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Meeting The Scientific Needs Of Ecological Risk Assessment In A Regulatory Context, Steven P. Bradbury, Tom C. Feitel, Cornelis J. Van Leeuwen
Meeting The Scientific Needs Of Ecological Risk Assessment In A Regulatory Context, Steven P. Bradbury, Tom C. Feitel, Cornelis J. Van Leeuwen
Steven P. Bradbury
During the past decade, the field of ecological risk assessment has progressed considerably. Advances have come from such international bodies as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the World Health Organisation (WHO), the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organisation (EPPO), and the European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals (ECETOC) (1–8). Risk assessments have played a critical role in the development of various regulations within the European Commission (EC) as well as in other parts of the world, including the United States, Canada, and Japan (9–17). But scientists and regulators are faced with three significant challenges: streamlining …
Overweight In Urban, Low-Income, African American And Hispanic Children Attending Los Angeles Elementary Schools: Research Stimulating Action, Wendelin M. Slusser, William G. Cumberland, Ben L. Browdy, Donna Winham, Charlotte G. Neumann
Overweight In Urban, Low-Income, African American And Hispanic Children Attending Los Angeles Elementary Schools: Research Stimulating Action, Wendelin M. Slusser, William G. Cumberland, Ben L. Browdy, Donna Winham, Charlotte G. Neumann
Donna Winham
Objective: This study was undertaken to establish the prevalence and severity of nutritional problems among low-income children of elementary school age in the Los Angeles Unified School District (LAUSD) in order to collect baseline data to inform policy-makers. Design and methods: A cross-sectional survey of children in 14 elementary schools was conducted from January to June, 1998. Nine hundred and nineteen children were measured and interviewed. The planning, design and data analysis were carried out in collaboration with key LAUSD policy-makers. Results: More than 35% of the sample was classified as being at risk for overweight or overweight according to …
Single-Cell Microbiology: Tools, Technologies, And Applications, Byron F. Brehm-Stecher, Eric A. Johnson
Single-Cell Microbiology: Tools, Technologies, And Applications, Byron F. Brehm-Stecher, Eric A. Johnson
Byron F. Brehm-Stecher
The field of microbiology has traditionally been concerned with and focused on studies at the population level. Information on how cells respond to their environment, interact with each other, or undergo complex processes such as cellular differentiation or gene expression has been obtained mostly by inference from population-level data. New appreciation for the existence and importance of cellular heterogeneity, coupled with recent advances in technology, has driven the development of new tools and techniques for the study of individual microbial cells. As a result, scientists have been able to characterize microorganisms and their activities at unprecedented levels of detail.
An Undergraduate Engineering Curriculum For Agri-Industrial Facility Designers, David R. Bohnhoff, Sundaram Gunasekaran, Gregory D. Williams, Kurt A. Rosentrater
An Undergraduate Engineering Curriculum For Agri-Industrial Facility Designers, David R. Bohnhoff, Sundaram Gunasekaran, Gregory D. Williams, Kurt A. Rosentrater
Kurt A. Rosentrater
Faculty of the Biological Systems Engineering Department at the University of Wisconsin-Madison are considering modifications to their undergraduate engineering curriculum that will result in graduates who are better prepared for positions as agri-industrial facility designers.
Design Considerations For The Construction And Operation Of Feed Milling Facilities. Part I: Planning, Structural, And Life Safety Considerations, Gregory D. Williams, Kurt A. Rosentrater
Design Considerations For The Construction And Operation Of Feed Milling Facilities. Part I: Planning, Structural, And Life Safety Considerations, Gregory D. Williams, Kurt A. Rosentrater
Kurt A. Rosentrater
Feed mills represent an important segment of our food production system, supplying the nutritional need for animals in our meat supply system. Agri-industrial facilities such as feed mills have a number of unique design requirements that are relatively unknown. The purpose of this paper is to summarize state of the art design procedures for feed milling facilities constructed in North America. To this end, in Part I of this series, planning, life safety, and structural design criteria for these facilities are examined and relevant theory is presented. Additional resources are cited for further study of concepts. This paper should be …
Design Considerations For The Construction And Operation Of Feed Milling Facilities. Part Ii: Process Engineering Considerations, Kurt A. Rosentrater, Gregory D. Williams
Design Considerations For The Construction And Operation Of Feed Milling Facilities. Part Ii: Process Engineering Considerations, Kurt A. Rosentrater, Gregory D. Williams
Kurt A. Rosentrater
Feed milling facilities represent an important segment of our food production system, because they manufacture the majority of products used to meet the nutritional needs of livestock in our meat supply chain. Agri-industrial facilities such as feed mills have a number of unique design requirements. In an effort to summarize state of the art design procedures for feed milling facilities constructed in North America, an overview of these procedures and accepted standards has been assembled. Specifically, this paper focuses on process engineering considerations. Consequently, engineers and designers should become familiar with the distinctive design process for these facilities and develop …
Design Considerations For The Construction And Operation Of Grain Elevator Facilities. Part Ii: Process Engineering Considerations, Kurt A. Rosentrater, Gregory D. Williams
Design Considerations For The Construction And Operation Of Grain Elevator Facilities. Part Ii: Process Engineering Considerations, Kurt A. Rosentrater, Gregory D. Williams
Kurt A. Rosentrater
Grain elevators play a key role in U.S. agriculture, and fulfill three main functions: post-harvest handling and storing of cereal grains and oilseeds, conditioning and preserving of grain, and facilitating the delivery of grain to domestic feeding and processing, as well as overseas, end-use destinations. These facilities have evolved from mere storage sites to large, high-throughput, highly automated, processing plants. This trend has been driven by the consolidation of local country elevators, which has been due, in part, to both local economic conditions as well as changing railroad regulations. Another reason has been an increased demand for grain storage space, …
Design Considerations For The Construction And Operation Of Grain Elevator Facilities. Part I: Planning, Structural, And Life Safety Considerations, Gregory D. Williams, Kurt A. Rosentrater
Design Considerations For The Construction And Operation Of Grain Elevator Facilities. Part I: Planning, Structural, And Life Safety Considerations, Gregory D. Williams, Kurt A. Rosentrater
Kurt A. Rosentrater
Grain elevators represent a major link our food production system. To date, information about the unique design requirements of these facilities has been limited. In an effort to summarize state of the art design procedures for grain elevator facilities constructed in North America, an overview of accepted standards and procedures has been assembled. With this paper engineers should become more familiar with specific design considerations for grain handling facilities and develop appropriate references to expand their knowledge base. Educators may find this paper useful too.
Can-Based Distributed Control For Autonomous Vehicles, Matthew J. Darr, Timothy S. Stombaugh, Scott A. Shearer, John P. Fulton
Can-Based Distributed Control For Autonomous Vehicles, Matthew J. Darr, Timothy S. Stombaugh, Scott A. Shearer, John P. Fulton
Matthew J. Darr
Through the work of researchers and the development of commercially available products, automated guidance has become a viable option for agricultural producers. One limiting factor of many commercially available technologies is that they only automate one function of an agricultural vehicle and that their control systems are proprietary to a single machine model.The objective of this project was to evaluate a controller area network (CAN bus) as the basis of an automated agricultural vehicle. The prototype system utilized several microcontroller-driven nodes to act as control points along a system wide CAN bus. Messages were transferred to the steering, transmission, and …
Application Rate And Timing Effects On Urease Inhibitor Performance For Minimizing Ammonia Emissions From Beef Cattle Feedyards, David B. Parker, Syam Pandrangi, L. Wayne Greene, Lal K. Almas, N. Andy Cole, Marty B. Rhoades, Jacek A. Koziel
Application Rate And Timing Effects On Urease Inhibitor Performance For Minimizing Ammonia Emissions From Beef Cattle Feedyards, David B. Parker, Syam Pandrangi, L. Wayne Greene, Lal K. Almas, N. Andy Cole, Marty B. Rhoades, Jacek A. Koziel
Jacek A. Koziel
A laboratory study was conducted to evaluate how rate and timing of urease inhibitor application affects ammonia emissions from simulated beef cattle feedyard surfaces. The urease inhibitor N-(n-butyl)thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) was applied at rates of 0, 1 and 2 kg/ha, at 8, 16, and 32 day frequencies, and with or without simulated rainfall. Synthetic urine was added every 2 days to the manure surface. Gaseous NH3 was trapped in a sulfuric acid solution using a vacuum system and analyzed for nitrogen using automated procedures. NBPT applied every 8 days was most effective, with the 1 and 2 kg/ha NBPT treatments …
Multidimensional Gas Chromatography-Olfactometry For Identification And Prioritization Of Malodors From Confined Animal Feeding Operations, Donald W. Wright, David K. Eaton, Lawrence T. Nielsen, Fred W. Kuhrt, Jacek A. Koziel, Jarett P. Spinhirne, David B. Parker
Multidimensional Gas Chromatography-Olfactometry For Identification And Prioritization Of Malodors From Confined Animal Feeding Operations, Donald W. Wright, David K. Eaton, Lawrence T. Nielsen, Fred W. Kuhrt, Jacek A. Koziel, Jarett P. Spinhirne, David B. Parker
Jacek A. Koziel
Odor profiling efforts were directed at applying to high-density livestock operations, some of the lessons learned in resolving past, highly diverse, odor-focused investigations in the consumer product industry. Multidimensional-GC-Olfactometry was utilized in an attempt to define and prioritize the basic building blocks of odor character associated with representative cattle feedyard and swine feeding operations. Although scores of potential odorant volatiles have been previously identified in high-density livestock operations, the odor profile results developed herein suggest that only a very few of these may constitute the preponderance of the odor complaints associated with these environments. This appeared to be especially true …
Evaluation Of Sample Recovery Of Malodorous Gases From Air Sampling Bags, Spme, And Sampling Canisters, Jacek A. Koziel, Jarett P. Spinhirne, Jenny D. Lloyd, David B. Parker, Donald W. Wright, David K. Eaton, Lawrence T. Nielsen
Evaluation Of Sample Recovery Of Malodorous Gases From Air Sampling Bags, Spme, And Sampling Canisters, Jacek A. Koziel, Jarett P. Spinhirne, Jenny D. Lloyd, David B. Parker, Donald W. Wright, David K. Eaton, Lawrence T. Nielsen
Jacek A. Koziel
Odorous gases associated with livestock operations are complex mixtures of hundreds if not thousands of compounds. Research is needed to know how best to sample and analyze these compounds. The main objective of this research was to compare recoveries of a standard gas mixture of 11 odorous compounds from the Carboxen/PDMS 75 µ m SPME fibers, PVF (Tedlar), FEP (Teflon), foil, and PET (Melinex) air sampling bags, and standard 6 L Stabilizer™ sampling canisters after sample storage at room temperature. A standard mixture consisted of 7 VFAs from acetic to hexanoic, and 4 semi-VOCs including p-cresol, indole, 4-ethylphenol, and 2'-aminoacetopheone …
Educational Needs For Agri-Industrial Facility Designers And Managers, Gregory D. Williams, Kurt A. Rosentrater, David R. Bohnhoff
Educational Needs For Agri-Industrial Facility Designers And Managers, Gregory D. Williams, Kurt A. Rosentrater, David R. Bohnhoff
Kurt A. Rosentrater
This paper summarizes educational needs for agri-industrial facility designers and mangers. Relevant skills required for the design, planning, and operation of agri-industrial facilities are discussed. Continuing and University educational needs for facility designers and managers are also presented.
Analysis Of Factors Affecting Corn Masa Byproduct Generation, Kurt A. Rosentrater
Analysis Of Factors Affecting Corn Masa Byproduct Generation, Kurt A. Rosentrater
Kurt A. Rosentrater
The production of corn masa-based products in the U.S. has been increasing over the last several years, and consequently, so has the volume of waste materials generated from this processing sector. These byproducts, which consist of corn dry matter losses that occur during the nixtamalization process, are currently underutilized, but have much potential for value-added processing and utilization, and thus hold the simultaneous promises of economic benefit for corn processors as well as decreased potential impact on surrounding ecosystems. Because information concerning masa byproducts, and the rate at which they are generated, is currently very limited and not readily available, …
Comparison Of Vrt Granular Applicators, John P. Fulton, Scott A. Shearer, Steven F. Higgins, Timothy S. Stombaugh, Matthew J. Darr, Dennis W. Hancock, Edward L. Hutchins
Comparison Of Vrt Granular Applicators, John P. Fulton, Scott A. Shearer, Steven F. Higgins, Timothy S. Stombaugh, Matthew J. Darr, Dennis W. Hancock, Edward L. Hutchins
Matthew J. Darr
Granular applicators equipped with variable-rate technology have gained popularity in recent years due to increased interests in variable-rate application. The purpose of this investigation was to characterize distribution patterns at varying rates and quantify rate transitions from various granular applicators. Both uniform- and variable-rate tests were conducted to assess the accuracy of variable-rate application from four granular applicators (2 spinner spreaders and 2 pneumatic applicators). The patterns results indicated a consistent triangular pattern for spinner spreader B and consistent patterns for pneumatic applicators C and D. However, applicator D produced pattern variations at the center and right side. Simulated overlap …
Ambient Ammonia And Hydrogen Sulfide Concentrations At A Beef Cattle Feedlot In Texas, Jacek A. Koziel, Bok-Haeng Baek, Jarett P. Spinhirne, David B. Park
Ambient Ammonia And Hydrogen Sulfide Concentrations At A Beef Cattle Feedlot In Texas, Jacek A. Koziel, Bok-Haeng Baek, Jarett P. Spinhirne, David B. Park
Jacek A. Koziel
Concentrations of ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in ambient air were semicontinuously measured at a 50,000-head cattle feedyard in Texas panhandle in three seasons: fall 2002 (10 days), winter 2003 (14 days), and spring 2003 (15 days). Sampling was conducted at 1.5 m above the ground at one location each season at the western fence line of cattle pens. Gas concentrations were measured using continuous analyzers housed in an onsite instrument shelter. Measured concentrations were upwind or downwind of the feedyard pens depending on the wind direction. Wind directions, wind velocity, and air temperature were measured to correlate them …
Estrogen Content Of Dairy And Swine Wastes, D. Raj Raman, Elizabeth L. Williams, Alice C. Layton, Robert T. Burns, James P. Easter, Adam S. Daugherty, Michael D. Mullen, Gary S. Sayler
Estrogen Content Of Dairy And Swine Wastes, D. Raj Raman, Elizabeth L. Williams, Alice C. Layton, Robert T. Burns, James P. Easter, Adam S. Daugherty, Michael D. Mullen, Gary S. Sayler
D. Raj Raman
Naturally occurring estrogens in animal wastes may cause negative environmental impacts, yet their abundance in animal waste treatment and storage structures is poorly documented. To better quantify estrogen concentra tions in animal wastes, multiple waste samples were collected from treatment and storage structures at dairy and swine facilities and analyzed for concentrations of 17β-estradiol (E2), estrone (E1), and 17α-estradiol by gas chromatography−mass spectroscopy and by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (E2 only). Mass ratios of each estrogen to the macronutrients nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium were also determined. Because manure application rates are typically macronutrient-based, estrogen to macronutrient ratios are proportional to …
Corn Phenology Influences Diabrotica Virgifera Virgifera Emigration And Visitation To Soybean In, Matthew E. O'Neal, D. A. Landis, J. R. Miller
Corn Phenology Influences Diabrotica Virgifera Virgifera Emigration And Visitation To Soybean In, Matthew E. O'Neal, D. A. Landis, J. R. Miller
Matthew E. O'Neal
We used two types of laboratory apparatus to test whether rotation-resistant and wild-type Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) responded differently to corn phenology. Beetles from Nebraska where injury to rotated corn has not been reported were defined as wild type, and beetles from Illinois where injury to rotated corn is common represented “rotation-resistant“ populations. A two-chamber emigration arena assayed propensity of both populations to leave corn during and after anthesis. A side-arm olfactometer tested whether the relative attraction of beetles to soybean versus corn was influenced by corn phenology. Beetle origin did not influence departure from corn of varying …
Applications Of Transposable Elements In Fish For Transgenesis And Functional Genomics, Perry B. Hackett, Karl J. Clark, Stephen C. Ekker, Jeffrey J. Essner
Applications Of Transposable Elements In Fish For Transgenesis And Functional Genomics, Perry B. Hackett, Karl J. Clark, Stephen C. Ekker, Jeffrey J. Essner
Jeffrey J. Essner
Transgenic fish were first made more than 30 years ago. Since then a variety of methods and const ructs have been tested for introducing genetic sequences into fish for scientitlc investigations as well as commercial purposes. Here we review transposable clements and t heir applications in fish. Transposons can be used to deliver genes to chromosomes to confer new traits or as insertional agents and traps to uncover the functions and expression patterns of natural genes in chromosomes. Two DNA transposons have been characterized for transposon-based gene transfer and insertional mutagenesis. The t1rst is d1e Sleeping Beauty transposon system that …
'Willa Cather’S ‘River Of Silver Sound’: Woman As Ecosystem In The Song Of The Lark, Matthew Sivils
'Willa Cather’S ‘River Of Silver Sound’: Woman As Ecosystem In The Song Of The Lark, Matthew Sivils
Matthew Sivils
Willa Cather loved the Southwest. The landscapes and cu ltural history of the area held a prominent place in both her fiction and in her own creative consciousness.1 As Judith Fryer points out, after Cather visited New Mexico and Arizona in 1912, she became so enamored with the region that she returned many times over the fol lowing decade (41). During this period Cather published a novel heavily inspired by her affection for the Southwestern landscape-The Song of the Lark. This novel fol lows Thea Kronborg from her childhood in the fictional rural town of Moonstone, Colorado, through an artistic …
Review: Compilation Of The Scientific Literature Comparing Housing Systems For Gestating Sows And Gilts Using Measures Of Physiology, Behavior, Performance, And Health, Anna K. Johnson, J. J. Mcglone, E. H. Von Borell, J. Deen, D. G. Levis, M. Meunier-Salaun, J. Morrow, D. Reeves, J. L. Salak-Johnson, P. L. Sundberg
Review: Compilation Of The Scientific Literature Comparing Housing Systems For Gestating Sows And Gilts Using Measures Of Physiology, Behavior, Performance, And Health, Anna K. Johnson, J. J. Mcglone, E. H. Von Borell, J. Deen, D. G. Levis, M. Meunier-Salaun, J. Morrow, D. Reeves, J. L. Salak-Johnson, P. L. Sundberg
Anna K. Butters-Johnson
The objective of this review was two-fold. First, a series of meta-analyses (analyses of treatment effects across studies) were performed on available data from scientific literature to determine whether sow behavior, performance, or physiology differed for sows in group pens or individual stalls. Second, research publications in areas of performance and health, physiology, and behavior of pregnant gilts and sows in studies that directly compared gestation sow housing systems were summarized. Common systems were stalls, tethers, and various types of group housing systems. Results of meta-analyses showed that the average levels of productivity, oral-nasal-facial behaviors (ONF), and blood cortisol were …
Periodic Draining Reduces Mosquito Emergence From Free-Water Surface Constructed Wetlands, Catherine R. Mayhew, D. Raj Raman, Reid R. Gerhardt, Robert T. Burns, Mary Sue Younger
Periodic Draining Reduces Mosquito Emergence From Free-Water Surface Constructed Wetlands, Catherine R. Mayhew, D. Raj Raman, Reid R. Gerhardt, Robert T. Burns, Mary Sue Younger
D. Raj Raman
Both subsurface flow and free-water surface constructed wetland systems have been used for partial treatment of manure-laden wastewater from animal production systems. Subsurface flow systems are considerably more expensive but do not breed mosquitoes. The less expensive free-water surface systems have significant mosquito production potential, which is a serious drawback, especially because of increasing concerns about emerging mosquito-borne disease organisms. Periodically draining constructed wetlands has been suggested as a method of mosquito control. To test this approach, eight free-water surface constructed wetland mesocosms (0.7 m2 each) were operated on a one-week drain/fill cycle. Simultaneously, four subsurface flow mesocosms were operated …
Narrow-Band And Derivative-Based Vegetation Indices For Hyperspectral Data, Kelly Robert Thorp, Lei Tian, Haibo Yao, Lie Tang
Narrow-Band And Derivative-Based Vegetation Indices For Hyperspectral Data, Kelly Robert Thorp, Lei Tian, Haibo Yao, Lie Tang
Lie Tang
Hyperspectral remote sensing imagery was collected over a soybean field in central Illinois in mid-June 2001 before canopy closure. Estimates of percent vegetation cover were generated through the processing of RGB (red, green, blue) digital images collected on the ground with an automated crop mapping system. A comparative study was completed to test the ability of broad-band, narrow-band, and derivative-based vegetation indices to predict percent soybean cover at levels less than 70%. Though remote sensing imagery is commonly analyzed using reference data collected at random points over a scene of interest, the analysis of the hyperspectral imagery in this research …