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Inclusion: Survey Of Mississippi General And Special Education Teachers View And Experiences In An Inclusion Classroom, Patricia Ratliff May 2024

Inclusion: Survey Of Mississippi General And Special Education Teachers View And Experiences In An Inclusion Classroom, Patricia Ratliff

Theses and Dissertations

Considering the significance of integrating students with disabilities into general education classes in Mississippi, it is critical to identify the methods by which co-teachers report working together, whether they have obtained the needed professional development, and which teaching model they employ in the inclusion classroom. This data can facilitate the assessment and efficacy of inclusive practices and offer valuable insights into potential areas requiring enhancement. Furthermore, by gaining insight into the experiences of co-teachers, future training initiatives and assistance for educators in advocating for the effective integration of students with disabilities can be enhanced. The purpose of this research was …


Generation Z’S Perceptions Of Public Sector Culture Moderate Their Aspirations Towards Public Service, Andrew S. Rendon May 2024

Generation Z’S Perceptions Of Public Sector Culture Moderate Their Aspirations Towards Public Service, Andrew S. Rendon

Theses and Dissertations

Within the next 15 years, a significantly large percentage of adults will exit the U.S. public sector workforce, taking their experience and knowledge with them. This considerable number of departures from the public sector workforce is expected to create a crisis of sorts for society as it grapples with how to ensure the public sector is not without its most important feature – public servants. The immediate crisis relates to how we, in record time, recruit and retain a new and highly qualified workforce that can quickly fill the gaps left by the exodus. Recently coming into their adult age, …


Understanding And Incorporating Wearable Exoskeleton Design Acceptance Into The Construction And Manufacturing Industries By Evaluating Key Stakeholders Within An Enterprise Organization, Matthew Reese May 2024

Understanding And Incorporating Wearable Exoskeleton Design Acceptance Into The Construction And Manufacturing Industries By Evaluating Key Stakeholders Within An Enterprise Organization, Matthew Reese

Theses and Dissertations

Safety, quality, and production are critical factors that impact an enterprise organization’s success in industries where tasks are human-centered. One emerging area to help mitigate safety related concerns while enhancing quality and production is wearable technology. More specifically, studies have shown that wearable exoskeletons can prevent awkward posturing and excessive bending and reaching tasks. These are areas that can result in injuries and lost time for employees. While literature has shown that these devices can help prevent injuries and can assist employees with their job tasks, these devices are new, which can make critical stakeholders of an enterprise organization skeptical …


Multi-Scale Experimental Characterization Of The Material Properties And Interlaminar Fracture Toughness Of T700g/Lm-Paek Thermoplastic Composites And Additively Manufactured Composite Materials, Ryan Gregory Premo May 2024

Multi-Scale Experimental Characterization Of The Material Properties And Interlaminar Fracture Toughness Of T700g/Lm-Paek Thermoplastic Composites And Additively Manufactured Composite Materials, Ryan Gregory Premo

Theses and Dissertations

This thesis is focused on the development of multiple experimental frameworks to characterize the material properties of composite materials for the LS-DYNA MAT213 model. The main objective is to characterize these properties based on the full-field capture of the evolution of strain and stress fields in coupon-level tests at multiple scales (i.e. macroscopic and microscopic). The experimental work characterized the full-field stress-strain curves and subsequently derived the material properties of T700G/LM-PAEK thermoplastic composites. The data was later successfully utilized to generate the deformation and damage sub-models in the LS-DYNA MAT213 model for the material. Additionally, a three-point bending test methodology …


La Deconstrucción De La Idea De Maternidad En Dos Novelas Colombianas: La Perra De Pilar Quintana Y Esta Herida Llena De Peces De Lorena Salazar Masso, Catalina Revelo May 2024

La Deconstrucción De La Idea De Maternidad En Dos Novelas Colombianas: La Perra De Pilar Quintana Y Esta Herida Llena De Peces De Lorena Salazar Masso, Catalina Revelo

Theses and Dissertations

Esta tesis examina la deconstrucción de nociones tradicionales sobre la maternidad en dos novelas colombianas contemporáneas: La perra de Pilar Quintana y Esta herida llena de peces de Lorena Salazar Masso. Mediante un análisis literario feminista, se argumenta que ambas obras ofrecen representaciones transgresoras de la experiencia materna que desafían mandatos culturales normativos. Basándose en marcos teóricos de Simone de Beauvoir, Hélène Cixous y Susan Reisz, entre otros, se explora cómo estas novelas problematizan concepciones esencialistas de la maternidad como destino natural femenino. A través de una lectura atenta, se demuestra cómo estas narrativas dan voz a las sombras y …


Preparing To Come Home, Not Recidivate: Juvenile Offenders' Perceptions Of The Juvenile Justice System, Robbie Kaitlyn Salters May 2024

Preparing To Come Home, Not Recidivate: Juvenile Offenders' Perceptions Of The Juvenile Justice System, Robbie Kaitlyn Salters

Theses and Dissertations

Crimes committed by juvenile offenders are a significant concern of society. In response to this concern, the juvenile justice system addresses juvenile crimes in a developmentally appropriate manner. The goal of the juvenile justice system is to rehabilitate juvenile offenders and steer them from a life of crime and toward becoming productive members of society. Yet, some juvenile offenders continue to offend. While research has explored juvenile offenders’ perceptions of juvenile delinquency, re-entry, and recidivism, less is known about how the detention center prepares juvenile offenders for re-entry. The following study explores the perceptions of detained juvenile offenders in a …


An Examination Of Teacher Candidates’ Planning Processes As They Seek To Integrate Technology Into Disciplinary Literacy Instruction, Kimberly O. Smith May 2024

An Examination Of Teacher Candidates’ Planning Processes As They Seek To Integrate Technology Into Disciplinary Literacy Instruction, Kimberly O. Smith

Theses and Dissertations

Demands of the workplace and society have made 21st-century knowledge and skills critical elements for success. As a result, the role of teachers in adequately preparing students to meet these demands continues to grow. National and state standards also call for increased attention to multimodal reading and writing. Today’s teachers must have the skills to effectively integrate technology into teaching and learning, supporting student development of digital reading and writing skills. Unfortunately, many teachers do not feel adequately prepared to do this (Hutchison & Reinking, 2011). Teacher education preparation programs must intentionally design programs to prepare teacher candidates for this …


Maternal And Paternal Appearance-Related Pressure And Body Esteem In Emerging Adults: Moderation By Self Compassion And Gender, Alligrace Story May 2024

Maternal And Paternal Appearance-Related Pressure And Body Esteem In Emerging Adults: Moderation By Self Compassion And Gender, Alligrace Story

Theses and Dissertations

Previous research has shown that appearance-related pressures from multiple sources can influence body esteem in emerging adults. Furthermore, research has shown that self-compassion and gender play a role in body image and the relation between sociocultural pressures and body esteem. Less research has examined how these variables interact in their association with body esteem in emerging adults. Thus, the current study sought to assess these interactions. Participants (N = 877; 492 women) were primarily White (78.9% for women and 76.4% for men) and ranged in age from 18 to 28 (M = 18.70 for women and 19.10 for men). Participants …


Does Attendance In Head Start And Early Head Start Programs Influence Social And Emotional Development In Young Children?, Mary Elizabeth Thorne May 2024

Does Attendance In Head Start And Early Head Start Programs Influence Social And Emotional Development In Young Children?, Mary Elizabeth Thorne

Theses and Dissertations

Social and emotional development is a crucial domain of development that influences child outcomes. Apart from a child’s family, early care and education (ECE) programs offer opportunities to develop critical skills that promote academic achievement, emotion regulation, cognition, and literacy. There are achievement gaps in these areas when comparing children from low and high socioeconomic backgrounds, lending to the federal legislation to form Head Start and Early Head Start programs nationwide. While these programs have attendance mandates, the national attendance average is below the requirements, which may hinder the full benefits of Head Start and Early Head Start programs. Using …


Setting The Table: A Study Of Grassroots Organization Political Training Program And Black Women Interests To Run For Local Government., Adrian Shonna Tillman May 2024

Setting The Table: A Study Of Grassroots Organization Political Training Program And Black Women Interests To Run For Local Government., Adrian Shonna Tillman

Theses and Dissertations

The comparative study aims to assess the efficacy of grassroots organizations that provide political training programs for Black women to equip them for local office candidacy. An online survey was performed among alums to assess the influence of enrolling in these programs on participants' aspirations to pursue and actively run for local office. The alum survey comprised thirty-four questions to evaluate if Black women had obtained the essential abilities for political candidacy. The poll aims to determine the perceived strengths, problems, and opportunities for Black women participating in political leadership training programs. The surveys aimed to collect important information about …


Identity Status And Identity Style In The Emo Subculture: Exploring Identity Between Emo Vs. Non-Emo Emerging Adults, Melanie Rebekah Uggen May 2024

Identity Status And Identity Style In The Emo Subculture: Exploring Identity Between Emo Vs. Non-Emo Emerging Adults, Melanie Rebekah Uggen

Theses and Dissertations

Emerging adulthood can be viewed as a time of exploration and experimentation for college-aged adults (Arnett, 2000). As individuals begin trying on their possible selves as they explore personal identity, they can gravitate to peer groups that fit their interests. For some, that can mean being drawn to the emo subculture. This subculture focuses on its fashion, often based on dyed black hair, dark clothing, studded accessories, and black eyeliner (Chernoff & Widdicombe, 2015), centered around music with lyrics often interpreted as depressive or angst?ridden. Emo subculture has been subject to criticism and stereotypes, especially those with mental health themes …


“A Hiker Who Is Strong” Is Stronger Than “A Strong Hiker”: Modifier Position Affects Noun Perception, Peter John Weber Ii May 2024

“A Hiker Who Is Strong” Is Stronger Than “A Strong Hiker”: Modifier Position Affects Noun Perception, Peter John Weber Ii

Theses and Dissertations

Simple shifts within the syntactic structure of a sentence can have significant effects on the cognitive processes involved in language comprehension (Deckert, 2015; Ellis, 2002; Ferreira, 2003). Modifier position is one such syntactic element that has shown the importance of structure as demonstrated by Karimi et al. (2019). Post-modified words (e.g., a “peasant who was highly educated”) are encoded more robustly and are retrieved more easily than pre-modified words (e.g., a “highly educated peasant”). We explored the potential influence of modifier position on statement believability, namely, how much people believe a statement they have not heard before in Experiment 1. …


Effects Of Moderate Exercise Regimen On Reproductive Development Of Replacement Beef Heifers Reared In Drylots At A High Stocking Density, Logan M. Whipple May 2024

Effects Of Moderate Exercise Regimen On Reproductive Development Of Replacement Beef Heifers Reared In Drylots At A High Stocking Density, Logan M. Whipple

Theses and Dissertations

Raising beef females in drylots is gaining popularity because a more intensive management style facilitates adequate feeding for growth. However, drylots increase stocking density which has previously been shown to be stressful and impair reproductive development, whereas exercise has been shown to alleviate stress. Therefore, the objective was to determine if providing access to an exercise area would improve reproductive development of replacement beef heifers reared in drylots. Body weight, pedometer readings, and blood samples for plasma cortisol were collected weekly. Additional blood samples for genes associated with welfare, hair cortisol samples, and heifer temperament was assessed periodically throughout the …


Choosing A Foundational Mathematics Course In Higher Education: How Is The Decision Made?, Heather Marie Wood May 2024

Choosing A Foundational Mathematics Course In Higher Education: How Is The Decision Made?, Heather Marie Wood

Theses and Dissertations

This qualitative research used the tenants of phenomenological research to structure a study that begins to identify faculty coordinator’s decision processes in selecting a general education mathematics course. In this study, I examined the question if a faculty member's experiences or beliefs had any influence on the decision process. The interviews occurred with faculty in degree programs grouped by the following a) no specific mathematics requirements (e.g., Humanities) degree programs, b) mathematics-light degree programs (e.g., Social Sciences) and c) mathematics-intensive degrees (e.g., Computer Science). The results of this study are varied but suggest that faculty tasked making decisions on mathematics …


Selective Noise Cancelling Application For Misophonia Treatment, Timothy Wunrow May 2024

Selective Noise Cancelling Application For Misophonia Treatment, Timothy Wunrow

Theses and Dissertations

Misophonia is a sensory disorder where specific stimuli, usually auditory, trigger the fight-flight-freeze response, causing extreme reactions, typically anger, panic, or anxiety. Research into treatment for misophonia is limited, primarily consisting of case studies applying common methods of therapy. However, research into similar disorders like tinnitus shows that there are many avenues of treatment that should be investigated, including audiological treatment. To apply audiological treatment to misophonia, selective noise cancelling must be used to control specific trigger sounds. In this research, a basic selective noise cancelling algorithm was developed using a convolutional neural network and was evaluated using a survey. …


Insights From The Past: Does Access To Unsuccessful Problem Attempts Facilitate Restructuring In Insight Problems?, Emily Ann Williamson Creel May 2024

Insights From The Past: Does Access To Unsuccessful Problem Attempts Facilitate Restructuring In Insight Problems?, Emily Ann Williamson Creel

Theses and Dissertations

Insight problems are often comprised of a period of impasse during which no new attempts are generated followed by an abrupt realization of the solution arising from the restructuring of an initial flawed problem representation. However, the precise mechanisms precipitating these processes are still being investigated. One hypothesis is that analyzing the unchanging elements of previous attempts may facilitate restructuring. We investigated this hypothesis using three classic insight problems. Participants were provided either three common examples of unsuccessful problem attempts, their own problem attempts, or no previous attempts. The prior attempts conditions eliminate the need to rely on memory to …


Theory, School Policy, And Practices In Education And Culture In A Classroom Setting For Minority Students, Philip Turner May 2024

Theory, School Policy, And Practices In Education And Culture In A Classroom Setting For Minority Students, Philip Turner

Theses and Dissertations

This qualitative case study investigates the discrepancies between theory, school policy, and practices within educational settings, particularly concerning minority students. Grounded in the persistent racial achievement gaps documented in educational literature, the study aims to understand the challenges and successful strategies for bridging these gaps. Drawing upon Critical Race Theory (CRT), Intergroup Contact Theory, and Stereotype Threat as conceptual frameworks, the research explores the experiences of eight participants through thematic analysis. Three overarching themes emerged: challenges aligning theories, policies, and practices; successful strategies for alignment; and unsuccessful strategies. Findings underscore the importance of culturally responsive curriculum, teacher professional development, student- …


Towards Carbon Dioxide Reduction: Synthesis And Characterization Of Ccc-Nhc Pincer Iron Complexes., Joshua Mensah May 2024

Towards Carbon Dioxide Reduction: Synthesis And Characterization Of Ccc-Nhc Pincer Iron Complexes., Joshua Mensah

Theses and Dissertations

The industrial revolution came with its downside of emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. The NOAA reported in 2019 that, of the greenhouse gases emitted into the atmosphere, CO2 contributed to about 80% of the increased greenhouse gases hence the need for CO2 Sequestering and Storage (CSS) and ultimately leading to Carbon Capture and Recycling (CCR) as a viable option to convert CO2 into useful forms. The race to find the best catalyst for CCR has led to the synthesis of many organometallic compounds. Pincer complexes catalyzed CO2 reduction has gained notoriety recently because of the tunability and robustness …


Processing And Characterization Of Conjugated Polymers Utilizing Electrospinning Technique For Optoelectronic Applications, Humayun Ahmad May 2024

Processing And Characterization Of Conjugated Polymers Utilizing Electrospinning Technique For Optoelectronic Applications, Humayun Ahmad

Theses and Dissertations

The electrospinning technique is an attractive route for processing conjugated polymers (CPs) in a significant quantity for large-scale applications. However, the processing-structure-property relationship of the electrospinning process for CPs is not well understood. This dissertation provides a fundamental understanding regarding the structure development of CPs in electrospun fibers because of different processing conditions and relates that to fiber properties. Electrospinning was conducted for a mixture of polyethylene oxide (PEO) and poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) of three different molecular weights and two aging conditions: freshly prepared and 24 h aged spinning solutions. The aging of the spinning solution led to the self-assembly of …


Wavelet-Enhanced 2d And 3d Lightweight Perception Systems For Autonomous Driving, Simegnew Yihunie Alaba May 2024

Wavelet-Enhanced 2d And 3d Lightweight Perception Systems For Autonomous Driving, Simegnew Yihunie Alaba

Theses and Dissertations

Autonomous driving requires lightweight and robust perception systems that can rapidly and accurately interpret the complex driving environment. This dissertation investigates the transformative capacity of discrete wavelet transform (DWT), inverse DWT, CNNs, and transformers as foundational elements to develop lightweight perception architectures for autonomous vehicles. The inherent properties of DWT, including its invertibility, sparsity, time-frequency localization, and ability to capture multi-scale information, present an inductive bias. Similarly, transformers capture long-range dependency between features. By harnessing these attributes, novel wavelet-enhanced deep learning architectures are introduced. The first contribution is introducing a lightweight backbone network that can be employed for real-time processing. …


Determining The Influence Of Broadcast Visuals And Messages On The Public’S Perceptions And Intent To Shelter In Tornado Warnings, Kristina Marie Balentine May 2024

Determining The Influence Of Broadcast Visuals And Messages On The Public’S Perceptions And Intent To Shelter In Tornado Warnings, Kristina Marie Balentine

Theses and Dissertations

Tornado warnings are life-threatening situations, and since the public uses television as the main source for tornado warning information, it is important to know how different visuals and messages are influencing the opinions and intentions of people. This research found that participants were more apt to say they would shelter if they were shown a tornado video than a radar video displaying storm-relative velocity or correlation coefficient, while seeing the tornado brought out a heightened level of anxiety and fear. Participants were most influenced by a call-to-action statement spoken by the meteorologist. Participants expressed negative feelings after being asked to …


The Role Of High-Resolution Dataset On Developing Of Coastal Wind-Driven Waves Model In Low Energy System, Ramin Baghbani May 2024

The Role Of High-Resolution Dataset On Developing Of Coastal Wind-Driven Waves Model In Low Energy System, Ramin Baghbani

Theses and Dissertations

The spatial variation of wave climate plays a crucial role in erosion, sediment transport, and the design of management actions in coastal areas. Low energy wave systems occur frequently and over a wide range of geographical areas. There is a lack of studies assessing wave model performance in low-energy environments at a regional scale. Therefore, this research aims to model a low energy wave system using a high-resolution dataset. The specific objectives of this study involves 1) using cluster analysis and extensive field measurements to understand the spatial behavior of ocean waves, 2) develop a physics based model of wind-driven …


Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, And Cardiovascular Health Of Adults With And Without Down Syndrome, Brantley Kyle Ballenger May 2024

Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, And Cardiovascular Health Of Adults With And Without Down Syndrome, Brantley Kyle Ballenger

Theses and Dissertations

Down syndrome (DS) is the most common genetic condition caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21. Adults with DS have cardiovascular and metabolic alteration, which may lead to an increased number of cardiovascular disease risk factors in this population. Such impairments may affect their ability to exercise and perform moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Moreover, MVPA may affect arterial health differently in adults with DS due to endothelial dysfunction and sympathetic impairment. The purpose of this dissertation was to investigate differences in cardiovascular health and physical activity (PA) profiles between adults with and without DS. Specific aims of this dissertation …


Jackson, Mississippi Food Security Efforts: Understanding The Current And Future Foodscape, Natalie Rosemary Bowers May 2024

Jackson, Mississippi Food Security Efforts: Understanding The Current And Future Foodscape, Natalie Rosemary Bowers

Theses and Dissertations

In Jackson, Mississippi, basic needs like access to food and water are critical issues. This research reveals efforts and actors working to improve food access within Jackson’s foodscape. This study uses interview and mapping methodologies, which unearth the challenges and opportunities for food efforts in Jackson. Current food work is analyzed through a cultural lens – How is the work influenced by the unique conditions and aspects of Jackson? – and a temporal lens – How does time impact access? What are historic changes and future visions for Jackson? These investigations contribute to opportunities for developing sustainable food systems, determining …


Failure Of Polymeric Materials At Ultra-High Strain Rates, Kyle Richard Callahan May 2024

Failure Of Polymeric Materials At Ultra-High Strain Rates, Kyle Richard Callahan

Theses and Dissertations

Understanding the failure behavior of polymers subjected to an ultrahigh strain rate (UHSR) impact is crucial for their applications in any protective shielding. But little is known about how polymers respond to UHSR events at the macroscale, or what effect their chemical makeups and morphology contribute. This dissertation aims to answer these questions by characterizing the responses of polymers subjected to UHSRs, investigating how the polymer molecular architecture and morphologies alter the macroscopic response during UHSRs via hypervelocity impact (HVI), linking the behaviors of UHSR events between the macro- and nano-length scales, and determining the consequences of UHSR impacts on …


Resource Sharing In Secure Distributed Systems, Trisha Chakraborty May 2024

Resource Sharing In Secure Distributed Systems, Trisha Chakraborty

Theses and Dissertations

Allocating resources in computer systems is a significant challenge due to constraints on resources, coordinating access to those resources, and tolerating malicious behavior. This dissertation investigates two fundamental problems concerning resource allocation. The first addresses the general challenge of sharing server resources among multiple clients, where an adversary may deny the availability of these resources; this is known as a denial-of-service (DoS) attack. Here, we propose a deterministic algorithm that employs resource burning (RB)—the verifiable expenditure of a network resource—to defend against DoS attacks. Specifically, our solution forces an adversary to incur higher RB costs compared to legitimate clients. Next, …


The Effects Of Vitamin D Supplementation On Prostate Cancer, Grier Cosby May 2024

The Effects Of Vitamin D Supplementation On Prostate Cancer, Grier Cosby

Theses and Dissertations

This systematic review's goal is to evaluate the efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in helping to manage the nutritional needs of patients diagnosed with prostate cancer. A systematic literature search following the PRISMA guidelines using Scopus, PubMed, and Cochrane databases was conducted to review randomized controlled trials and interventional studies up to 2023. The search strategy targeted randomized controlled trials and intervention studies. The selection process involved screening for study characteristics (study design), participant demographics (prostate cancer patients receiving treatment), intervention details (vitamin D assessment methods, dosages), outcome measures (progression, prognosis, quality of life), and risk estimates (hazard ratios, odds …


The Impact Of Academic Advising On Persistence In Nontraditional Students Completing A Baccalaureate Degree Online, Kali M. Dunlap May 2024

The Impact Of Academic Advising On Persistence In Nontraditional Students Completing A Baccalaureate Degree Online, Kali M. Dunlap

Theses and Dissertations

The increasing enrollment of nontraditional students in online degree programs has underscored the importance of effective academic advising practices. These students, often over the age of 25 and juggling full-time employment and family responsibilities, encounter unique challenges in navigating the asynchronous, online learning environment. Academic advisors play a pivotal role in mitigating these obstacles by fostering trust and delivering comprehensive support systems tailored to the needs of online learners. While previous studies have explored various advising models and approaches in connection with student satisfaction, inadequate attention has been given to assessing the quality of advising specifically tailored to nontraditional, online …


Synthesis And Degradation Of Biobased Polymers From Plant Oils Incorporated With Cellulose Nanocrystals., Katherine Elmore May 2024

Synthesis And Degradation Of Biobased Polymers From Plant Oils Incorporated With Cellulose Nanocrystals., Katherine Elmore

Theses and Dissertations

Synthetic plastics are intrinsic to modern human existence. Unfortunately, many challenges exist related to the accumulation of plastic waste, including greenhouse gas emissions, contamination of natural environments, and entrance into the food chain through microplastics. Therefore, new polymers are being developed that both compete with the capabilities and costs of petroleum-based plastics and have assured biodegradability. Through decades of research, plant oils have emerged as one of the leading options for alternative starting materials because of their feasibility for use in polymerization reactions, wide availability, renewability, and cost-effectiveness. In this work, cottonseed oil (CSO) and soybean oil (SBO) are successfully …


Evaluation Of Air Fryer Technology Inactivation Of Salmonella Spp. In Brownies Formulated With Almond Flour And All-Purpose Flour, Courtlone Kenshon Glaspie May 2024

Evaluation Of Air Fryer Technology Inactivation Of Salmonella Spp. In Brownies Formulated With Almond Flour And All-Purpose Flour, Courtlone Kenshon Glaspie

Theses and Dissertations

Flour has been identified as the source of Salmonella related recalls and outbreaks in past years. Flour is not usually heat treated and can cause issues when eaten raw, such as in the consumption of cookie dough and batters. Alternative flours like almond flour have been used in some bakery products. Alternative cooking techniques like air frying have increased as well due to their ease of use. The objective of this research was to study the effectiveness of air fryer technology on the inactivation of Salmonella in brownies formulated with all-purpose and almond flour. The aw and pH decreased significantly …