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Articles 1 - 25 of 25
Full-Text Articles in Technology and Innovation
Deploying Business Ecosystems To Cope With Ecological Transformation, Arnoud Cyriel Leo De Meyer
Deploying Business Ecosystems To Cope With Ecological Transformation, Arnoud Cyriel Leo De Meyer
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
At a time when businesses must innovate quickly and in support of sustainability, "going it alone" is no longer the most effective or efficient model. Business ecosystems – networks of companies, researchers and other stakeholders each involved in a given value chain – offer an effective route to companies seeking not only to find new advantages, but to drive wider systemic change. When innovation takes place through ecosystems, often, the results are faster to diffuse through an industry or value chain. To address needs of the ecological transformation like the transition to clean fuels, this is exactly what is needed; …
Technology Lends A Hand To Green E-Commerce, Hao Liang, Sin Mei Cheah
Technology Lends A Hand To Green E-Commerce, Hao Liang, Sin Mei Cheah
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
The world has witnessed an e-commerce boom in the past 2 decades, and Asia-Pacific is now driving the latest wave of growth. The Covid-19 pandemic has further accelerated consumers' growing preference for online consumption, with the Asia-Pacific region raking US$230 billion in online retail sales in 2020. This article is adapted from the authors' teaching case study - Alibaba Cainiao's Smart Green Logistics Strategy: Good for the Earth, Good for the Business.
Turning The Tables In Research And Development Licensing Contracts, Niyazi Taneri, Pascale Crama
Turning The Tables In Research And Development Licensing Contracts, Niyazi Taneri, Pascale Crama
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
Research and development (R&D) collaborations between an innovator and her partner are often undertaken when neither party can bring the product to market individually, which precludes value creation without a joint effort. Yet, the uncertain nature of R&D complicates the monitoring of effort, and the resulting moral hazard reduces a collaboration’s value. Either party can avoid this outcome by acquiring the capability that is missing and then taking sole ownership of the project. That approach involves two types of risks: one related to whether the other party’s capability will be acquired and one related to how well it will be …
Technology Specifications And Production Timing In A Co-Opetitive Supply Chain, Baozhuang Niu, Kanglin Chen, Xin Fang, Xiaohang Yue, Xin Wang
Technology Specifications And Production Timing In A Co-Opetitive Supply Chain, Baozhuang Niu, Kanglin Chen, Xin Fang, Xiaohang Yue, Xin Wang
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
Motivated by Google’s technology specifications on Android devices, we consider firms’ decisions on production timing in a co-opetitive supply chain comprising a manufacturer and an original equipment manufacturer (OEM), where the manufacturer acts as the OEM’s upstream contract manufacturer and downstream competitor. We consider the market acceptance uncertainty of key product designs. If a firm decides to implement ex post production strategy (PS), it can delay the production until the market acceptance uncertainty of its product is resolved. Otherwise, ex-ante production strategy (AS) is implemented. We find that, due to the co-opetition, PS does not always benefit either the manufacturer …
Experience And Signaling Value In Technology Licensing Contract Payment Structures, Reddi Kotha, Pascale Crama, Phillip H. Kim
Experience And Signaling Value In Technology Licensing Contract Payment Structures, Reddi Kotha, Pascale Crama, Phillip H. Kim
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
Whencommercializing technology, the lack of proven results and a reluctance toinvest upfront resources hamper efforts by firms to work jointly with inventorsto bring new discoveries to market. An effective contract payment structure – amix of upfront and royalty payments – can help overcome these hurdles. Weconduct our research in university technology licensing, where licensingmanagers act as intermediaries to unite inventors and licensee firms. Rather than leveraging their experience to bargainfor maximum payments, highly experienced managers offer contractual paymentstructures that trade lower upfront payments for higher royalty payments inorder to signal value. The signal instills confidence in the value of the …
Contract Theory: Impact On Biopharmaceutical Alliance Structure And Performance, Niyazi Taneri, Arnoud De Meyer
Contract Theory: Impact On Biopharmaceutical Alliance Structure And Performance, Niyazi Taneri, Arnoud De Meyer
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
Alliances for new product development have been studied extensively in the operations management literature. Alliances between an innovator and a partner create value by utilizing their complementary capabilities. In this paper, we seek to understand what drives the alliance structure: the choice between collaborative alliances where the parties exert joint efforts and sequential alliances where, for the most part, the partner takes over going forward. Our analysis of a data set of over 2,000 biopharmaceutical alliances reveals our main finding: a key role of operational choices is to address contract theoretic concerns faced by an alliance.We also find that aligning …
Can S'Pore Be An Icon For Service Productivity?, Arnoud De Meyer
Can S'Pore Be An Icon For Service Productivity?, Arnoud De Meyer
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
The traditional analysis tools or flexible work design deployed in manufacturing may be insufficient in giving a boost to services. For all practical purposes, there are only two ways to create more value per worker and stimulate growth, we need innovation or become more productive.
Made In Singapore, Plugged Into The World, Arnoud Cyriel Leo De Meyer
Made In Singapore, Plugged Into The World, Arnoud Cyriel Leo De Meyer
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
Manufacturing in Singapore is not an outmoded sector. Instead, it is a job multiplier and can be a source of innovation as well as a vital way to plug the Republic into the global manufacturing network.
Cost-Reducing Innovation And The Role Of Patent Intermediaries In Increasing Market Efficiency, Anupam Agrawal, Shantanu Bhattacharya, Sameer Hasija
Cost-Reducing Innovation And The Role Of Patent Intermediaries In Increasing Market Efficiency, Anupam Agrawal, Shantanu Bhattacharya, Sameer Hasija
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
Patent intermediaries have gained importance as non-practicing entities in the innovation domain, buying innovations from an external provider and then licensing them to practicing firms. In this study, we analyze the competition between two identical incumbent firms and a patent intermediary for the acquisition and licensing of a cost-reducing innovation developed by an external innovator. We show that the outcome of the IP acquisition and licensing game critically depends on the degree of the cost-reducing innovation. Patent intermediaries win IP rights in patent markets if the innovation is incremental. They also win the IP rights when the innovation is moderate …
The Impact Of Budget Constraints On Flexible Vs. Dedicated Technology Choice, Onur Boyabatli, Tiecheng Leng, L. Beril Toktay
The Impact Of Budget Constraints On Flexible Vs. Dedicated Technology Choice, Onur Boyabatli, Tiecheng Leng, L. Beril Toktay
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
This paper studies the flexible versus dedicated technology choice and capacity investment decisions of a multiproduct firm under demand uncertainty in the presence of budget constraints. The firm operates under a capital budget for financing the capacity investment, and an operating budget, which is uncertain in the capacity investment stage, for financing the production. We investigate how the tightening of the capital budget and a lower financial flexibility in the production stage (the likelihood of having a sufficient operating budget) shape the optimal technology choice. We find that the dominant regime is one where dedicated technology should be adopted for …
Joint Product Improvement By Client And Customer Support Center: The Role Of Gain-Share Contracts In Coordination, Shantanu Bhattacharya, Alok Gupta, Sameer Hasija
Joint Product Improvement By Client And Customer Support Center: The Role Of Gain-Share Contracts In Coordination, Shantanu Bhattacharya, Alok Gupta, Sameer Hasija
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
We study the role of different contract types in coordinating the joint product improvement effort of a client and a customer support center. The customer support center's costly efforts at joint product improvement include transcribing and analyzing customer feedback, analyzing market trends, and investing in product design. Yet this cooperative role must be adequately incentivized by the client, since it could lead to fewer service requests and hence lower revenues for the customer support center. We model this problem as a sequential game with double-sided moral hazard in a principal-agent framework (in which the client is the principal). We follow …
Step By Step: The Benefits Of Stage-Based R&D Licensing Contracts, Pascale Crama, Bert De Reyck, Zeger Degraeve
Step By Step: The Benefits Of Stage-Based R&D Licensing Contracts, Pascale Crama, Bert De Reyck, Zeger Degraeve
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
We examine how a licensor can optimally design licensing contracts for multi-phase R&D projects when he does not know the licensee’s project valuation, leading to adverse selection, and cannot enforce the licensee’s effort level, resulting in moral hazard. We focus on the effect of the phased nature typical of such projects, and compare single-phase and multi-phase contracts. We determine the optimal values for the upfront payment, milestone payments and royalties, and the optimal timing for outlicensing. Including multiple milestones and accompanying payments can be an effective way of discriminating between licensees holding different valuations, without having to manipulate the royalty …
Ecosystem Advantage: How To Successfully Harness The Power Of Partners, Peter James Williamson, Arnoud De Meyer
Ecosystem Advantage: How To Successfully Harness The Power Of Partners, Peter James Williamson, Arnoud De Meyer
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
Changes in the global environment are generating opportunities for companies to build advantage by creating loosely coupled networks or ecosystems. Ecosystems are larger, more diverse, and more fluid than a traditional set of bilateral partnerships or complementors. By leveraging ecosystems, companies can deliver complex solutions while maintaining corporate focus. This article describes six keys to unlock ecosystem advantage: pinpointing where value is created, defining an architecture of differentiated partner roles, stimulating complementary partner investments, reducing the transaction costs, facilitating joint learning across the network, and engineering effective ways to capture profit.
How To Optimize Knowledge Sharing In A Factory Network, Arnoud De Meyer, Ann Vereecke
How To Optimize Knowledge Sharing In A Factory Network, Arnoud De Meyer, Ann Vereecke
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
Designing a manufacturing network entails devising and managing flows of innovation and know-how—not just determining what to produce and where—and organizing the resulting logistics flows.
Milestone Payments Or Royalties? Contract Design For R&D Licensing, Pascale Crama, Bert De Reyck, Zeger Degraeve
Milestone Payments Or Royalties? Contract Design For R&D Licensing, Pascale Crama, Bert De Reyck, Zeger Degraeve
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
We study how innovators can optimally design licensing contracts when there is incomplete information on the licensee's valuation of the innovation, and limited control over the licensee's development efforts. A licensing contract typically contains an up-front payment, milestone payments at successful completion of a project phase, and royalties on sales. We use principal-agent models to formulate the licensor's contracting problem, and we find that under adverse selection, the optimal contract structure changes with the licensee's valuation of the innovation. As the licensee's valuation increases, the licensor's optimal level of involvement in the development-directly or through royalties-should decrease. Only a risk-averse …
Research And Development Project Valuation And Licensing Negotiations At Phytopharm Plc, Pascale Crama, Bert De Reyck, Zeger Degraeve, Wang Chong
Research And Development Project Valuation And Licensing Negotiations At Phytopharm Plc, Pascale Crama, Bert De Reyck, Zeger Degraeve, Wang Chong
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
We describe a research and development project-valuation model developed for Phytopharm plc, a pharmaceutical development and functional food company based in Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom. Phytopharm uses the model to value the projects in its research and development portfolio, and in licensing negotiations with potential product development and marketing partners. We include different valuation methods, including net present value, decision analysis, and Monte Carlo simulation. We also consider the technological risks of product development, as well as the uncertainty of commercial success. In addition to determining a value for a product in development, the model proposes appropriate licensing contract structures. A …
The Role Of European Governments In The Digital Economy, Arnoud Cyriel Leo De Meyer
The Role Of European Governments In The Digital Economy, Arnoud Cyriel Leo De Meyer
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
What is the role of government in the digital economy? It is not our intention to go into an in-depth ideological debate on whether governments should intervene in the business sector. We will try to adopt a pragmatic approach and explore what already happens in practice. It is up to the reader to make a judgment to what extent the governments should be involved in the ICT sector. There is enough indication that, due to network externality effects, governments need to take on an active role in stimulating an e-environment to jump-start the move toward a higher level of e-readiness.In …
Organic Production Systems: What The Biological Cell Can Teach Us About Manufacturing, Lieven Demeester, Knut Eichler, Christoph H. Loch
Organic Production Systems: What The Biological Cell Can Teach Us About Manufacturing, Lieven Demeester, Knut Eichler, Christoph H. Loch
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
Biological cells run complicated and sophisticated production systems. The study of the cell's production technology provides us with insights that are potentially useful in industrial manufacturing. When comparing cell metabolism with manufacturing techniques in industry, we find some striking commonalities, but also some important differences. Like today's well-run factories, the cell operates a very lean production system, assures quality at the source, and uses component commonality to simplify production. While we can certainly learn from how the cell accomplishes these parallels, it is even more interesting to look at how the cell operates differently. In biological cells, all products and …
Inventory Reduction And Productivity Growth: Linkages In The Japanese Automotive Industry, Marvin B. Lieberman, Lieven Demeester
Inventory Reduction And Productivity Growth: Linkages In The Japanese Automotive Industry, Marvin B. Lieberman, Lieven Demeester
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
The literature on JIT production suggests a causal link between work-in-progress inventory and manufacturing productivity. Such a connection has been described in numerous case studies but never tested statistically. Historical data for 52 Japanese automotive companies are used to evaluate the inventory-productivity relationship. It is found that firms increased their productivity rank during periods of substantial inventory reduction. More detailed tests suggest that inventory reductions stimulated gains in productivity. On average, each 10% reduction in inventory led to about a 1% gain in labor productivity, with a lag of about one year. Such effects were more immediate for Toyota affiliates, …
Reducing Cycle Time At An Ibm Wafer Fabrication Facility, Lieven Demeester, Christopher S. Tang
Reducing Cycle Time At An Ibm Wafer Fabrication Facility, Lieven Demeester, Christopher S. Tang
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
In 1991, IBM San Jose decided to produce and sell magnetic heads for computer disk drives on the open market to original equipment manufacturers. However, as IBM's wafer fabrication facility increased the number of products it manufactured, its manufacturing cycle time lengthened. Since cycle time is important in competing in the open market, IBM San Jose formed a study team (in cooperation with UCLA) to examine the wafer fab and to develop ways to reduce cycle time. The team designed a new production control system and proposed new performance measures for operators and engineers. IBM implemented the new production control …
R&D/Marketing Communication During The Fuzzy Front-End, Rudy K. Moenaert, Arnoud De Meyer, William E. Souder, Dirk Deschoolmeester
R&D/Marketing Communication During The Fuzzy Front-End, Rudy K. Moenaert, Arnoud De Meyer, William E. Souder, Dirk Deschoolmeester
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
The planning stage of an innovation project has a great effect on the commercial performance of the project. During the "fuzzy front-end", the organization formulates a concept of the product to be developed, and determines whether or not the organization will invest resources in the concrete development of the idea. The integration of R&D and marketing activities is a necessary condition for success in innovation projects. The research question of this study is: from an information processing perspective, what role does information transfer play in integrating R&D and marketing functions during the planning stage, and what effects do project formalization …
Internationalisation Of R&D Improves A Firm's Technical Learning, Arnoud De Meyer
Internationalisation Of R&D Improves A Firm's Technical Learning, Arnoud De Meyer
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
Companies have been reluctant to internationalize the R&D function. The reasons for keeping R&D geographically centralized are mostly related to preserving optimal communication patterns. But market forces, and the diffusion of the sources of technological know-how, oblige many companies to decentralize and internationalize their R&D laboratories. How does one manage this international network of laboratories? The author takes the position that companies internationalize R&D to improve the process of technical learning. If this is the case, the management of the laboratory network has to stimulate this technical learning. On the basis of 14 case studies, five areas warrant attention: creating …
The Manufacturing Contribution To Innovation, Arnoud De Meyer
The Manufacturing Contribution To Innovation, Arnoud De Meyer
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
The description of the contribution of manufacturing to the innovation process is often limited to the task of providing the necessary information to enable the development function to create a design which is easy to manufacture, and to be instrumental in the fast ramp-up of the production process. Though these are important tasks, it is argued in this paper that there is a third aspect of manufacturing’s contribution to innovation, namely the creation of a manufacturing system which is favorable to product innovation. This goes far beyond the design of an appropriate production process, but requires the creation of a …
Managing Expert Systems: A Framework And Case Study, Rob R. Weitz, Arnoud De Meyer
Managing Expert Systems: A Framework And Case Study, Rob R. Weitz, Arnoud De Meyer
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
This paper addresses the problem of managing the development and implementation of a large expert system in an organization. A traditional systems analysis and design methodology is used as a framework to highlight similarities and differences in managing large scale traditional computer based projects and large expert systems. As a non-technical, prescriptive guide, this article focusses on defining at each stage in the project, the tasks to be accomplished, resources required, impact on the organization, likely benefits and potential problems. The case of a large expert system implemented by a multinational corporation across several European sites is used to clarify …
A Technological Lifecycle Approach To The Organizational-Factors Determining Gatekeeper Activities, Arnoud De Meyer
A Technological Lifecycle Approach To The Organizational-Factors Determining Gatekeeper Activities, Arnoud De Meyer
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
The paper deals with the question whether gatekeepers arise spontaneously (non-hierarchical) or are created by administrative action (hierarchical). The author's approach to the problem relies on the use of a lifecycle model of an organisation devised by Utterback and Abernathy. They distinguish a product-innovation, a transitional and process- innovation (consolidation) phase in the development of an enterprise. The author's hypothesis is that gatekeepers can arise via either route depending on the phase in which enterprise is operating. In the earlier phases the author predicts that gatekeepers will either be absent or non-hierarchical (spontaneous) while in later phases they will be …