Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Discipline
-
- Life Sciences (95)
- Physical Sciences and Mathematics (89)
- Engineering (82)
- Social and Behavioral Sciences (78)
- Education (36)
-
- Medicine and Health Sciences (33)
- Arts and Humanities (31)
- Computer Sciences (25)
- Materials Science and Engineering (23)
- Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Structural Biology (21)
- Chemistry (21)
- Mechanical Engineering (19)
- Psychology (19)
- Artificial Intelligence and Robotics (18)
- Chemical Engineering (18)
- Civil and Environmental Engineering (17)
- Food Science (16)
- Physics (15)
- Electrical and Computer Engineering (14)
- Polymer and Organic Materials (14)
- Biochemistry (13)
- Earth Sciences (13)
- Economics (13)
- Kinesiology (13)
- Materials Chemistry (13)
- Public Health (13)
- Sociology (13)
- Architecture (11)
- Communication (11)
- Polymer Chemistry (11)
- Keyword
-
- Machine learning (5)
- Memory (5)
- Architecture (4)
- Biomechanics (4)
- Culture (4)
-
- Mass spectrometry (4)
- Temperature (4)
- Walking (4)
- Adolescents (3)
- Agency (3)
- Aging (3)
- Bayesian (3)
- Climate change (3)
- Cognition (3)
- Communication (3)
- Deep learning (3)
- Gender (3)
- Groundwater (3)
- Higher education (3)
- Identity (3)
- Learning (3)
- Muscle (3)
- Nanoparticles (3)
- Physical activity (3)
- Proteomics (3)
- Social media (3)
- Structure (3)
- Translation (3)
- ADHD (2)
- Academic language (2)
Articles 31 - 60 of 395
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Metabolic Cost Of Asymmetrical Walking: Preferred Step Time Asymmetry Optimizes Metabolic Cost Of Walking, Jan Stenum
Metabolic Cost Of Asymmetrical Walking: Preferred Step Time Asymmetry Optimizes Metabolic Cost Of Walking, Jan Stenum
Doctoral Dissertations
Hemiparetic and amputee walking often has asymmetrical step lengths and step times, and it is metabolically costlier than symmetrical able-bodied walking. Consequently, asymmetry has been suggested to account for the greater energy expenditure, but the metabolic cost of asymmetrical walking is poorly understood. Conversely, even though symmetry is metabolically optimal in able-bodied walking, it is also possible that asymmetrical gait parameters may be selected if they are optimal under imposed constraints. First, to understand the metabolic cost of asymmetry, we performed experiment 1 in which we recruited 10 able-bodied subjects to walk with a range of different combinations of asymmetrical …
The Solution Is The Problem: An Immanent Critique Of Capitalism's Crisis, 2008-2018, Michael Stein
The Solution Is The Problem: An Immanent Critique Of Capitalism's Crisis, 2008-2018, Michael Stein
Doctoral Dissertations
This dissertation examines the way that capitalism responded to the financial crisis of 2008 by presenting itself as the solution to problems of its own making. Guiding my criticism, is the concept of immanent critique and these chapters represent works of critical theory that endeavor to think through the contradictions of contemporary capitalism. The chapters of this dissertation examine capitalism’s response to it’s own crisis in four domains: political consumerism, the 2010 Haitian earthquake, philanthropy, and the prosperity gospel. Each of these responses seeks to overcome one or more of the fundamental problems of capitalism – inequality, poverty, environmental degradation, …
“You Can Be A Good Romanian, But Not A Romanian”: A Critical Discourse Analysis Of The Romanian History Textbook Narrative, Razvan Sibii
“You Can Be A Good Romanian, But Not A Romanian”: A Critical Discourse Analysis Of The Romanian History Textbook Narrative, Razvan Sibii
Doctoral Dissertations
Employing a version of the Critical Discourse Analysis methodology that privileges close textual readings, I examine in this dissertation the manner in which contemporary Romanian history textbooks put forward an essentialist view of ethnonational identity by tracing through history the development of a putatively homogenous “proto-Romanian” entity. I seek to show how the “Getae-Dacian” and “Daco-Roman” identity categories acquired their thing-ness and their boundaries as a result of deliberate rhetorical work performed by Romanian historiographers with the help of such heuristics as “Romanization,” “ethnogenesis” and the nation-as-family metaphor. I also scrutinize how the textbooks treat the two ancient texts that …
The Influence Of Wind Power On Rural Areas Economic, Demographic, And Community Services Impacts, Eman Shoeib
The Influence Of Wind Power On Rural Areas Economic, Demographic, And Community Services Impacts, Eman Shoeib
Doctoral Dissertations
Wind power development has rapidly expanded in the United States. Much of this growth occurred in rural areas because of the availability of land and wind resources required to power turbines. The economic promise of wind power projects is particularly appealing for rural areas whose traditional economic base (typically agricultural) no longer supports as many households as it once did. Numerous studies have found that wind power projects have positive economic impacts on rural areas. What is less well understood is the effect of these wind power farms on other indicators of development, such as municipal services, demographic change, and …
Emotional Response To Negative Mood Induction In Mild Cognitive Impairment And Cognitively-Intact Older Adults, Gennarina Diane Santorelli
Emotional Response To Negative Mood Induction In Mild Cognitive Impairment And Cognitively-Intact Older Adults, Gennarina Diane Santorelli
Doctoral Dissertations
Older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) report greater rates of psychiatric symptoms than cognitively-intact older persons. This may be associated with emotion dysregulation, which is prevalent in cognitively-impaired populations. No research to date has investigated responses to emotionally-provocative stimuli in persons with MCI. Aim 1 of this study determined differences in emotional reactivity to and recovery from negative mood induction in older persons with amnestic MCI (aMCI) and cognitively-healthy older adults. Moreover, emotion dysfunction in MCI may be linked to impairment in executive function (EF), a common feature of MCI. Theoretical models postulate that EF is essential to the …
Protein Detection And Structural Characterization By Mass Spectrometry Using Supramolecular Assemblies And Small Molecules, Bo Zhao
Doctoral Dissertations
Mass spectrometry (MS) has played an increasingly prominent role in proteomics and structure biology because it shows superior capabilities in identification, quantification and structural characterization of proteins. To realize its full potential in protein analysis, significant progress has been made in developing innovative techniques and reagents that can couple to MS detection. This dissertation demonstrates the use of polymeric supramolecular assemblies for enhanced protein detection in complex biological mixtures by MS. An amphiphilic random co-polymer scaffold is developed to form functional supramolecular assemblies for protein/ peptide enrichment. The influences of charge density and functional group pKa on host-guest interactions …
Environmental Risk Factors For Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Triclosan And Other Consumer Antimicrobials, Katherine Z. Sanidad
Environmental Risk Factors For Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Triclosan And Other Consumer Antimicrobials, Katherine Z. Sanidad
Doctoral Dissertations
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has become a serious health problem since the incidence and prevalence of IBD has dramatically increased throughout the world. There is evidence that environmental factors are primarily responsible for the increase of IBD, therefore, it is important to identify novel environmental risk factors to reduce the risk of IBD and its associated diseases. Antimicrobials used in consumer products might serve as environmental risk factors for IBD and its associated diseases. Triclosan (TCS), triclocarban (TCC), benzalkonium chloride (BAC), benzethonium chloride (BET), and chloroxylenol (PCMX) are widely used antimicrobial ingredients in consumer products and are ubiquitous contaminants in …
Factors Influencing Spartina Alterniflora Productivity In Relationship To Estuary Inlet Opening Ellisville Marsh, Plymouth, Ma, Ellen K. Russell
Factors Influencing Spartina Alterniflora Productivity In Relationship To Estuary Inlet Opening Ellisville Marsh, Plymouth, Ma, Ellen K. Russell
Doctoral Dissertations
A scientific basis for understanding the health of salt marsh vegetation, primarily Spartina alterniflora, in apposition to dredging of the tidal inlet to Ellisville Marsh in Plymouth, Massachusetts was determined. A three-hectare S. alterniflora loss, and coincident coastal bank erosion occurred; ostensibly due to inlet blockage from sand deposition, prolonged inundation, and meandering of inlet channel into coastal bank. This warranted dredging the tidal inlet, whereby tidal flushing would restore growth or discontinue die-off, and deter coastal bank erosion. A pre- and post dredge study was conducted assessing environmental factors related to plant productivity. Following dredging, an increase in …
Changes In Soil Microbial Communities After Long-Term Warming Exposure, William G. Rodríguez-Reillo
Changes In Soil Microbial Communities After Long-Term Warming Exposure, William G. Rodríguez-Reillo
Doctoral Dissertations
Microbial metabolism is a key controller of ecosystem processes (e.g., carbon cycling). However, we are only starting to identify the molecular mechanisms and feedback in response to long-term warming. My dissertation integrates multi-omics techniques to capture changes in soil microbial communities after long-term warming exposure. The research projects leverage three warming sites (i.e., SWaN, Barre Woods, and Prospect Hill) located in Western Massachusetts at Harvard Forest. These sites provided a unique experimental setup to better understand microbes in response to long-term temperature change. For the three research projects, we delved into the (i) microbial biodiversity across all three warming sites, …
Three Essays On Firm Behaviors In Online Market Platforms, Erfan Rezvani
Three Essays On Firm Behaviors In Online Market Platforms, Erfan Rezvani
Doctoral Dissertations
Across many online market platforms, customer reviews have become a prevailing mechanism to evaluate firms and disseminate information about the quality of their products/services. While prior research has well-documented the impact of such customer-generated information on firm performance such as sales (e.g. Chevalier & Mayzlin 2006, Liu, 2006), understanding how firms react to customer evaluations generates an interesting yet an underexplored topic for research. This dissertation, through three studies, aims to investigate how customer reviews tat are posted on online platforms shape how firms learn, communicate, and compete. Chapter 1 shows that learning from own experience follows an inverted U-shaped …
Top-Down And Bottom-Up Fabrication Of Key Components In Miniature Energy Storage Devices, Wenhao Li
Top-Down And Bottom-Up Fabrication Of Key Components In Miniature Energy Storage Devices, Wenhao Li
Doctoral Dissertations
The advent of miniature electronic devices demands power sources of commensurate form factors. This spurs the research of micro energy storage devices, e.g., 3D microbatteries. A 3D microbattery contains nonplanar microelectrodes with high aspect ratio and high surface area, separated by a nanoscale electrolyte. The device takes up a total volume as small as 10 mm3, allowing it to serve on a chip and to provide power in-situ. The marriage of nanotechnology and electrochemical energy storage makes microbattery research a fascinating field with both scientific excitement and application prospect. However, successful fabrication of well-functioned key components …
Characterization Of The Anomalous Ph Of Aqueous Nanoemulsions, Kieran P. Ramos
Characterization Of The Anomalous Ph Of Aqueous Nanoemulsions, Kieran P. Ramos
Doctoral Dissertations
Aqueous water-in-oil nanoemulsions have emerged as a versatile tool for use in microfluidics, drug delivery, single-molecule measurements, and other research. Nanoemulsions are often prepared with perfluorocarbons which are remarkably biocompatbile due to their stability, low surface tension, lipophobicity, and hydrophobicity. Therefore it is often assumed that droplet contents are unperturbed by the perfluorinated surface. However, in microemulsions, which are similar to nanoemulsions, it is known that either the pH of the aqueous phase or the ionization constants of encapsulated molecules are different from bulk solution. There is also recent evidence of low pH in perfluorinated aqueous nanoemulsions. The current underlying …
Silver Mirror Substrate And Rolling Method For Improved Surface-Enhanced Raman Spesctroscopic Analysis In Food, Yanqi Qu
Doctoral Dissertations
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, short for SERS, is an emerging technology with great potential in food analysis due to rapid detection, high sensitivity, portable instrumentation, and simple sample preparation. However, it is always a bottleneck to obtain reproducible SERS measurements in real analytical cases due to the complicity of food systems and inhomogeneous aggregation of colloidal nanoparticles. To improve its performance for practical applications in food analysis, efforts have been made in improving the reproducibility, enhancing the selectivity and reducing the matrix interference to the analyte. Herein, a self-assembly silver nanoparticles mirror substrate was fabricated to improve the and the quantitative …
Time-Difference Circuits: Methodology, Design, And Digital Realization, Shuo Li
Time-Difference Circuits: Methodology, Design, And Digital Realization, Shuo Li
Doctoral Dissertations
This thesis presents innovations for a special class of circuits called Time Difference (TD) circuits. We introduce a signal processing methodology with TD signals that alters the target signal from a magnitude perspective to time interval between two time events and systematically organizes the primary TD functions abstracted from existing TD circuits and systems. The TD circuits draw attention from a broad range of application fields. In addition, highly evolved complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology suffers from various problems related to voltage and current amplitude signal processing methods. Compared to traditional analog and digital circuits, TD circuits bring several compelling features: …
Effects Of Ivermectin And Perfluorobutanesulfonic Acid (Pfbs) On Lipid Metabolism, Weipeng Qi
Effects Of Ivermectin And Perfluorobutanesulfonic Acid (Pfbs) On Lipid Metabolism, Weipeng Qi
Doctoral Dissertations
Accumulating evidence has shown a link between environmental contaminants and altered lipid metabolism. There is currently, however, limited knowledge regarding the causal molecular mechanisms. Therefore, we investigated the molecular mechanisms of two environmental contaminants, ivermectin and perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS), on lipid metabolism in adipocytes and hepatocytes using cell culture models. We first studied the effects of ivermectin, an anti-parasitic agent, on the adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Our current results suggest that ivermectin inhibits adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and the expression of adipogenic genes where these effects were found to be partially via PPARγ-dependent, but not FXR-dependent, pathway. Additionally, ivermectin also …
The Social Process Of Dying In The Hospital: A Grounded Theory Study, Alyson Prokop
The Social Process Of Dying In The Hospital: A Grounded Theory Study, Alyson Prokop
Doctoral Dissertations
The majority of deaths in the United States occur in the hospital (Xu, Kochanek, Murphy, & Tejada-Vera, 2010). Because there is little understanding of the meaning behind this delicate social process for the patient, the purpose of this study was to develop a theory that describes the social processes one undergoes during the in-hospital end-of-life phase. Grounded theory methodology was chosen to understand this phenomenon and then explain it theoretically (Charmaz, 1990). The data used to develop the theoretical model was previously collected by StoryCorps and therefore components of secondary analysis were taken into consideration. Stories that are housed at …
Software-Defined Infrastructure For Iot-Based Energy Systems, Stephen Lee
Software-Defined Infrastructure For Iot-Based Energy Systems, Stephen Lee
Doctoral Dissertations
Internet of Things (IoT) devices are becoming an essential part of our everyday lives. These physical devices are connected to the internet and can measure or control the environment around us. Further, IoT devices are increasingly being used to monitor buildings, farms, health, and transportation. As these connected devices become more pervasive, these devices will generate vast amounts of data that can be used to gain insights and build intelligence into the system. At the same time, large-scale deployment of these devices will raise new challenges in efficiently managing and controlling them. In this thesis, I argue that the IoT …
Controlling Selectivities In Heterogeneously Catalyzed Aldol Reactions, Koushik Ponnuru
Controlling Selectivities In Heterogeneously Catalyzed Aldol Reactions, Koushik Ponnuru
Doctoral Dissertations
Aldol condensation is an important C-C bond formation reaction in chemical synthesis that finds versatile applications in bulk and fine chemical industries and has the potential for upgrading of biomass to fuels. However, aldol reactions pose a challenge for controlling the product selectivity by forming a mixture of desired and undesired self, cross, and poly-condensation products. Furthermore, a side reaction, the fission of aldol products resulting in an olefin and a carboxylic acid, has garnered attention recently as a route to isobutene from acetone. While a high level of selectivity control is achievable by homogeneous catalysis, selective solid catalysts, which …
Bioinspired Complex Nanoarchitectures By Dna Supramolecular Polymerization, Laura A. Lanier
Bioinspired Complex Nanoarchitectures By Dna Supramolecular Polymerization, Laura A. Lanier
Doctoral Dissertations
Bioinspired nanoarchitectures are of great interest for applications in fields such as nanomedicine, tissue engineering, and biosensing. With this interest, understanding how the physical properties of these complex nanostructures relate to their function is increasingly important. This dissertation describes the creation of complex nanoarchitectures with controlled structure and the investigation of the effect of nanocarrier physical properties on cell uptake for applications in nanomedicine. DNA self-assembly by supramolecular polymerization was chosen to create complex nanostructures of controlled architectures. We demonstrated that the supramolecular polymerization of DNA known as hybridization chain reaction (HCR) is in fact a living polymerization. The living …
Drivers And Consequences Of Carbon Use Efficiency - And Its Measurement In Soil, Grace Pold
Drivers And Consequences Of Carbon Use Efficiency - And Its Measurement In Soil, Grace Pold
Doctoral Dissertations
Soils serve as massive carbon sinks, but their ability to continue this ecological service is contingent on how the resident soil microbial community will respond to the ongoing climate crisis. One key dimension of the microbial response to warming is its carbon use efficiency (CUE), or the fraction of carbon taken up by an organism which is allocated to growth rather than respiration. However, the scientific community is still in the early stages of understanding the drivers, consequences - and even accurate measurements of - CUE. In this dissertation, I first quantified the variability of CUE and its responsiveness to …
Providing Molecular Insight For Understanding Anion Exchange Membrane Conductivity, Michael Kwasny
Providing Molecular Insight For Understanding Anion Exchange Membrane Conductivity, Michael Kwasny
Doctoral Dissertations
Anion exchange membranes (AEMs) are notorious for having both low alkaline stability and poor ion conductivity in fuel cell operation conditions, with solutions to these two challenges often being developed independent of each other. The chemical instability of an AEM is viewed through degradation of the polymer backbone and the cationic species and improving a material’s stability is approached by altering the polymer backbone, the cation, or both. On the other hand, poor ion conductivity is typically addressed by modifying bulk membrane properties such as increasing the ion exchange capacity (IEC), changing the morphology, or increasing the water uptake. These …
Observational Studies Of Fragmentation In Molecular Clouds, Riwaj Pokhrel
Observational Studies Of Fragmentation In Molecular Clouds, Riwaj Pokhrel
Doctoral Dissertations
In this dissertation, I explore fragmentation physics in multiple scales in nearby molecular clouds and discuss some implications of fragmentation for cloud structure formation and star formation, primarily by analyzing multi-wavelength observations of dust emission. First, I tested the complete thermal and combined thermal and nonthermal support mechanisms that balance gravitational contraction at multiple scales in the Perseus molecular cloud. I found that the observed multiscale structures in Perseus are consistent with an inefficient thermal Jeans fragmentation, where the Jeans efficiency increases from the largest scale ($\gtrsim$10s of pc) to the smallest scale ($\sim$10s of AU). Next, I studied the …
Energy-Aware Algorithms For Greening Internet-Scale Distributed Systems Using Renewables, Vani Gupta
Energy-Aware Algorithms For Greening Internet-Scale Distributed Systems Using Renewables, Vani Gupta
Doctoral Dissertations
Internet-scale Distributed Systems (IDSs) are large distributed systems that are comprised of hundreds of thousands of servers located in hundreds of data centers around the world. A canonical example of an IDS is a content delivery network (CDN) that delivers content to users from a large global deployment of servers around the world. IDSs consume large amounts of energy and their energy requirements are projected to increase significantly in the future. With carbon emissions from data centers increasing every year, use of renewables to power data centers is critical for the sustainability of data centers and for the environment. In …
The Role Of Agulhas Leakage In Pliocene Climate Change, Neil Patel
The Role Of Agulhas Leakage In Pliocene Climate Change, Neil Patel
Doctoral Dissertations
The late Pliocene (2.6-3.3 Myr) was an epoch of gradual cooling, with expanding Antarctic ice sheets and sea ice preceding a general Northern Hemisphere glaciation. A decline in the strength of the Atlantic Meridional Circulation (AMOC) in the late Pliocene may have decreased Southern Hemisphere oceanic heat transport into the Northern Hemisphere; pre-conditioning it for glaciation. A common explanation for a weakening of the AMOC in paleoclimate is freshwater forcing into the North Atlantic. In this thesis, I posit that a northward shift in the Southern Hemisphere westerlies in the late Pliocene, due to an expanded Antarctic ice sheet, weakens …
Engineering Nanomaterials For Imaging And Therapy Of Bacteria And Biofilm-Associated Infections, Akash Gupta
Engineering Nanomaterials For Imaging And Therapy Of Bacteria And Biofilm-Associated Infections, Akash Gupta
Doctoral Dissertations
Infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria pose a serious global burden of mortality, causing thousands of deaths each year. The “superbug” risk is further exacerbated by chronic infections generated from antibiotic-resistant biofilms that are highly resistant to available treatments. Synthetic macromolecules such as polymers and nanoparticles have emerged as promising antimicrobials. Moreover, ability to modulate nanomaterial interaction with bacterial cellular systems plays a pivotal role in improving the efficacy of the strategy. In the initial studies on engineering nanoparticle surface chemistry, I investigated the role played by surface ligands in determining the antimicrobial activity of the nanoparticles. In further study, …
Structural Control Of Offshore Wind Turbines Using Passive And Semi-Active Control, Semyung Park
Structural Control Of Offshore Wind Turbines Using Passive And Semi-Active Control, Semyung Park
Doctoral Dissertations
Offshore wind energy has the potential to generate substantial electricity production compared to onshore locations, due to the high-quality wind resource. Offshore wind turbines must endure severe offshore environmental conditions and be cost effective, in order to be sustainable. As a result, load mitigation becomes crucial in successfully enabling deployment of offshore wind turbines. A direct approach to reduce loads in offshore wind turbines is the application of structural control techniques. So far, the application of structural control techniques to offshore wind turbines has shown to be effective in reducing fatigue and extreme loads of turbine structures. However, the majority …
Social Signals For Change: Examining The Role Of Interpersonal Communication For Positive Ecological Progress, Meaghan Guckian
Social Signals For Change: Examining The Role Of Interpersonal Communication For Positive Ecological Progress, Meaghan Guckian
Doctoral Dissertations
It perhaps goes without saying that society is collectively failing to meet the challenges posed by climate change and natural resource management, among other issues. Stagnated efforts may in part be driven by social processes that have been shown to shape whether, how, and to what extent individuals engage with environmental issues. In light of these stalled efforts to advance positive change, there is a pressing need to broaden our understanding of the normative processes that support the formation and maintenance of situation-appropriate social norms. In this dissertation, I integrate research from various fields to explore the role of interpersonal …
Ecology And Conservation Of Immature Sea Turtles Across Multiple Scales, Lucas Griffin
Ecology And Conservation Of Immature Sea Turtles Across Multiple Scales, Lucas Griffin
Doctoral Dissertations
Considering many sea turtle populations are a fraction of their historic size and anthropogenic threats within the marine environment are increasing, additional data are imperative to help mitigate anthropogenic disturbances and to build resilience into sea turtle populations. In this dissertation, I present three data chapters focused on immature sea turtle ecology and conservation. These chapters evaluate sea turtle ecology and conservation at varying scales, ranging from mitigating human-wildlife interactions at the individual level, to coastal movements and space use at the ecosystem level, and to large scale climate change impacts at the population level. Ultimately, these chapters provide a …
A Defense Of Hume's Dictum, Cameron Gibbs
A Defense Of Hume's Dictum, Cameron Gibbs
Doctoral Dissertations
Is the world internally connected by a web of necessary connections or is everything loose and independent? Followers of David Hume accept the latter by upholding Hume’s Dictum, according to which there are no necessary connections between distinct existences. Roughly put, anything can coexist with anything else, and anything can fail to coexist with anything else. Hume put it like this: “There is no object which implies the existence of any other if we consider these objects in themselves.” Since Hume’s day, Hume’s Dictum has played a major role in philosophy, especially in contemporary metaphysics. In ruling out necessary connections, …
Rna-Seq And Mechanistic Enzymology Confirm Rna Self-Templated Extension By T7 Rna Polymerase And Suggest Novel Approaches Towards Improved In Vitro Rna Synthesis, Yasaman Gholamalipour
Rna-Seq And Mechanistic Enzymology Confirm Rna Self-Templated Extension By T7 Rna Polymerase And Suggest Novel Approaches Towards Improved In Vitro Rna Synthesis, Yasaman Gholamalipour
Doctoral Dissertations
Synthetic RNA is widely used in basic science, nanotechnology and therapeutics research. The vast majority of this RNA is synthesized in vitro by T7 RNA polymerase. However, the desired RNA is generally contaminated with products longer and shorter than the DNA-encoded product. To better understand these undesired byproducts and the processes that generate them, we analyzed in vitro transcription reactions using RNA-Seq as a tool. The results unambiguously confirmed that product RNA rebinds to the polymerase and self-primes (in cis) generation of a hairpin duplex, a process that favorably competes with promoter driven synthesis under high yield reaction conditions. …