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Full-Text Articles in Architecture

Assessment Of Potential Area In Jakarta Capital City Based On Land Performance Weighting, Ika Rosantiningsih, Chotib Hasan Jan 2024

Assessment Of Potential Area In Jakarta Capital City Based On Land Performance Weighting, Ika Rosantiningsih, Chotib Hasan

Journal of Strategic and Global Studies

Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 3 of 2022 concerning the National Capital has a major impact on Jakarta, challenges for Jakarta to response the relocation of the capital. Jakarta strives to become a Global City by increasing investment, various efforts are made for increasing and economic stabilitation, in line with the sustainable development goals, "Decent Work and Economic Growth". Investment is closely related to spatial planning. Jakarta publish Governor Regulation No. 31 of 2022 concerning the Spatial Planning Detailed, that have using performance assessment with infrastructure services (transportation, road, and public infrastructure factors) weighting, but limited to use …


Sustainable Infrastructure Development In The Ikn Region (Nusantara Capital): Simulation Of The Smart Self-Sustaining Urban Center Area Development, Naufal Budi Laksono, Yusuf Latief Jan 2024

Sustainable Infrastructure Development In The Ikn Region (Nusantara Capital): Simulation Of The Smart Self-Sustaining Urban Center Area Development, Naufal Budi Laksono, Yusuf Latief

Smart City

Embarking on the quest for a sustainable urban future, this research immerses itself in the vibrant landscape of "Sustainable Infrastructure Development in the IKN Region (Nusantara Capital)." This study investigates the financial viability and economic attractiveness of the Five City project, focusing on efficient infrastructure management for sustainable settlement development. The core facility comprises four vertical residential towers with supporting amenities. The research aims to evaluate the project''s feasibility over a 25-year investment period through comprehensive financial analyses.The research employs a structured approach, encompassing regulatory analysis, stakeholder identification, financial capability analysis, and risk management. Parameters such as Net Present Value …


Roadside Greenbelt Effects On Thermal Comfort Of Pedestrian Corridors At A Busy Traffic Road, Nur Intan Simangunsong, Reza Fauzi, Dibyanti Danniswari, Rini Fitri Dec 2023

Roadside Greenbelt Effects On Thermal Comfort Of Pedestrian Corridors At A Busy Traffic Road, Nur Intan Simangunsong, Reza Fauzi, Dibyanti Danniswari, Rini Fitri

Journal of Environmental Science and Sustainable Development

The increasing number of motorized vehicles in Jakarta is causing environmental damage and can harm human health. In recent years, the Jakarta local government has the vision to focus on improving the human mobility network, including the pedestrian networks. As a heavily trafficked road, Jalan Kyai Tapa, West Jakarta, is used by many people. However, it may feel uncomfortable to walk there due to heat and sun exposure, which is compounded by extensive pavement coverage. The thermal condition of the pedestrian corridor is essential to create a comfortable walking experience. The objective of this study was to analyze the thermal …


Fulfilling Urban Infrastructure Standards To Increase The Carrying Capacity Of Tourism Destination, Shana Fatina, Tri Edhi Budhi Soesilo, Rudy Parluhutan Tambunan Dec 2023

Fulfilling Urban Infrastructure Standards To Increase The Carrying Capacity Of Tourism Destination, Shana Fatina, Tri Edhi Budhi Soesilo, Rudy Parluhutan Tambunan

Journal of Environmental Science and Sustainable Development

Labuan Bajo is an emerging coastal tourism destination in Indonesia, which is also part of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Komodo Biosphere Reserve located in the East Nusa Tenggara region. Recent tourism developments have transformed Labuan Bajo from a rural area into an urban area, and significant land use changes have followed. This new urban area development will attract tourists as well as population migration. The ongoing issue is to develop the urban infrastructure and facilities of Labuan Bajo in an integrated and sustainable way, considering the carrying capacity following the high demand for tourism and …


Dwelling Quality Assessment During Covid-19 Pandemic Self Isolation In East Jakarta, Aisyah Arimurti Afandi Dec 2023

Dwelling Quality Assessment During Covid-19 Pandemic Self Isolation In East Jakarta, Aisyah Arimurti Afandi

Cities and Urban Development Journal

Background: The government encouraged public health protection with self isolation policy as an effort to control Covid-19 on a wide scale and prevent an increase in occupation rate on health service facilities in order to quickly and effectively handling confirmed cases of Covid-19. Dwelling quality is a significant factor to ensure that self isolation can be carried out effectively since it is stated in public health theory that one of the factors that influences

a person's health status is dwelling quality.

Aims: This research aims to assess dwelling quality where self-isolation being carried out during Covid-19 in East Jakarta. …


E-Governance: The Implication Of Next Social Generation Welfare Information System, Yaya Mulyana Abdul Aziz, Andre Ariesmansyah Dec 2023

E-Governance: The Implication Of Next Social Generation Welfare Information System, Yaya Mulyana Abdul Aziz, Andre Ariesmansyah

Smart City

Accelerating bureaucracy can be performed by e-governance present in order to improve the quality of government administration in the world. E-governance draft is closely related to the development of information and communication technology (ICT) globally. One form of embodiment of e-governance is the implementation of a smart city. smart cities are expected to be able to become a liaison between the demands of the community in appropriate, effective, and efficient services from the city government, by utilizing ICT. There are various related definitions of smart city in this world. One of them is as explained by Nam and Pardo who …


Urban Flood And Its Correlation With Built-Up Area In Semarang, Indonesia, Risty Khoirunisa, Bambang Darmo Yuwono Nov 2023

Urban Flood And Its Correlation With Built-Up Area In Semarang, Indonesia, Risty Khoirunisa, Bambang Darmo Yuwono

Smart City

The expansion of urban areas is closely related to environmental problems such as changes in land use, flooding, and land subsidence. Semarang is a city with reasonably rapid development and a high land change experiencing floods and land subsidence. This paper will discuss land transformation caused by urban growth and its implications. It uses a combination of geospatial techniques and cloud computing Google Earth Engine (GEE) to carry out mapping over a large area without being constrained by computer capabilities. This study found that the built-up area in 2010 occupied 36.27% of the city, and it went up to 59.79% …


Maximize “West End Opportunity” In America: Alternative Policy Options To Address Perceived Drawbacks Of Tax Increment Financing (Tif) & Opportunity Zones, Justin Avert, Samuel C Kessler Nov 2023

Maximize “West End Opportunity” In America: Alternative Policy Options To Address Perceived Drawbacks Of Tax Increment Financing (Tif) & Opportunity Zones, Justin Avert, Samuel C Kessler

Commonwealth Policy Papers

In March 2021, the Kentucky General Assembly passed House Bill 321 (Acts Chapter 203) authorizing the creation of a tax increment finance (TIF) district within the West End of Louisville. Designed to spur community-wide economic development, it set up a public-private nonprofit partnership. Known as the West End Opportunity Partnership (WEOP), this 21-seat board include community representatives and has sole control over any fund disbursement. Funds can be used towards a broad array of investments including small business loans, financing affordable housing units, home improvements, etc.

Residents within the district have expressed opposition to the TIF, skepticism towards the board …


Urban Spatial Structural Change And Transformation In The New Era, Xiao Xiao, Xiaoping Xie, Jingzhong Li, Xiao Xie, Bing Xue Aug 2023

Urban Spatial Structural Change And Transformation In The New Era, Xiao Xiao, Xiaoping Xie, Jingzhong Li, Xiao Xie, Bing Xue

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

Urban spatial structure is an important part of the research on the regional system of the human-land relationship, and it is also an important starting point for the sustainable development of cities. How to scientifically understand the urban spatial structure in the new era is the basis for optimizing its regulation. This study briefly reviews the historical background of traditional urban spatial structure theory and points out the transformational turn of urban spatial structure in terms of organizational principles, organizational methods, optimization goals and elements through the analysis of technological revolution, policy, and socio-economic environment in the new era, and …


Green Infrastructure Intervention To Improve Waste And Water System In Urban Areas, Muthiah Hakim Hadini, Farah Bulqis Muzakar, Nurlina Yustiningrum, Nicole Hall, Peicong Li, Freya Ward, Ova Candra Dewi, Coriesta Dian Sulistiani, Andrew Flynn Aug 2023

Green Infrastructure Intervention To Improve Waste And Water System In Urban Areas, Muthiah Hakim Hadini, Farah Bulqis Muzakar, Nurlina Yustiningrum, Nicole Hall, Peicong Li, Freya Ward, Ova Candra Dewi, Coriesta Dian Sulistiani, Andrew Flynn

Smart City

The increase in waste generation and water use in urban areas may lead to local flooding that is dangerous for health if it is not appropriately managed by waste and water systems in urban infrastructure. Sponge City is a concept that utilizes Green Infrastructures (GIs) to manage waste and water systems while still maintaining open and public spaces function. This study aims to review the waste and water infrastructure systems in Depok, Indonesia which are compared with Gainesville in the United States, America and Cardiff, United Kingdom, to give recommendations for preventing flooding in urban areas. Analysis is done by …


Analysis Of The Main Factor In The Implementation Of Open Defecation Free Using The Ahp Method, Vica Asrianti Dwiputri, Ova Candra Dewi Jul 2023

Analysis Of The Main Factor In The Implementation Of Open Defecation Free Using The Ahp Method, Vica Asrianti Dwiputri, Ova Candra Dewi

Smart City

Environmental sanitation refers to an environment's health status, including housing, sewage disposal, clean water supply, waste management, and other factors. Sustainable Development Goals 6 (SDG 6) ensures people access proper environmental sanitation. Based on the monitoring and evaluation results of Community-Based Total Sanitation (STBM) in 2022, it was found that 100% of open defecation had been stopped for Pillar 1 of STBM. This study aims to identify the factors that influence the success of implementing Open Defecation Free (ODF) programs in Depok City. There are two stages in this study to determine the priority factors that influence the success of …


Fostering Human Dimension Of Smart Cities: Lessons From Jakarta For Nusantara, Indonesia’S New Capital City In The Making, Wicaksono Sarosa, Nurulitha Andini Susetyo, Marsa Nur Aulianisa, Mahbub Ridhoo Maulaa, Pradamas Giffary Jul 2023

Fostering Human Dimension Of Smart Cities: Lessons From Jakarta For Nusantara, Indonesia’S New Capital City In The Making, Wicaksono Sarosa, Nurulitha Andini Susetyo, Marsa Nur Aulianisa, Mahbub Ridhoo Maulaa, Pradamas Giffary

Smart City

A city’s problems often arise as the population grows and urbanization happens. This process is linear to the development of information-and-communication technologies (ICT), especially in urban areas. As a result, cities have adopted an initiative to solve the problems which are popularly known as the smart city. Over decades, the idea of a smart city has evolved from a mere technological modernization to advanced utilization through community involvement. However, in practice, smart city ideas and initiatives often put a heavy emphasis on technical aspects and ignored the more human side, which has caused a digital divide. This paper argues that …


New Opportunities For Urban Science Research, Guangtao Wang, Fen Li, Xiang Liu Jul 2023

New Opportunities For Urban Science Research, Guangtao Wang, Fen Li, Xiang Liu

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

Urban science is the study of urban problems from the viewpoint and by method of system science. At present, China’s urbanization rate has reached 65.22%. Urban development has entered a new period of quality improvement and structural adjustment, and the progress of information technology and the development of information industry have also brought new opportunities for urban science. After reviewing the theoretical basis of urban science put forward by Qian Xuesen, drawing on the cutting-edge trends of international urban science research, combined with the goal support, key challenges and application scenarios of China’s new smart city construction, the study puts …


How Do Pedestrians Perceive The Safety, Comfort, And Usefulness Of A Walking Space? An Exploratory Study Of Pedestrian Perception, Amanda Rifqa Marisa, Achmad Hery Fuad Jul 2023

How Do Pedestrians Perceive The Safety, Comfort, And Usefulness Of A Walking Space? An Exploratory Study Of Pedestrian Perception, Amanda Rifqa Marisa, Achmad Hery Fuad

Smart City

Car-oriented development has brought several negative impacts on human quality of life. Therefore, it is necessary to pay more attention to walkability as one of the essential aspects of it, especially in the urban area. In the meantime, most research on walking and walkability still overlooks the role of the pedestrian's perspective in examining walkability. Hence, this research tries to fill the gap in walkability research by exploring the pedestrian perspectives on the safety, comfort, and usefulness of walking space as the three overlapping aspects between walkability and walking needs. This research took context in Suryakencana, Bogor City, Indonesia. To …


Urban Memory Becomes An Idea In The Concept Of Spatial Planning (Study Case: Restoration Area Of Tambora District, West Jakarta), Riska Phillia, Antony Sihombing Jul 2023

Urban Memory Becomes An Idea In The Concept Of Spatial Planning (Study Case: Restoration Area Of Tambora District, West Jakarta), Riska Phillia, Antony Sihombing

Smart City

Urban heritage is a small part of the past of the city that holds the roots of the city's identity and culture, which are the city's identity. The strong identity of the historic area must be maintained, but this has a dilemma because of the need for change today. Therefore efforts are needed to create adaptive urban heritage areas. City spaces have a deep relationship with the people who inhabit them, with the most memorable or most memorable experiences and memories for them. This research contributes to exploring urban memory to develop conceptual spatial plans in restoration areas, using qualitative …


Study Of The Impact Of The Incompatibility Of Space Utilization In The Krukut River, Kevin Daniel Mangasi, Dwinanti Rika Marthanty Jul 2023

Study Of The Impact Of The Incompatibility Of Space Utilization In The Krukut River, Kevin Daniel Mangasi, Dwinanti Rika Marthanty

Smart City

The emergence of development on riverbanks has raised environmental problems in Indonesia, such as flooding, one of which is in the Krukut River Basin which crosses the province of DKI Jakarta. The land use change around the Krukut River causes narrowing and disrupts the absorption of rainwater and triggers sedimentation. This study aims to identify risks in the Krukut riverbank area based on the variable area of land use mismatch, population density, frequency and depth of flooding, volume of waste production, availability of waste management for water bodies and waste banks. The method used in this research is to load …


Major Paths Changes In 2013-2022 To Walkability (Case Study: Dukuh Atas Tod), Daniel Harvey Tulis, Antony Sihombing Jul 2023

Major Paths Changes In 2013-2022 To Walkability (Case Study: Dukuh Atas Tod), Daniel Harvey Tulis, Antony Sihombing

Smart City

Development area with the concept of Transit Oriented Development (TOD) occurs so rapidly in big cities, which aims to create an integrated transportation system and is supported by the surrounding area. TOD area must have good road access for vehicles and space for pedestrians. Dukuh Atas TOD is one of the transit-oriented areas planned to be the largest TOD area in Jakarta so that developments are felt every year, including visuals and the road traffic system and pedestrian space. This research is using qualitative method by answering specific and actual variables. Time series analysis to see changes every year combined …


The Concept Of Permeability On The Neighbourhood Scale, Aulia Urrohmah, Evawani Ellisa, Achmad Hery Fuad Jun 2023

The Concept Of Permeability On The Neighbourhood Scale, Aulia Urrohmah, Evawani Ellisa, Achmad Hery Fuad

CSID Journal of Infrastructure Development

Urban sprawl is rapidly expanding in the outskirts of Jakarta, resulting in a patchwork of urban areas. Unlike many walkable cities in Europe that have long embraced the pedestrian culture, Jakarta and other developing cities have prioritized private vehicle-oriented development, leading to mixed urban forms. According to data from BPS in 2022, over 16.5 million motorcycles are registered in Jakarta, and 62.3% of Jabodetabek commuters use them. This study recognizes the permeability of neighbourhood scale concerning using motorcycles to support daily mobility. This narrative qualitative research investigated permeability regarding the legibility, variety, and perceptual aspects. In addition, to illustrate the …


Shifting Sustainable Mobility Agendas In Graz (Austria) And Hangzhou (China): The Multi-Level Process From Livable To Smart Cities, Outi Luova Jun 2023

Shifting Sustainable Mobility Agendas In Graz (Austria) And Hangzhou (China): The Multi-Level Process From Livable To Smart Cities, Outi Luova

CSID Journal of Infrastructure Development

Several studies on various urban sustainability projects have observed their conceptual and technological similarity throughout the world but, at the same time, identified significant divergences in their actual local framing and implementation. By analysing sustainable mobility policies in Hangzhou (China) and Graz (Austria) and changes in their agendas during a period of thirty years, this article contributes to that discussion with new empirical insights. The development trajectories in Hangzhou and Graz will be compared to identify similarities and divergences and to suggest future paths for comparative studies in sustainable urban mobility. The study draws inspiration from multi-level governance theory and …


Planning For The Preservation Of Biodiversity And Environmental Assets In Support Of Sustainable Planning In Urban Areas, Case Study: Batu Licin City, Tanah Bumbu Regency, South Kalimantan, Dharma Kalsuma, Hendricus Andy Simarmata Jun 2023

Planning For The Preservation Of Biodiversity And Environmental Assets In Support Of Sustainable Planning In Urban Areas, Case Study: Batu Licin City, Tanah Bumbu Regency, South Kalimantan, Dharma Kalsuma, Hendricus Andy Simarmata

Smart City

Planning for preserving biodiversity and environmental assets in urban areas is crucial in supporting sustainable planning. This study aims to design a strategy for preserving biodiversity and environmental assets in Batu Licin, Tanah Bumbu Regency, South Kalimantan, to support sustainable urban planning. The method used is field observation and literature study. The results showed that the Batu Licin area has a relatively high potential for biodiversity and environmental assets. However, along with the growth of the Batu Licin urban area in the future, it will undoubtedly be a source of pressure on biodiversity. Several strategies can be implemented to overcome …


The Concept Of Slum Management Become A Tourism Zone In Kendari City, Joko Tri Brata Jun 2023

The Concept Of Slum Management Become A Tourism Zone In Kendari City, Joko Tri Brata

Smart City

This study aims to assess to find out how the public views the handling of slums in the Kendari City Coastal Area and how the sustainability of slum handling. This research is classified as a qualitative research type, by analyzing the area to be studied because this research is classified as an exploratory research type, by describing the condition and situation of the area that is the object of research. To answer the first research objective related to the pattern of slum handlers, a survey was conducted to find out the pattern of handling slums in Kendari City, carried out …


Towards Urban Biodiversity: Simulating Design Parameters For Wildlife-Inclusive Green Infrastrcuture, Alisa Abdulghany, Baher Farahat May 2023

Towards Urban Biodiversity: Simulating Design Parameters For Wildlife-Inclusive Green Infrastrcuture, Alisa Abdulghany, Baher Farahat

BAU Journal - Creative Sustainable Development

As of 2021, more than half of the global population resides in urban areas. This resulted in an overwhelming footprint affecting species habitat areas leading to biodiversity loss. By definition, urban biodiversity is the diversity of living things within the urban realm. By providing chances for habitat as part of new developments, preserving on-site habitats, and attempting to connect with the local ecosystems, we can help promote biodiversity. Green infrastructure (GI), which includes all semi-natural areas in the urban context, can serve as a vessel for biodiversity. Therefore, the problem can be defined by the urban footprint that expands on …


Revitalizing The Borderlines Through Architecture Of Green Networking - Case Study: Beirut, Lebanon, Karim Al-Khatib, Maged Youssef, Mona M. Salem May 2023

Revitalizing The Borderlines Through Architecture Of Green Networking - Case Study: Beirut, Lebanon, Karim Al-Khatib, Maged Youssef, Mona M. Salem

BAU Journal - Creative Sustainable Development

Borders are an essential part of cities and countries, and they can create both physical and cultural divides. Inner-city borders can lead to social isolation and inequality, which can contribute to tensions and conflicts. Borders around the world have become a symbol of conflict, racism, fear, inequity, and division. One single line could divide between opportunity and hope and poverty and oblivion. Accordingly, some borders create social isolation between various cultures in cities that increase socio-political problems and remove urban connectivity. Green networking involves using urban green spaces, such as parks and gardens, to connect different areas of a city …


Electric Vehicle Charging Stations And Oregon Federal Lands: A Prospective Policy Analysis, Cole P. Grisham May 2023

Electric Vehicle Charging Stations And Oregon Federal Lands: A Prospective Policy Analysis, Cole P. Grisham

Hatfield Graduate Journal of Public Affairs

In 2022, the Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) committed $100M towards expanding electric vehicle (EV) charging stations statewide. The policy goal is to provide EV fast-charging capacity[1] for four vehicles per station over the Interstate 5 and 84 corridors, along with the US 101, 97, 26, and 20 corridors. ODOT’s investment establishes clear statewide EV charging corridors for the traveling public, not only in the most populated corridors but also across the more rural parts of Oregon and connecting to neighboring states. In order for the travelling public to access public lands for recreation, economic, and other purposes by …


Building Resilience Through Nature-Based Solutions: Exploring The Urban-Rural Linkages In Flood Mitigation Strategies For Jayapura, Dominika Wara Christiana, Yudhistira S. Pribadi, Retno Wihanesta Jan 2023

Building Resilience Through Nature-Based Solutions: Exploring The Urban-Rural Linkages In Flood Mitigation Strategies For Jayapura, Dominika Wara Christiana, Yudhistira S. Pribadi, Retno Wihanesta

Smart City

Nature-based solutions (NbS) offer flexibility and adaptability to different adoption scales and purposes. NbS adoption is influenced by various factors in the target area, including environmental, socio-cultural, and economic factors. Therefore, the chances of successful NbS adoption vary between locations due to different characteristics of the target area. This study aims to identify various factors influencing the suitability level of NbS adoption, potential locations for NbS adoption, and to assess urban-rural linkage in improving the water resilience of Jayapura. This research paper explores the potential locations for implementing nature-based solutions (NbS) in both urban and rural areas of Jayapura City. …


Depaul Digest - Moments - Margaret Hie Ding Lin Park Dec 2022

Depaul Digest - Moments - Margaret Hie Ding Lin Park

DePaul Magazine

Photo spread of Chicago’s Margaret Hie Ding Lin Park, which DePaul renovated to celebrate the the university’s 125th anniversary and commitment to community service.


Investigating Commercial Urban Corridors - A Pilot Study In Beirut Lebanon, Nour El Baba, Ibtihal Y. El-Bastawissi, Ayman Afify, Hiba Mohsen Sep 2022

Investigating Commercial Urban Corridors - A Pilot Study In Beirut Lebanon, Nour El Baba, Ibtihal Y. El-Bastawissi, Ayman Afify, Hiba Mohsen

Architecture and Planning Journal (APJ)

Urban environments are multifaceted, varied, dynamic, complex, and evolving as are the underlying features for human health and wellbeing (Bai, Nath, Capon, Hasan & Jaron, 2020). Healthy and resilient cities can be entry points and platforms for change, adaptation and innovation to achieve optimal health for urban communities and the environment (Regional Framework for Urban Health in the Western Pacific 2016–2020: Healthy and Resilient Cities, 2016). Planners considered urban corridors, which are connection and access between urban districts, as major elements in shaping the city image and forming its identity and investigating them are vital for enhancing healthy and resilient …


Exploring The Attributes Of Open Public Spaces In The Developing Cities, Aya Chehab Sep 2022

Exploring The Attributes Of Open Public Spaces In The Developing Cities, Aya Chehab

Architecture and Planning Journal (APJ)

Open Public Spaces, according to Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment (CABE), are vital elements of urban fabrics that animate communities in cities. These significant spaces not only provide the residents with different facilities, but also promote social, economic, environmental and health opportunities. Successful open public spaces meet the needs of people of various social classes, ethnicities, and different backgrounds in general. Despite its importance within the city, the lack of appropriate design and planning strategies in developing cities have resulted in a degradation of the urban environment and subsequently the quality of urban life. The problem needs to …


From The Editors, Ahmad Gamal Aug 2022

From The Editors, Ahmad Gamal

Smart City

No abstract provided.


Assessing The Impact Of The Campuses’ Landscape Design On The Stress Levels Of The Students Using The Salutogenic Model (The New Campus Of Al-Aqsa University As A Case Study), Ahed Helles Jun 2022

Assessing The Impact Of The Campuses’ Landscape Design On The Stress Levels Of The Students Using The Salutogenic Model (The New Campus Of Al-Aqsa University As A Case Study), Ahed Helles

Journal of the Arab American University مجلة الجامعة العربية الامريكية للبحوث

Studies in the field of environmental psychology have found that there is a strong correlation between the built environment and stress on the one hand, and between stress and health on the other hand. This research used the Salutogenic theory introduced by Antonovsky to examine the impact of architectural elements and design features of the outdoor spaces within learning environments, such as those of university campuses, on the level of stress of the university students, using the new campus of Al-Aqsa University in the city of Khan Younis (in The Gaza Strip) as a case study. The hypothesis of the …