Digital Commons Network^™

Provisional Label/Stamp Used During The Period Between British Mandate And Beginning Of Jewish State

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Four black-and-white stamps showing a man in a military uniform. Hebrew text along top and bottom borders. Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash: Brigadier General P.H. Kish, Chief Engineer of British 8th Army, Director of Political Department and Zionist.

Lvov Ghetto Work Form

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Front: Tan paper with printed black boxes and text, with various hand stamps and writing in black ink.Back: Printed black boxes and text with black ink writing.These documents determined an individual's work in the Lvov Ghetto.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash: Pre-printed form used for determining an individual's work in Lvov, with blue oval Lvov Ghetto stamps.

Envelope Addressed To Philipp Bouhler

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Front: Tan envelope with six varying postage stamps, each with a black circular hand stamp over it. Also includes a typewritten address, and red and white censor tape in upper left corner.Back: Two official seal stickers on back flap.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash: Philipp Bouhler (1899-1945) was a Nazi leader who was both a Reichsleiter and Chief of the Chancellery of the Fuhrer of the Nazi Party. He was also the SS officer responsible for the Aktion T4 euthanasia program, developed with Karl Brandt, that murdered more than 70,000 disabled German adults and children. Arrested with his wife …

Envelope Addressed To Philipp Bouhler

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Back: White envelope with red, white, and tan tape, handwritten address and two hand stamps.Front: White envelope with printed return address, four Hitler stamps, as well as black and red hand stamps.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash: Philipp Bouhler (1899-1945) was a Nazi leader who was both a Reichsleiter and Chief of the Chancellery of the Fuhrer of the Nazi Party. He was also the SS officer responsible for the Aktion T4 euthanasia program, developed with Karl Brandt, that murdered more than 70,000 disabled German adults and children. Arrested with his wife in 1945, he committed suicide. The knowledge …

Croatian Souvenir Stamp - N.D.H. Philatelic Exhibition.

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Off-white sheet with serated stamp in middle. Stamp depicts a scenic town with townsfolk on the street outside of several buildings, including a clock tower in the back. At top is '1943' with 'HFS' splitting the 19 and 43.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash: Croatia (Croatian: Nezavisna Drzava Hrvatska, NDH) was a puppet state of Nazi Germany. The NDH was founded on 10 April 1941, after the invasion of Yugoslavia by the Axis powers. It was controlled by the governing fascist Ustasha movement and Ante Pavelic, which in turn were primarily under German influence. Its racial enemies were Jews, …

This Is The Enemy

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Poster with red background. Depicts a veiny hand with a Swastika on its sleeve stabbing the Bible with a dagger. Text on bottom in green on a black background.

Deliver Us From Evil - Buy War Bonds

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Grey cloudy background. Top says "Deliver us from evil" in white text. Middle shows a photograph of a young girl with a white Swastika behind her. Bottom says "Buy War Bonds" in blue.

Order To All Men From 16 To 65 To Bring Personal Belongings And Await Further Instructions

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

An order by a German Comisar presumably posted in Ukraine.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

Ukrainian broadside from 1943 signed in type by a German "Comissar" ordering all men from 16 to 65 to the homes of the eldest bringing all personal belongings to await further orders. Inevitably these men were destined for labor camps in Poland and Germany. They often worked and starved to death.

Polish Forced Labor Camp "P"

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Purple and yellow diamond patch with a 'P' in the center.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

Forced labor badge, yellow with both purple P and border, worn above the right breast, to identify a Polish forced laborer in Nazi Germany to distinguish them from Germans. After the German occupation of Poland in 1939, non-Jewish Poles were conscripted for civilian labor in Germany, usually on farms or factories. They would also have an identifying document such as an Arbeitsbuch or workbook. They were referred to as zivilarbeiter, or civilian workers.

Keyon College Bulletin 188 1943 Catalogue

Kenyon College Course Catalogs

No abstract provided.

Form Issued To Prisoner 5494 In Lwow Ghetto

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Front: Tan form with printed information in a list on the lefthand side and information written in pencil in printed boxes on the righthand side. A blue oval stamp with Star of David on lefthand side, and a red checkmark in the middle. Back: Printed information in a list on the lefthand side (bullet points 9-12) and information written in pencil in printed boxes in the righthand side. Includes a purple stamp with date in middle. These pre-printed forms were used for determining an individual's work in the Lwow Ghetto.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash: Pre-printed form, double-sided, used …

Form Issued To Prisoner 55829 In Lwow Ghetto

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Front: Tan form with printed information in a list on the lefthand side (eight bullet points) and information written in blue ink in printed boxes on the righthand side. A blue oval stamp with the Star of David on the lefthand side. Back: Printed information in a list on the lefthand side (bullet points 9-12) and information written in blue ink on the top box. Purple stamp in middle. These pre-printed forms were used for determining an individual's work in the Lwow Ghetto.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash: Pre-printed form, double-sided, used for determining individual's work, each with blue …

Envelope From Bendsburg

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Front: Green envelope with black writing. Includes purple, blue and red hand stamps, a red and white pasted stamp in bottom left corner, and two pasted stamps on right: one green and one blue, each depicting Hitler in profile.Back: Black cursive writing, and black and blue hand stamps.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash: Registered, censored cover from Isaac Israel in Bendsburg to Alfred Schwartzbaum in Lausanne, Switzerland with Czeladz registered label alongside. Bendsburg, German for Bendzin, was in the Katowice District of Poland. A Ghetto was created on July 1, 1941 containing 6,000 Jews who did slave labor for …

Postcard From Prisoner In Neuruppin, Germany Slave Labor Camp

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Front: White postcard with printed purple postcard lines. Includes writing in blue ink, and black and purple hand stamps.Back: Message in blue ink written on printed purple lines.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

Censored dual reply cover from a prisoner-laborer in the forced labor camp of Neuruppin, Germany to Kiev in the Ukraine. Gemeinschaftslager cover. The card is censored with no response from the recipient.

Identification Of Laborer In Organisation Todt

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Front: Grey page with black printed writing with information filled in in black ink. Includes a black and white photograph of a man, as well as several purple and black hand stamps.Interior: Various biographical information and charts.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

Organisation Todt was an engineering organization. From 1942-45 it was directed by Albert Speer. These men were essentially slaves absorbed from conquered territories and used for a vast array of projects for the Nazi state.

Croatian Souvenir Stamp - N.D.H. Ustasha Youth.

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Blue text and pictures on off-white paper. Rectangle within a Rectangle. In center is picture of trumpet with image of wreath with shield, shovel, torch and U.M. intertwined.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash: N.D.H. Ustasha Youth. National Youth Society. 1943.Croatia (Croatian: Nezavisna Drzava Hrvatska, NDH) was a puppet state of Nazi Germany. The NDH was founded on 10 April 1941, after the invasion of Yugoslavia by the Axis powers. It was controlled by the governing fascist Ustasha movement and Ante Pavelic, which in turn were primarily under German influence. Its racial enemies were Jews, Serbs and Roma people, against …

The Crematory (The Place Of The Revolt Of 1943)

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Front: Photo of nine figures in front of the Crematory. Captions in English, Russian and French. Back: Blank space for address. Typed caption reading "Series 1: The Concentration Camp, Oswiecim' [Auschwitz].

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

This real-photo postcard commemorates - in Russian, French and English - a prisoner mutiny at the Auschwitz crematorium in 1943 against SS and prison guards. There were several such revolts -typically unsuccessful and with massive reprisals once the revolts were contained and the offenders captured or killed. The mutiny referred to probably refers to the 1943 transport from Bergen-Belsen. After the selection, these …

Philatelic Postcard With Stamps Issued In 1943 With Special Postmark Inscription "The Fuhrer Leads, We Follow, 10th Anniversary Of Coming Into Power"

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Postcard with three postage stamps, swastika stamped twice in round stamps marked “MÜNCHEN” in black ink.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash: Berlin’s Brandenburg Gate depicted in the stamp design was an important symbol of Nazi power. A torchlight parade through this gate marked Hitler’s appointment as Chancellor on January 30, 1933.

Censored Postcard From Gerrid De Haas In Hertogenbosch To Judenrat (Joodsche Raad) In Amsterdam, Netherlands

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Postcard with two holes punched near top, “DRUKWERK” printed in bold, black print at top, addressed to “Gerrid de Haas. Back includes “Regu” in center.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

Mr. Gerrid de Haas, prisoner at Hertogenbosch, acknowledges receipt of package. Hertogenbosch censor marking.

Hertogenbosch, also known as Vught, was a concentration camp located in Vught in the Netherlands. Vught and Natzweiler were the only two concentration camps run by the SS in Western Europe. Hertogenbosch was first utilized in 1943 to supplement the transit camps of Westerbork and Amersfoort before prisoners’ ultimate deportation to extermination centers such as …

Hungarian Arrow Cross Party Leaflet

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Leaflet with black printed text in stylized font. Printed image of four-way arrow in center.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

Leaflet issued by Hungarian Arrow Cross party stating that “We shall come, we shall be victorious”. With Arrow Cross insignia, and the name of Ference Szalasi, Hitler’s representative in Hungary, appearing below.

Polish Money With Stars Of David

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Paper money titled, "Bank Emisyjny Wpolsce." Includes blue stamps with the Star of David from the Warsaw Ghetto on either side.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash: Fantasy material with Stars ink-stamped after WW II

Ghetto Judenpost

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Black paper with identical pink "Judenpost" stamps.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash: Litzmannstadt Ghetto Judenpost stamps, second issue 20 pf. Image of Modechai Chaim Rumkowski, "Alteste der Juden," (Elder of the Jews) in the ghetto.

Theresienstadt Ghetto Stamp

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Green stamp on serated paper. Titled, "Theresienstadt" with green illustration of trees and hills.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash: Theresienstadt Concentration Camp stamp prepared on order of the Nazis to be distributed to the Red Cross officials inspecting the ghetto. It was done to convince the inspectors that life in the ghetto was not too bad.

Postcard For “The Eternal Jew” Antisemitic Exhibition, Vienna, 1938

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

A white postcard with an illustration of a fat man in a suit wearing glasses and a hat over a wooden bar.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

To further promote Nazi antisemitic objectives, a travelling exhibition named “Der Ewige Jude” ("The Eternal Jew") was created in 1937. It appeared in five cities during the following eighteen months. The exhibition depicted Jews - their clothes, facial characteristics, cultural items and art - in every conceivable negative and unfavorable way, and markedly “degenerate” in contrast to the Nazi aryan ideal. This antisemitic postcard bears the red cachet "Zugelassen fuer Austellung: Der …

Litzmannstadt Ghetto 5 Mark Coin

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Dark grey, aluminum coin. One side with “5 mark”, the other with a Star of David and "Ghetto 1943"

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:One of four denominations of coinage struck in the Litzmannstadt Ghetto out of aluminum, legal currency only in the ghetto used to purchase food or medicine.

British "Black Propaganda" Postcard With Robert Ley

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Postcard with “Reichsleiter Dr. Robert Ley” in bold black print in center of right side with a photo of Ley in uniform, shouting, on left side, marked “(Siehe Umseitig)” in lower right corner.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

Two days after Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939, Britain declared war on Germany. In one effort to undermine the morale of both German soldiers and civilians, the British Political Warfare Executive (PWE), working with members of the American Office of Strategic Services (OSS), created a Psywar propaganda arts unit. Sefton Delmer of the PWE devised this example of the …

Hika - January 1943

HIKA Literary Magazine

No abstract provided.