Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Institution
-
- Western University (60)
- Otterbein University (33)
- Rowan University (26)
- University of Arkansas, Fayetteville (26)
- Old Dominion University (24)
-
- West Chester University (23)
- Seton Hall University (21)
- Morehead State University (20)
- University of San Diego (19)
- Eastern Illinois University (16)
- Northern Illinois University (16)
- University of Central Florida (15)
- Portland State University (14)
- Abilene Christian University (13)
- Louisiana State University (12)
- University of Denver (12)
- City University of New York (CUNY) (11)
- Claremont Colleges (9)
- Minnesota State University, Mankato (8)
- Taylor University (8)
- West Virginia University (8)
- Eastern Michigan University (7)
- Marshall University (7)
- The University of Southern Mississippi (7)
- University of New England (7)
- National Louis University (6)
- Pepperdine University (6)
- St. Cloud State University (6)
- The University of San Francisco (6)
- UMass Global (6)
- Keyword
-
- Higher education (77)
- Retention (29)
- Higher Education (28)
- Persistence (23)
- Leadership (19)
-
- College (17)
- Education (15)
- Community college (13)
- Diversity (11)
- Intersectionality (11)
- College students (10)
- Morgridge College of Education (10)
- Community College (9)
- Critical Race Theory (9)
- Engagement (9)
- Faculty (9)
- Sense of belonging (9)
- Student Success (9)
- University (9)
- Neoliberalism (8)
- Professional development (8)
- Transformational leadership (8)
- Transition (8)
- Gender (7)
- Identity (7)
- Student success (7)
- African American (6)
- Critical race theory (6)
- Curriculum (6)
- Equity (6)
- Publication
-
- The Dissertation-in-Practice at Western University (51)
- Electronic Theses and Dissertations (43)
- Theses and Dissertations (41)
- Dissertations (35)
- Graduate Theses and Dissertations (23)
-
- Seton Hall University Dissertations and Theses (ETDs) (21)
- West Chester University Master’s Theses (21)
- Morehead State Theses and Dissertations (20)
- M.A. in Higher Education Leadership: Action Research Projects (19)
- Masters Theses (18)
- Masters Theses/Capstone Projects (17)
- Graduate Research Theses & Dissertations (16)
- Undergraduate Honors Thesis Projects (16)
- Educational Foundations & Leadership Theses & Dissertations (15)
- Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020- (15)
- Dissertations and Theses (13)
- Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects (11)
- LSU Doctoral Dissertations (11)
- Doctoral Dissertations (10)
- Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository (9)
- All Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Other Capstone Projects (8)
- CGU Theses & Dissertations (8)
- Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (8)
- Master of Arts in Higher Education (MAHE) Theses (8)
- All Theses And Dissertations (7)
- Master's Theses and Doctoral Dissertations (7)
- Theses, Dissertations and Capstones (7)
- Culminating Projects in Higher Education Administration (6)
- Capstone Collection (5)
- Capstone Projects and Master's Theses (5)
Articles 1 - 30 of 661
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Campus Collaboration At The University Of San Diego For Student Veterans, Jennifer Castro Garcia
Campus Collaboration At The University Of San Diego For Student Veterans, Jennifer Castro Garcia
M.A. in Higher Education Leadership: Action Research Projects
The purpose of my research was to help provide better resources for student veterans during their experience in higher education at the University of San Diego (USD). My research question was: how can I collaborate with campus partners in creating a central hub for the Military and Veterans Program at the University of San Diego. This was important because as a student veteran there are multiple obstacles to overcome while learning how to be integrated back into civilian life. I looked specifically at student veterans as they have particular characteristics that may differ from other military-connected students on campus, such …
Covid-19’S Impact On Climate Change Research And Institutional Resilience In Higher Education In Vermont And Tanzania, Stephanie Clement
Covid-19’S Impact On Climate Change Research And Institutional Resilience In Higher Education In Vermont And Tanzania, Stephanie Clement
Capstone Collection
The COVID-19 pandemic impacts all sectors of society. It is necessary to understand how higher education institutions (HEIs) react to, adapt to, and build resilience in the face of such a crisis. HEIs around the world shifted how they deliver education to their students and struggled to adapt to a changing economy. Yet, there is little information on how HEIs bolster their resilience to exogenous shocks, like the coronavirus. This study assesses how the COVID-19 crisis impacted institutional resilience and climate change research at four HEIs: the University of Vermont (UVM) and Vermont Law School (VLS) in Vermont, United States …
“In The University But Not Of The University”: Examining Institutionalized Counterspaces Through A Staff Perspective, Omar A. Ramirez
“In The University But Not Of The University”: Examining Institutionalized Counterspaces Through A Staff Perspective, Omar A. Ramirez
Master's Theses
Using a qualitative case study, this thesis examines a university counterspace that serves Students of Color through the perspective of the staff who work in that space. The case study aimed to explore four areas of investigation: the interviewees’ knowledge and perceptions of 1) the history of their counterspace; 2) the purpose of their counterspace; 3) the benefits of their counterspace; and 4) challenges of their counterspace. The counterspace was a program within a large, 4-year, public, R-1 research university. Five staff from the counterspace were interviewed. A thematic analysis of the data suggests that students were an essential part …
A Phenomenological Study On The Impact Of Servant Leadership For Establishing A Culture Of High Performance As Perceived By High School Principals, Darrick Rice
Dissertations
Purpose: The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore and describe the perceived impact of Patterson’s (2003) 7 servant leadership constructs on high school principals in establishing a culture of high performance.
Methodology: The qualitative phenomenological study described the lived experiences of high school principals who lead schools that have implemented Patterson's (2003) 7 servant leadership constructs for establishing a culture of high performance in Los Angeles County, California. The researcher was a part of 8 peer researchers and 2 faculty advisors. The data collection included virtual face-to-face semi structured interviews using a protocol developed by the thematic team. …
Constructed Borders In Higher Education: A Critical Policy Analysis Of Undocumented College Students' Access To Study Abroad, Louise K. Hon
Constructed Borders In Higher Education: A Critical Policy Analysis Of Undocumented College Students' Access To Study Abroad, Louise K. Hon
Master's Theses
Abstract Between 2012 and 2017, undocumented youth in the United States with Deferred Action for Childhood Arrival status were able to apply for Advance Parole permissions to travel abroad for educational purposes. During this time, DACA students attending colleges and universities across the nation engaged in study abroad through established education abroad programs. This qualitative study examines undocumented students’ decision to pursue educational abroad opportunities during their undergraduate education in the context of national, state and institutional policies and climate and compares and contrasts the experiences of the undocumented college students who successfully studied abroad with those who either attempted …
Predictive Effects On Transfer Student Success By Prior Academic Integration And By Social Integration, Jacob Brownfield
Predictive Effects On Transfer Student Success By Prior Academic Integration And By Social Integration, Jacob Brownfield
Dissertations
The purpose of this dissertation was to determine predictive effects among the transfer GPA, the number of hours transferred, a remedial course taken pretransfer, the transferred completion percentage, the use of on-campus housing, participation in collegiate athletics, and participation in social clubs on transfer student success as measured by the post-transfer first semester GPA and graduating GPA of undergraduate transfer students at a private liberal arts university in Central Arkansas. The post-transfer number of semesters until graduation was included as a predictor variable for the fourth Hypothesis. Tinto’s longitudinal model of student departure served as the theoretical framework, and the …
Predicting Attrition Of New Student Affairs Professionals Through Perceptions Of Work-Related Quality Of Life, Synergistic Supervision, And Executive Servant Leadership, Wendy Lushbaugh
Dissertations, 2020-current
Abstract
New professional attrition in Student Affairs has been established as a concern for the field (Bender, 1980; Lorden, 1998; Renn & Hodges, 2007; Marshall, Gardner, Hughes, & Lowery, 2016). The debilitating impacts on university finances, productivity, organizational stability, team disruption, and innovation as a result of this problem creates urgency for the field to understand its predictors. The current study reviewed the impact of new professionals’ work-related quality of life, their perception of the use of synergistic supervision by their direct supervisors, and their perception of the use of executive servant leadership by divisional leaders as potential predictors of …
Get Rich Or Die Tryin’: Media And Black Male Academic Identity Development, Kevin S. Mcclain
Get Rich Or Die Tryin’: Media And Black Male Academic Identity Development, Kevin S. Mcclain
University of New Orleans Theses and Dissertations
Black males encounter many difficulties in their educational journeys. Often these disadvantages can be linked to socioeconomic and environmental factors, which have consistently plagued the Black community. However, a relatively unexplored area of interest in higher education is the influence media representation has on the academic identity of Black males. Routinely shown in media outlets as athletes, entertainers, and criminals, Black males rarely view positive representations of themselves across media, thus limiting their academic pursuits. From this study, the researcher hoped to develop a fuller understanding on the influence between multimedia and Black male identity and academic success in higher …
Making Meaning In The Margins: Identities, Belonging, And Social Justice Commitments In A Cross-Race Intergroup Dialogue For Queer And Trans College Students, Nina M. Tissi-Gassoway
Making Meaning In The Margins: Identities, Belonging, And Social Justice Commitments In A Cross-Race Intergroup Dialogue For Queer And Trans College Students, Nina M. Tissi-Gassoway
Doctoral Dissertations
This qualitative research study used constructivist grounded theory methods to explore the lived experiences of 11 queer and trans undergraduate college students of various racial and ethnic backgrounds in a cross-race intergroup dialogue (IGD) course. Using document analysis of course assignments and post-dialogue semi-structured interviews allowed for rich inquiry into how these queer and trans students made meaning of their intersecting identities, sense of belonging, cross-race relationships, and social justice commitments. This study contributes new knowledge about the meaning-making processes of queer and trans college students of various racial and ethnic backgrounds and the role that IGD plays in supporting …
Determining Faculty Capacity For Transdisciplinary Instruction, Dominic Swayne
Determining Faculty Capacity For Transdisciplinary Instruction, Dominic Swayne
Dissertations, 2020-current
The purpose of this study was to develop a reliable and valid survey instrument that would prove useful in identifying faculty with the capacity and inclination to succeed in team-taught, hands-on, transdisciplinary course programming. Using an exploratory, mixed-methods design, the qualitative component consisted of semi-structured interviews of nine experienced X-Labs faculty. The qualitative analysis process identified attributes that were vital to transdisciplinary teaching and demonstrated patterns that were consistent with complex leadership development. During the mixing process, these data were translated into a quantitative instrument. A panel of experts reviewed the prototype instrument and reduced the number of items included …
The Career Advancement Narratives Of Black Women Presidents Of Historically Black Colleges And Universities (Hbcus), Tonia W. Horton
The Career Advancement Narratives Of Black Women Presidents Of Historically Black Colleges And Universities (Hbcus), Tonia W. Horton
University of New Orleans Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this narrative study was to chronicle the career advancement journeys of the Black women who have been successful in ascending to the presidency in Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs). Currently, only a small percentage of Black women serve as presidents of HBCUs. More specifically, there is literature suggesting that race and gender discrimination towards Black women is not confined by institution type, and that some of the same issues plaguing Black women in Predominantly White Institutions (PWIs), exist within HBCUs as well (Bonner, 2001; Gasman, 2007; Kennedy, 2012). Although many studies exist relative to the career …
Making Meaning In The Anthropocene: A Constructivist Grounded Theory Investigation Of College Student Response To Planetary Ecological Crises, Kristen Nelson
Making Meaning In The Anthropocene: A Constructivist Grounded Theory Investigation Of College Student Response To Planetary Ecological Crises, Kristen Nelson
Doctoral Dissertations
Higher education, with its core purpose in the generation and transmission of knowledge, has a particular role to play in society’s response to the global ecological crisis. Yet a key question is whether higher education is part of the problem or part of the solution. Sustainability educators insist that higher education, if it is to adequately address these challenges, must shift away from “mechanism” – a rationalist worldview that historically has shaped higher education’s culture and practices – toward an integrative worldview and epistemology that will guide teaching and learning in the new millennium. Emergent pedagogies and student development theories …
Interprofessional Education (Ipe) And Interprofessional Education Collaborative (Ipec) Competencies Of Clinical And Healthcare Administration Undergraduate Students, Shelly Gompf
Dissertations, Theses, and Projects
The healthcare industry is dependent on the successful delivery of effective education to undergraduate healthcare students. Curriculum and instruction, experiences both inside and outside of the classroom, significantly contribute to students' successful development. A critical element for successful healthcare delivery is to continue building a sustainable culture for all healthcare workers that will increase skills for improved ethics and values, inter-disciplinary understanding of roles and responsibilities, interprofessional communication, and teamwork. One teaching approach that continues to produce positive results is interprofessional education (IPE). This teaching method, supported by the experiential learning theory, brings clinical stakeholders together to problem-solve and make …
Teaching Non-Cognitive Skills For College: A Qualitative Case Study Of A Low-Income, High-Minority, Urban School District In Southeastern United States, Elizabeth Byron
Teaching Non-Cognitive Skills For College: A Qualitative Case Study Of A Low-Income, High-Minority, Urban School District In Southeastern United States, Elizabeth Byron
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Capstones
This instrumental, multisite case study examines the role of secondary teachers in preparing high school students for the non-cognitive skills needed to persist in and graduate from college, using Bourdieu’s (1984) and Lin’s (1999) social capital theory as a guiding framework. Non-cognitive skills are defined as the “behaviors, thoughts, and feelings” of students (Borghans, 2008). Data collection for this study is based on semi-structured interviews via telecommunications with secondary educators and postsecondary student success practitioners and electronic archived documentation of non-cognitive skills found to be important for college success by the interviewees. In this study, college success is defined as …
Reviewing Patient Satisfaction Of Lifecare Alliance Services Provided To The Columbus Community, Sean Ruffner
Reviewing Patient Satisfaction Of Lifecare Alliance Services Provided To The Columbus Community, Sean Ruffner
Masters Theses/Capstone Projects
Two separate patient satisfaction surveys were sent out to LifeCare Alliance’s customers. Each patient was asked a set of five questions that generalized the encounters as a whole experience. The first survey is for patients that were seen by nurses for footcare, general wellness and more (1A - PowerPoint). The other survey was sent to clients who received the flu vaccine (1B - PowerPoint). To conclude, data was then collected and analyzed using an excel spreadsheet (1C – PowerPoint).
Whatever It Takes: Redemption, Individualism, Altruism And The Marvel Cinematic Universe, Rianna Jeanine Robinson
Whatever It Takes: Redemption, Individualism, Altruism And The Marvel Cinematic Universe, Rianna Jeanine Robinson
Morehead State Theses and Dissertations
A thesis presented to the faculty of the Caudill College of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences at Morehead State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts by Rianna Jeanine Robinson on December 14, 2020.
Honor To The Dead Of Dixie? Examining The Impetus And Enduring Devotion To The Confederate States Of America And The Emblems That Commemorate The Failed Experiment Of Governance In North America, Bruce Ray Greer
Morehead State Theses and Dissertations
A thesis presented to the faculty of the Caudill College of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences at Morehead State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree Master of Arts by Bruce Ray Greer on December 13, 2020.
Minority Student Food Insecurity In Higher Education, Joe Sevillano
Minority Student Food Insecurity In Higher Education, Joe Sevillano
Master's Theses
The minority student population in higher education has been affected by food insecurity at a disproportionate rate. Several studies have captured some of the issues associated with the material deficit but fail to identify more in-depth contributing factors. Using the theoretical framework of intersectionality, the researcher examines the experience, interpretation, and navigation of food insecurity in a medium-sized university located in a major city on the west coast. The researcher interviewed three students that self-identified as having multiple minority identities and experiencing some level of food insecurity while pursuing a degree. Findings from three rounds of interviews gave further context …
The Administrative Climb With American Lung Association, John K. Putnam Iii
The Administrative Climb With American Lung Association, John K. Putnam Iii
Masters Theses/Capstone Projects
The American Lung Association is a Nationwide non-profit organization. During times of COVID, many businesses and organizations have been struggling, especially nonprofits. Nonprofit organizations rely heavily on sponsors, donors and events to bring in the money they need to stay running. A major event for ALA is the Fight For Air Climb. The FFAC had to make changes due to Covid precautions and protocols. While in the midst of a pandemic, the nation is also in the middle of a vaping epidemic. ALA is dedicated in putting a stop to the vaping epidemic.
Approaches To Curricular And Co-Curricular Community Engagement With College Students: Building Relationships, Shifting Power, And Developing A Social Justice Mindset, Luci-Jo Dimaggio
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Which programmatic principles of community engagement have a higher potential to irritate the beliefs that college students hold regarding their own power, privilege, understanding of social justice? This study takes a qualitative approach to the exploration of three groups of students representing curricular community engagement, co-curricular community engagement, and a hybrid model. Data showed that reflection and education as components of community engagement with college students allow students to better develop characteristics indicative of a social justice mindset.
The Internationalization Of The Student Body At Oceans College, Canada – An Appreciative Inquiry And Shared Leadership Approach To Change, Ian H. Macleod
The Internationalization Of The Student Body At Oceans College, Canada – An Appreciative Inquiry And Shared Leadership Approach To Change, Ian H. Macleod
The Dissertation-in-Practice at Western University
This Organizational Improvement Plan (OIP) addresses a problem of practice (PoP) at Oceans College (a pseudonym), a multilocation, panprovincial community college. Oceans College currently focuses on recruiting, admitting, and graduating domestic, in-province students. The number of international students, however, is growing. Currently there are no formal processes at the College for international students, unlike at the other postsecondary institutions in the province which actively recruit and enroll international students. The PoP is the lack of readiness at Oceans College to cope with the significant enrollment of international students. Different leadership theories were examined to develop this OIP, and appreciative inquiry …
The Impact Of Sense Of Belonging In First-Generation College Students On Gpa And Retention, Lynda Smith
The Impact Of Sense Of Belonging In First-Generation College Students On Gpa And Retention, Lynda Smith
Theses and Dissertations
The purposes of this quantitative, correlational study were to (a) understand how the perceived sense of belonging in first-generation students impacts their academic success, as defined by GPA, and (b) to determine how the aforementioned factors impact the students' intention to persist. A survey was distributed to all reported first-generation students at Rowan University with questions including demographics, an adapted sense of belonging index, intention to persist, GPA, and co-curricular involvement (N = 285). Research indicated that 89.8% of students recorded moderate to high levels of sense of belonging. Regression analyses revealed that a positive relationship exists between sense of …
Supports Used By Black Women Faculty For Career Advancement At Historically Black Colleges And Universities, Andrea Delpriore
Supports Used By Black Women Faculty For Career Advancement At Historically Black Colleges And Universities, Andrea Delpriore
Seton Hall University Dissertations and Theses (ETDs)
This study investigated the supports utilized by Black women in their career advancement as faculty members at Historically Black Colleges and Universities. Although there is an abundance of scholarship about the challenges presented to Black women faculty at Predominantly White Institutions, the career advancement of Black women faculty at Historically Black Colleges and Universities has gone largely unstudied. Considering Historically Black Colleges and Universities are where Black women faculty achieve tenure in the highest percentages, this study took a non-deficit perspective and investigated what supports are used by Black women faculty internal to the institution, external to the institution, as …
Factors Predicting Turnover Of International Science And Engineering Faculty At Us Research Universities, Lauren Longino Jacobs
Factors Predicting Turnover Of International Science And Engineering Faculty At Us Research Universities, Lauren Longino Jacobs
Doctoral Dissertations
In today’s global knowledge-economy, US research universities seek to attract and retain the best and brightest faculty in the world to increase the university’s intellectual capital and compete on a global scale. Increasingly, universities hire talented international faculty to fulfill these needs, which is especially prevalent in the science and engineering fields (S&E). International faculty benefit US universities in areas of research and scholarship as well as increased diversity and internationalization of the campus, however, not all international S&E faculty are retained. In fact, higher turnover has been found among international S&E faculty than their domestic peers (Kim, Twombly, & …
Women In Science, Technology, Engineering And Mathematics (Stem): Pre-College And College Factors Of Success, Jada Russell
Women In Science, Technology, Engineering And Mathematics (Stem): Pre-College And College Factors Of Success, Jada Russell
Doctoral Dissertations
Scholars have reported that the competitiveness and innovation of the United States’ workforce in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics [STEM] fields are critical to maintaining our nation’s security and economic edge (Chen, 2009; Carlone & Johnson, 2007; Espinosa, 2011). Indeed, STEM is one of the fastest growing fields in the employment industry, according to the U.S. Department of Commerce (Langdon, et. al, 2011), and between 2008 and 2018, the number of STEM jobs is expected to increase 17%. Fostering learning pathways for all individuals interested in pursuing careers and education in STEM disciplines is necessary for us to meet the …
The Social Side Of Retention: Examining The Social Integration Of African American And Latinx Students And Their Retention To Graduation, Ashley Taylor Redix
The Social Side Of Retention: Examining The Social Integration Of African American And Latinx Students And Their Retention To Graduation, Ashley Taylor Redix
Doctoral Dissertations
While the rate student enrollment in U.S. institutions of higher education is steadily increasing, retention and graduation rates do not reflect these increases, in turn leading to an ever-present gap in educational attainment (Bailey & Dynarski, 2011; Fischer, 2007; Kuh, Cruce, Shoup, Kinzie, & Gonyea, 2008; Morley, 2003; Museus & Quaye, 2009; Zarate & Burciaga, 2010; Zhan & Sherraden, 2011). The gaps in educational achievement are disproportionately larger for the African American and Latinx student populations compared to their Caucasian and Asian peers (Bailey & Dynarski, 2011; Fischer, 2007; Morley, 2003; Museus & Quaye, 2009; Zarate & Burciaga, 2010; Zhan …
Analysis Of The Challenges In The Planning And Implementation Of Lean Construction, Sultan Alsabi
Analysis Of The Challenges In The Planning And Implementation Of Lean Construction, Sultan Alsabi
Morehead State Theses and Dissertations
A thesis presented to the faculty of the College of Science and Technology at Morehead State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science by Sultan Alsabi on December 1, 2020.
Students’ Meaning-Making Journeys Towards Self-Authorship Through Self-Designed Gap Year Experiences, Erin Garcia
Students’ Meaning-Making Journeys Towards Self-Authorship Through Self-Designed Gap Year Experiences, Erin Garcia
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This phenomenological, qualitative study addressed student perceptions of their meaning-making process towards self-authorship in a self-designed gap year experience and was conducted in a public higher educational institution in the Southeast. Data was gathered through interviews from a purposeful sample of gap year program participants and program administrators. Emerging themes and categories were identified by coding and analyzing the interview data, such as continual reflection reinforces the value of individual meaning-making, self-expectations versus self-worth, the influence of societal expectations are minimized, and self-designed learning helps to solidify changes in self-authorship. The data showed a strong connection between multiple meaning-making contexts …
A Snapshot Semester: Students’ Reflections Of Performance And Mental State Throughout A Graduate Course, Bradley D. Borges
A Snapshot Semester: Students’ Reflections Of Performance And Mental State Throughout A Graduate Course, Bradley D. Borges
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Graduate students are anecdotally reputed to be among the most stressed groups of young adults. Common sources of stress for graduate students have included coursework, assistantships, finances, career preparation, and family (Wyatt & Oswalt, 2013; Mazzola, Walker, Shockley & Spector, 2011; Oswalt & Riddock, 2007). Guided reflection can be used by educators to assist students in both learning (Boud, Keogh & Walker, 2013; Kolb, 1984) and managing stress (Shoulders, Whitehead, & Morrison, 2018). By understanding how students’ progress through a semester in terms of both their learning and their management of stress, instructors and academic advisors can better anticipate times …
Examining The Role Of Enjoyment, Anxiety, And Emotional Intelligence In Online Graduate Students' Self-Regulated Learning: A Control-Value Theory Perspective, Achraf Touati
Boise State University Theses and Dissertations
As online learning continues to grow, particularly amid the COVID pandemic, so too has interest among educational practitioners and researchers to understand the personal and contextual factors that shape students’ emotions in these environments. The control-value theory of achievement emotions has emerged as a useful framework for examining the antecedents and consequences of different emotions that students experience in online learning. The purpose of the present study was to validate the assumptions of the control-value theory in an asynchronous online graduate program, and to examine the role of emotional intelligence in this social-cognitive process. Data were collected from 102 graduate …