approaches, bad-dogging accountability practices, and white privilege pedagogy, educators can gain perspective on how current responses in …


Discrete Model Of Heat Exchange Between The Tube And The Heat Carrier Passing Through It, Jurabek Saydullaevich Mamatov, Sardorbek Baxtiyor Ugli Dustnazarov Sep 2020

Discrete Model Of Heat Exchange Between The Tube And The Heat Carrier Passing Through It, Jurabek Saydullaevich Mamatov, Sardorbek Baxtiyor Ugli Dustnazarov

Bulletin of Gulistan State University

Convective heat transfer processes in heat exchangers, which are widely used in industry, are characterized by partial differential equations. Ensuring the adequacy of mathematical models leads to the complication of particular differential equations for products and boundary value problems for them. Acad. A. Azamov and candidate of mathematical sciences M.A. Bekimov proposed a perfect mathematical model of the heat transfer process in rotary regenerative air heaters (RRAH) at thermal power plants in the form of discrete dynamic systems, which made it possible to control the operation mode of RRAH, calculate smoke and air temperature. A mathematical model of the heat …


About The Possibility Of Restoring And Extending The Resource Of The Work Unusable Silite Heaters By Applicing Sandwich Layer Of Silicon Carbide And Molybdene Dislicide, Аleksandr Kutlimratov, Shavki Kulaganovich Niyozov, Utkurjon Xikmatalievich Raxmonov, Utkir Tagaevich Davlatov Sep 2020

About The Possibility Of Restoring And Extending The Resource Of The Work Unusable Silite Heaters By Applicing Sandwich Layer Of Silicon Carbide And Molybdene Dislicide, Аleksandr Kutlimratov, Shavki Kulaganovich Niyozov, Utkurjon Xikmatalievich Raxmonov, Utkir Tagaevich Davlatov

Bulletin of Gulistan State University

The properties of silicon carbide layers deposited to restore spent resources and unusable silicon heaters are investigated. The reasons for the low working life of heaters restored by applying only layers of silicon carbide are clarified. The possibility of restoring and increasing the working life of unusable silicon heaters by applying sandwich layers of silicon carbide and molybdenum disilicide is shown. An advantage of the proposed method is that the silicon carbide and molybdenum disilicide powders used to prepare the suspension can be obtained by grinding pieces (waste) of broken silicon carbide and disilicide molybdenum heaters. At the same time, …


Reproduction Characteristics And Seed Renewal Of Onobrychis Chorassanica (Fabaceae) In The Arid Zones Of Uzbekistan, Khazratkul Kilichevich Karshibaev, Zarina Furkatovna Jumaeva Sep 2020

Reproduction Characteristics And Seed Renewal Of Onobrychis Chorassanica (Fabaceae) In The Arid Zones Of Uzbekistan, Khazratkul Kilichevich Karshibaev, Zarina Furkatovna Jumaeva

Bulletin of Gulistan State University

The article is devoted to the reproduction processes and seed renewal of 3 senopopulations of O. chorassanica Bunge (SP-1: Yangiabad region, in the territory Khojamushkent forest districts; SP-2: Zaamin region, in the south of village Bolgali; SP-3: Zaamin region, in the territory Zaamin forest districts about village Ual) in the adir (semidisert) zones of Uzbekistan. This plant is a typical long-stem herbaceous polycarpic, xeromesophyte, heliophyte, hemicryptophyte, has an underground caudex storage organ – for the supply of nutrients and replenishment of buds. While studying the reproductive biology of plants the works of Ponomarev A.N. (1960), Satsyperova I.F. (1993), Ashurmetov A.A. …


Mechanical Composition Of The Mountain Brown Soil (On The Example Of Soils Of The Chatkal State Biosphere Reserve), Malika Alimovna Aliboeva, Zafarjon Abdukarimovich Jabbarov, Mashkura Fazliddinovna Faxrutdinova Sep 2020

Mechanical Composition Of The Mountain Brown Soil (On The Example Of Soils Of The Chatkal State Biosphere Reserve), Malika Alimovna Aliboeva, Zafarjon Abdukarimovich Jabbarov, Mashkura Fazliddinovna Faxrutdinova

Bulletin of Gulistan State University

In the article, mountain-brown soils differ from other soils in their development, genesis, evolution, chemical properties, especially mechanical composition, as well as many other properties and characteristics. These soils are considered as a key factor in their separation from soils, especially with their rockiness, humus content, carbonates, and rock distribution. The results obtained from the point of view of mechanical composition state that mountain brown soils are soils with medium and heavy mechanical composition. The specific gravity of these soils is 2.50–2.78g/cm3, and we see that this indicator is not high in the upper soil layers. In mountain brown soils, …


Perspectives On The Use Of Capparic Herbaceae In The Recultivation Of Degraded Areas, Farrukh Bahrom Oglu Abdukholiqov Sep 2020

Perspectives On The Use Of Capparic Herbaceae In The Recultivation Of Degraded Areas, Farrukh Bahrom Oglu Abdukholiqov

Bulletin of Gulistan State University

The scientific research in this article have been carried out in the degradated hills which is full of mine rubbishes around “Marjonbulak gold enriching factory that belongs to Southern mine administration” located in Gallaarol in Jizzakh region. The degradation of this area was appeared because of digging up underground resources and changing of land-reclamation by treating chemically to the soil. The plants from local flora were chosen in order to improve the situation of land-reclamation. Among these plants the effect of the seeds of C. herbaceae that belongs to Cappariceae family to the seed productivity of working with microelement solution …


The Role And Efficiency Of New Synthetic Amphidiploids In The Inter-Species Hybridization And Increased Yield And Length Of The Hopper Fiber, Sayfulla Gafurovich Boboev, G'Ayrat Azatovich Muratov, Murtazo Joraevich Isroilov, Azat Muratov Sep 2020

The Role And Efficiency Of New Synthetic Amphidiploids In The Inter-Species Hybridization And Increased Yield And Length Of The Hopper Fiber, Sayfulla Gafurovich Boboev, G'Ayrat Azatovich Muratov, Murtazo Joraevich Isroilov, Azat Muratov

Bulletin of Gulistan State University

The article presents the results of an analysis of studies on the role and effectiveness of new synthetic amphidiploids {[(G. thurberi Tod. х G. raimondii Ulbr.) х G. arboreum L.] x G.hirsutum L.} and {[(G. thurberi Tod. х G. raimondii Ulbr. х G. arboreum L.) х G.hirsutum L.] х G.barbadense L.}, with interspecific hybridization and increased yield and length of cotton fiber. It was established that in plants of new families of interspecific hybrids obtained with the participation of the C-6524 variety of synthetic amphidiploids, the fiber yield increases from 0.2 to 3.9%, and the fiber length increases by 0.1-1.1 …


Analysis Of Indicators Of Local Wheat Grains, Sherzod Burhonovich Uktamov, Karim Karshievich Sattarov, Qaxramon Xalimovich Majidov Sep 2020

Analysis Of Indicators Of Local Wheat Grains, Sherzod Burhonovich Uktamov, Karim Karshievich Sattarov, Qaxramon Xalimovich Majidov

Bulletin of Gulistan State University

The factors affecting the yield and quality of wheat grain include environmental, that is, dominant factors that can be attributed to the conditions of sowing grain crops and grain ripening. The quality of the product is determined depending on the number of indicators. Assessment of the quality of the finished product is based on complex indicators, which include physicochemical, chemical and organoleptic indicators. The article examines the qualitative indicators and physical and chemical classification of wheat grain: humidity, degree of contamination, ash content, gluten content. Identified indicators of wheat quality grown in 2018-2019 Factors affecting the quality of grain were …


Specific Features Of Professional Competence Development Of Future Specialists In Technical Departments In Higher Educational Institutions, Muksin Tadjievich Khodjiev, Dilshod Azamatovich Eshnazarov Sep 2020

Specific Features Of Professional Competence Development Of Future Specialists In Technical Departments In Higher Educational Institutions, Muksin Tadjievich Khodjiev, Dilshod Azamatovich Eshnazarov

Bulletin of Gulistan State University

Modernity is recognized as the main factor ensuring the development of education in the world, and the quality of education in educational institutions is of particular importance. Socio-economic, scientific and technical changes on a global scale presuppose the organization and management of the training system for future specialists on the basis of a modular approach and the development of the professional competence of future specialists in the higher educational institutions. At present, in the educational standards of developed countries, special attention is paid to the formation of global skills of students. Of great importance in this is the modernization of …


Principles Of Development Of Detective Literature, Bahodir Alikulovich Kholikov Sep 2020

Principles Of Development Of Detective Literature, Bahodir Alikulovich Kholikov

Bulletin of Gulistan State University

The article examines the genesis of the detective genre, poetic models and features of artistic interpretation. The “Godfather” by Mario Puzo and “Shaytanat” by Tahir Malik, as well as folklore and written literature in the history of world and Uzbek literature are comparatively studied. Important conclusions have been drawn about the development of Uzbek detective novels during the period of independence. In particular, the study of detective prose in Uzbek literature began in the 60s and 70s, when Uzbek detective literature was on the path of relatively consistent development. Brief notes on detective prose and moral problems in reviews of …


Features Of Didactic Playing In Increasing The Efficiency Of Learning Chemistry, Shoira Kasimovna Tashbayeva Sep 2020

Features Of Didactic Playing In Increasing The Efficiency Of Learning Chemistry, Shoira Kasimovna Tashbayeva

Bulletin of Gulistan State University

The article explains that the use of various didactic games in the classroom contributes to the formation of students' knowledge and skills, the development of thinking, memory, attention, observation, and most importantly, the effectiveness of learning. The role and significance of didactic games in teaching chemistry are also described. The order, goals and objectives of organizing didactic games are described. It is shown that the effectiveness of teaching can be achieved by organizing chemistry lessons using didactic games. Key ideas and comments are expressed through didactic games such as Chemical Domino, Attentive Chemist. The content and recommendations for the use …


Specific Aspects Of Rauf Parfi's Poetry, Nu'mon Karimjonovich Rahimjonov, Obidahon Kholbekovna Fayzullaeva Sep 2020

Specific Aspects Of Rauf Parfi's Poetry, Nu'mon Karimjonovich Rahimjonov, Obidahon Kholbekovna Fayzullaeva

Bulletin of Gulistan State University

The article discusses specific aspects of Rauf Parfi’s poetry. Thoughts that the poet broke the stereotypes and stereotypes of artistic thinking in the 50s and 60s of the twentieth century, and perfected this philosophical and aesthetic experience in the early twentieth century, served as a special assessment of the poet. The idea that the poet is a poet who has made a great contribution to the development of this content by expanding the artistic interpretations of the issues of independence, national freedom, individual freedom, ideas and concepts about Goodness, Justice, Beauty in the sense of universal values is also substantiated …


Imitation Of Thoughts-Feelings – Artistic Means Of Psychologism, Islamjon Ahmedjanovich Yakubov, Ijobat Tursunkulovna Saymuratova Sep 2020

Imitation Of Thoughts-Feelings – Artistic Means Of Psychologism, Islamjon Ahmedjanovich Yakubov, Ijobat Tursunkulovna Saymuratova

Bulletin of Gulistan State University

The article deals with the specific principles and features of Uzbek prose of the independence period. Being one of the specific principles of Uzbek prose of the independence period, it comprehensively covers the specific expression of folklore motifs in an artistic context. In particular, this situation was interpreted on the example of the prose of the writer Isajon Sultan, and his story “Bogi Eram” was involved in artistic analysis. With the help of artistic analysis, the main essence of the story is revealed. The spirit of the character, whose behavior is based psychologically, is interpreted as a serious change in …


Transformation Of Society In Isaac Asimov’S Fiction, Anatoliy Stepanovich Likhodzievskiy, Rafael Sharifovich Akhmedov Sep 2020

Transformation Of Society In Isaac Asimov’S Fiction, Anatoliy Stepanovich Likhodzievskiy, Rafael Sharifovich Akhmedov

Bulletin of Gulistan State University

This article analyzes such an aspect in the work of the American writer Isaac Asimov as modeling the society of the future. It is determined that the main problem before the next step in the development of society, Azimov considers distrust of technologies, and, sometimes, even a certain fear of them. It also turns out that Asimov sees science fiction as a solution to this problem, which he formulates in terms of the theory of evolution. The history of the evolution of human society proves that it must constantly change and develop, otherwise it can simply collapse. In his works, …