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Document Signed By Hans Biebow

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Typed letter with signature and two rectangular purple hand stamps.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

Biebow (1902–1947) was chief of Nazi administration of the Lodz Ghetto in occupied Poland. Under his administration, the 164,000 Jews of Poland's second largest city were crammed into a small area of the city. Communication between the ghetto inhabitants and the outside world was completely cut off and the supply of food was severely limited, ensuring that many of the inhabitants of the ghetto would slowly starve. Over the course of its existence, the population of the ghetto swelled to 204,000 with more Jews …

Postcard From The Jewish Ghetoo In Kassa (Kosice)

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Front: Some handwriting in lines of postcard, ‘KASSA’ circular handstamp at top right; handwritten message fills the page.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

By the time this postcard was written, Kosice (Kassa) had been annexed to Hungary. Persecution of Jews commenced in earnest, and Jews lost their property and possessions, and ultimately their civil rights. When the Germans invaded Hungary in March 1944, Jews were massed in brickwork factories and in a ghetto. By May the deportations began with almost 16,000 Jews deported to concentration camps. By October the Arrow Cross established a reign of terror in Hungary.

Arrest Warrant From Vilna Ghetto

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Tan paper with typewritten words and blanks, filled in with blue pencil. Includes other writing in gray and purple pencil, and several purple hand stamps.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

One of four arrest warrants bearing Vilna (Vilnius: Lithuanian) Ghetto handstamp in violet and red. Of the more than 60,000 Jews living in Vilnius before the German occupation, 21,000 were murdered over the course of the summer of 1941 by German troops, Einsatzgruppen A, and their Lithuanian collaborators. The effort was to establish a ghetto to imprison all Jews of Vilna and suburbs in the old Jewish quarter of …

Theresienstadt Package Receipt

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Tan slip titled "Einlieferungsschein - Podaci listek" (deposit slip in German and Czech). Made out to Erich Gottlieb. Includes a printed table and a stamp.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

Slip acknowledging receipt of a package in Theresienstadt

[Related items: 2012.1.356a, 2012.1.356b, 2012.1.356c]

Censored Envelope From Prisoner In Bendsburg, Poland

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Front: A tan postcard with orange printed postcard lines and text written in black ink. Also includes black and purple hand stamps, and faint red underlining.Back: Message written in black ink.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

The Bendsberg ghetto was among the first to be liquidated by the Nazis on August 1, 1943. This cover is stamped with the Jewish ghetto administration stamp. Schwarcbaum was a wealthy Jew from Bendzin who escaped to Switzerland and conducted relief and rescue work for Jews in occupied Poland, as well as supporting armed resistance by Jews in the ghettos.

Letter From Fritz Katzmann (1906-1957)

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Front: Tan paper with "Higher SS and Police Leader" letterhead in upper left corner, and typewritten message. Includes additional writing in pencil, as well as blue and red crayon, and date stamp in green.Back: Continuation of typewritten message, and signature in blue from Fritz Katzmann with his name printed in pencil beneath.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

Typed letter signed by Katzmann on "Higher SS and Police Leader" letterhead. Danzig, January 3, 1943. Sent to Maximilian von Herff, Chief of SS Personnel Main Office. Katzmann reports on an SS-Standartfuhrer named Alfons Graf regarding the latter's promotion. Katzmann was an …

Form Issued To Prisoner 5494 In Lwow Ghetto

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Front: Tan form with printed information in a list on the lefthand side and information written in pencil in printed boxes on the righthand side. A blue oval stamp with Star of David on lefthand side, and a red checkmark in the middle. Back: Printed information in a list on the lefthand side (bullet points 9-12) and information written in pencil in printed boxes in the righthand side. Includes a purple stamp with date in middle. These pre-printed forms were used for determining an individual's work in the Lwow Ghetto.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash: Pre-printed form, double-sided, used …

Form Issued To Prisoner 55829 In Lwow Ghetto

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Front: Tan form with printed information in a list on the lefthand side (eight bullet points) and information written in blue ink in printed boxes on the righthand side. A blue oval stamp with the Star of David on the lefthand side. Back: Printed information in a list on the lefthand side (bullet points 9-12) and information written in blue ink on the top box. Purple stamp in middle. These pre-printed forms were used for determining an individual's work in the Lwow Ghetto.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash: Pre-printed form, double-sided, used for determining individual's work, each with blue …

Ghetto Judenpost

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Black paper with identical pink "Judenpost" stamps.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash: Litzmannstadt Ghetto Judenpost stamps, second issue 20 pf. Image of Modechai Chaim Rumkowski, "Alteste der Juden," (Elder of the Jews) in the ghetto.

Ghetto Judenpost

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Small piece of cardboard with a blue "Judenpost" stamp. Includes a Star of David black hand stamp as well.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash: Litzmannstadt Ghetto Judenpost stamps, 5 pf single Judenpost stamp tied to part of Lodz postcard with forged Mogen David postmark.Image of Modechai Chaim Rumkowski, "Alteste der Juden," (Elder of the Jews) in the ghetto.

Warsaw Ghetto Scrip

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Four pieces of scrip. Each are printed in blue on tan paper. Includes larger notes worth 25 and 50, and smaller notes worth 10 and 15. Each has designs that include a Star of David.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash: Once they were deported to the ghettos or concentration camps, prisoners in some camps would be issued scrip (pieces of essentially useless pieces of paper that had no value outside the particular facility) by the Nazis in exchange for their confiscated valuable currency. Ghettos or camps could have their own distinctive scrip and coins, often with many different issues. …

Envelope From Bendsburg

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Front: Green envelope with black writing. Includes purple, blue and red hand stamps, a red and white pasted stamp in bottom left corner, and two pasted stamps on right: one green and one blue, each depicting Hitler in profile.Back: Black cursive writing, and black and blue hand stamps.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash: Registered, censored cover from Isaac Israel in Bendsburg to Alfred Schwartzbaum in Lausanne, Switzerland with Czeladz registered label alongside. Bendsburg, German for Bendzin, was in the Katowice District of Poland. A Ghetto was created on July 1, 1941 containing 6,000 Jews who did slave labor for …

Lvov Ghetto Work Form

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Front: Tan paper with printed black boxes and text, with various hand stamps and writing in black ink.Back: Printed black boxes and text with black ink writing.These documents determined an individual's work in the Lvov Ghetto.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash: Pre-printed form used for determining an individual's work in Lvov, with blue oval Lvov Ghetto stamps.

Theresienstadt Ghetto Stamp

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Green stamp on serated paper. Titled, "Theresienstadt" with green illustration of trees and hills.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash: Theresienstadt Concentration Camp stamp prepared on order of the Nazis to be distributed to the Red Cross officials inspecting the ghetto. It was done to convince the inspectors that life in the ghetto was not too bad.