Digital Commons Network^™

Extrusion Studies Of Aquaculture Feed Using Distillers Dried Grains With Solubles And Whey, Nehru Chevanan, Kasiviswanathan Muthukumarappan, Kurt A. Rosentrater

Kurt A. Rosentrater

Three isocaloric (3.5 kcal/g) ingredient blends containing 20, 30, and 40% distiller-dried grains with solubles (DDGS) along with 5% whey were prepared with a net protein content adjusted to 28% (wet basis [wb]). Other ingredients in the blends included soy flour, corn flour, fish meal, vitamin, and mineral mix. These blends were extruded in a single-screw extruder at 15, 20, and 25% (wb) moisture content and at 130 and 160 rpm screw speeds. Compared to previous research, the durability and unit density of the extrudates in this study were found to increase substantially by the addition of whey to the …

A Treatise On The Application Of Lifecycle Management Principles In Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Israel S. Dunmade, Kurt A. Rosentrater

Kurt A. Rosentrater

Life Cycle Management (LCM) is a systematic approach, mindset and culture that considers economic, social, and environmental factors among other factors in the decision making process throughout various business or organizational decisions that affect both inputs and outputs of a product or service life cycle. It is a product, process, or activity management system aimed at minimizing environmental and socio-economic burdens associated with an organization’s product or process during its entire life cycle and value chain. LCM’s application is gaining wider acceptance both in the corporate and governmental organizations as an approach to reduce ecological footprints and to improve the …

Effect Of Elusieve Fractionation On Physical Properties Of Distillers Dried Grains With Solubles (Ddgs), Kurt A. Rosentrater, Radhakrishnan Srinivasan

Kurt A. Rosentrater

The production of corn-based ethanol in the U.S. has been dramatically increasing in recent years, and consequently so has the quantity of coproduct materials generated from this processing sector. These streams are primarily utilized as livestock feed, and can partially offset the need for corn in feed rations. As the industry evolves, new technologies are being developed to improve the value proposition of the coproducts, especially distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). One of these is the Elusieve process, which combines sieving and air classification to accomplish fractionation of the DDGS into component-rich (i.e., protein, lipid, fiber) streams. Previous studies …

Cross-Sectional Staining And Surface Properties Of Ddgs Particles And Their Influence On Flowability, Rumela Bhadra, Kurt A. Rosentrater, Kasiviswanathan Muthukumarappan

Kurt A. Rosentrater

With the U.S. fuel ethanol industry projected to grow during the next several years, supplies of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) are anticipated to continue to grow as well. DDGS is used primarily as livestock feed. Much of the DDGS must be shipped, often over large distances, outside the Corn Belt (which is where most of the corn-based ethanol plants are currently located). Stickiness and caking among particles is a common issue for DDGS, and it often leads to flowability problems. To address this, the objective of this study was to understand the cross-sectional and surface natures of DDGS …

Ionic Liquids Containing The Tris(Pentafluoroethyl)Trifluorophosphate Anion: A New Class Of Highly Selective And Ultra Hydrophobic Solvents For The Extraction Of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Using Single Drop Microextraction, Cong Yao, William R. Pitner, Jared L. Anderson

Jared L. Anderson

A new class of ionic liquids (ILs) containing the tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate (FAP) anion are paired with imidazolium, phosphonium, and pyrrolidinium cations and used as extraction solvents in direct immersion single drop microextraction (SDME) studies coupled to high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The selectivity and sensitivity of the extraction method can be tuned and manipulated by varying the cationic component of the IL, thereby providing larger enrichment factors for a variety of analytes, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Compared to other hydrophobic ILs containing the hexafluorophosphate (PF6−) and bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide (NTf2−) anions, FAP-based ILs are significantly more hydrophobic and hydrolytically stable permitting them …

Regio- And Enantioselective N-Allylations Of Imidazole, Benzimidazole, And Purine Heterocycles Catalyzed By Single-Component Metallacyclic Iridium Complexes, Levi M. Stanley, John F. Hartwig

Levi M. Stanley

Highly regio- and enantioselective iridium-catalyzed N-allylations of benzimidazoles, imidazoles, and purines have been developed. N-Allylated benzimidazoles and imidazoles were isolated in high yields (up to 97%) with high branched-to-linear selectivity (up to 99:1) and enantioselectivity (up to 98% ee) from the reactions of benzimidazole and imidazole nucleophiles with unsymmetrical allylic carbonates in the presence of single component, ethylene-bound, metallacyclic iridium catalysts. N-Allylated purines were also obtained in high yields (up to 91%) with high N9/N7 selectivity (up to 96:4), high branched-to-linear selectivity (98:2), and high enantioselectivity (up to 98% ee) under similar conditions. The reactions encompass a range of benzimidazole, …

Tillage And Cropping Sequence Impacts On Nitrogen Cycling In Dryland Farming In Eastern Montana, Usa, Upendra M. Sainju, Thecan Caesar-Tonthat, Andrew W. Lenssen, Robert G. Evans, Robert Kolberg

Andrew W. Lenssen

Information on N cycling in dryland crops and soils as influenced by long-term tillage and cropping sequence is needed to quantify soil N sequestration, mineralization, and N balance to reduce N fertilization rate and N losses through soil processes. The 21-yr effects of the combinations of tillage and cropping sequences was evaluated on dryland crop grain and biomass (stems + leaves) N, soil surface residue N, soil N fractions, and N balance at the 0–20 cm depth in Dooley sandy loam (fine-loamy, mixed, frigid, Typic Argiboroll) in eastern Montana, USA. Treatments were no-tilled continuous spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (NTCW), …

Examining The Effects Of Ethanol Processing And Drying Conditions On The Physical Properties Of Distillers Dried Grains With Solubles (Ddgs), Kurt A. Rosentrater, Brian A. Wrenn

Kurt A. Rosentrater

The production of corn-based ethanol in the U.S. has been dramatically increasing in recent years, and consequently so has the quantity of coproduct materials generated from this processing sector. These streams are primarily utilized as livestock feed, which partially offsets the need for corn in feed rations. Because of its use as an animal feed, considerable research has been conducted into the nutritional properties, and to some extent the physical properties, of commerciallyavailable distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). There are, however, occasions when the quality of coproducts is not consistent. Thus questions regarding the influence of production operations on …

Opinion Dynamics On An Adaptive Random Network, I. J. Benczik, S. Z. Benczik, Beate Schmittmann, R. K. P. Zia

Beate Schmittmann

We revisit the classical model for voter dynamics in a two-party system with two basic modifications. In contrast to the original voter model studied in regular lattices, we implement the opinion formation process in a random network of agents in which interactions are no longer restricted by geographical distance. In addition, we incorporate the rapidly changing nature of the interpersonal relations in the model. At each time step, agents can update their relationships. This update is determined by their own opinion, and by their preference to make connections with individuals sharing the same opinion, or rather with opponents. In this …

A Data Envelopment Analysis Model For Renewable Energy Technology Selection, Elif Kongar, Kurt A. Rosentrater

Kurt A. Rosentrater

Public and media interest in alternative energy sources, such as renewable fuels, has rapidly increased in recent years due to higher prices for oil and natural gas. However, the current body of research providing comparative decision making models that either rank these alternative energy sources and/or determine the best possible alternatives is still limited. This paper aims at filling this gap by proposing a Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model structure for ranking energy source alternatives under varying circumstances. The model considers both the economics of energy sources and additional environmental criteria such as CO2 emissions and damage cost. Numerical examples …

30-Month Post-Breast Cancer Treatment Lymphoedema, Jane M. Armer, Bob R. Stewart, Robin Shook

Robin Shook

Background—Quantification of lymphoedema (LE) has been problematic, and the reported incidence of LE varies greatly among women treated with surgery and radiation for breast cancer. Aims—This study aims to describe LE occurrence over time among breast cancer survivors using four diagnostic criteria based on three measurement techniques. Methods—Limb volume and symptom assessment data were followed after surgery every three months for 12 months, then every six months for 30 months. Limb volume changes (LVC) were measured by circumferences and by perometry, and by symptom experience via interview. Standard survival analysis methods identified when the criteria indicating LE were met. Results—Trends …

Cultural Disturbances And Local Ecological Knowledge Mediate Cattail (Typha Domingensis) Invasion In Lake Pátzcuaro, México, Steven J. Hall

Steven J. Hall

The influence of local actors and socioeconomic constraints on biological invasions is often ignored. Wetland plant harvesters appeared to intentionally influence cattail (Typha domingensis) invasion around Lake Pátzcuaro, México, by altering their harvesting regimes, according to interviews with 44 expert respondents and botanical surveys. The oldest and most experienced harvesters reported controlling Typha initially, sometimes through organized eradication efforts, in order to protect Schoenoplectus californicus, an economically and culturally valuable wetland plant. Later, outsiders commoditized Typha by introducing new weaving designs popular with tourists, while industrial products and new livelihood activities reduced Schoenoplectus harvest. Harvesters from several communities began to …

Application Of Self-Tuning Gaussian Networks For Control Of Civil Structures Equipped With Magnetorheological Dampers, Simon Laflamme, Jerome J. Connor

Simon Laflamme

This paper proposes an adaptive neural network composed of Gaussian radial functions for mapping the behavior of civil structures controlled with magnetorheological dampers. The online adaptation takes into account the limited force output of the semi-active dampers using a sliding mode controller, as their reaction forces are state dependent. The structural response and the actual forces from the dampers are used to adapt the Gaussian network by tuning the radial function widths, centers, and weights. In order to accelerate convergence of the Gaussian radial function network during extraordinary external excitations, the learning rates are also adaptive. The proposed controller is …

Bcc-To-Hcp Transformation Pathways For Iron Versus Hydrostatic Pressure: Coupled Shuffle And Shear Modes, J. B. Liu, Duane D. Johnson

Duane D. Johnson

Using density-functional theory, we calculate the potential-energy surface (PES), minimum-energy pathway (MEP), and transition state (TS) versus hydrostatic pressure σhyd for the reconstructive transformation in Fe from body-centered cubic (bcc) to hexagonal closed-packed (hcp). At fixed σhyd, the PES is described by coupled shear (ϵ) and shuffle (η) modes and is determined from structurally minimized hcp-bcc energy differences at a set of (η,ϵ). We fit the PES using symmetry-adapted polynomials, permitting the MEP to be found analytically. The MEP is continuous and fully explains the transformation and its associated magnetization and volume discontinuity at TS. We show that σhyd (while …

Children's Acceptance, Nutritional, And Instrumental Evaluations Of Whole Grain And Soluble Fiber Enriched Foods, A. Toma, M. B. Omary, L. F. Marquart, E. A. Arndt, Kurt A. Rosentrater, B. Burns-Whitmore, L. Kessler, K. Hwan, A. Sandoval, A. Sung

Kurt A. Rosentrater

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2005 report recommends 3 or more daily ounce-equivalents of whole grains (WG), and the FDA suggests consumption of 25 g of total dietary fiber (TDF) and 6 g of soluble fiber (SF) for a 2000-calorie diet. Efforts to increase the consumption of WG and SF among elementary school-aged children are needed. The objectives of this study were to examine the consumption of WG- and SF-enriched burritos and cookies among elementary school-aged children and to perform a quality evaluation of all products. Children in grades K to 6 from a local elementary school consumed control (CTR) …

Linear Free Energy Relationship Correlations For Room Temperature Ionic Liquids: Revised Cation-Specific And Anion-Specific Equation Coefficients For Predictive Applications Covering A Much Larger Area Of Chemical Space, Laura M. Sprunger, Jennifer Gibbs, Amy Proctor, William E. Acree Jr., Michael H. Abraham, Yunjing Meng, Cong Yao, Jared L. Anderson

Jared L. Anderson

Previously reported ion-specific equation coefficients for both the Abraham general solvation model and Goss modified Abraham model are updated using recently measured activity coefficient, gas chromatographic retention factor, and solubility data for solutes dissolved in room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs). Reported for the first time are equation coefficients for 1-propyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium cation, and octylsulfate and thiocyanate anions. In total nine sets of cation-specific and eight sets of anion-specific equation coefficients have been determined for each model. The derived correlations describe the 976 experimental gas-to-RTIL partition coefficients to within a standard deviation of 0.12 log units and the 955 experimental water-to-RTIL partitions …

Dryland Crop Yields And Soil Organic Matter As Influenced By Long-Term Tillage And Cropping Sequence, Upendra M. Sainju, Andrew W. Lenssen, Thecan Caesar-Tonthat, Robert G. Evans

Andrew W. Lenssen

Novel management practices are needed to improve the declining dryland crop yields and soil organic matter contents using conventional farming practices in the northern Great Plains. We evaluated the 21-yr effect of tillage and cropping sequence on dryland grain and biomass (stems + leaves) yields of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), and pea (Pisum sativum L.) and soil organic matter at the 0- to 20-cm depth in eastern Montana, USA. Treatments were no-tilled continuous spring wheat (NTCW), spring-tilled continuous spring wheat (STCW), fall- and spring-tilled continuous spring wheat (FSTCW), fall- and spring-tilled spring wheat-barley (1984–1999) followed …

Flowability Properties Of Commercial Distillers Dried Grains With Solubles (Ddgs), Rumela Bhadra, Kasiviswanathan Muthukumarappan, Kurt A. Rosentrater

Kurt A. Rosentrater

Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), the major coproduct from the corn-based fuel ethanol industry, is primarily used as livestock feed. Due to high protein, fiber, and energy contents, there is a high demand for DDGS. Flowability of DDGS is often hindered due the phenomenon of caking. Shipping and handling of DDGS has thus become a major issue due to bridge formation between the DDGS particles. The objective of this investigation was to measure flowability characteristics of DDGS samples from five ethanol plants in the north central region of the United States. Carr and Jenike tests were performed and the …

Macroporous Silica Using A “Sticky” Stöber Process, Rebecca Cademartiri, Michael A. Brook, Robert Pelton, John D. Brennan

Rebecca Cademartiri

The generation of macroporous silica structures using a sol–gel process generally requires the presence of high molecular weight, water-soluble polymers. We demonstrate that significantly lower molecular weight poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) polymers can drive a particle aggregation process to generate macroporous silica. Compared to unfunctionalized PEGs (HO–PEG–HO, molecular weight > 10 000 g mol−1), PEG polymers with allyl (A–PEG–A) or silyl end groups (CH2)3Si(OEt)3 (Si–PEG–Si), with molecular weights of 2000 g mol−1 or greater, lead to monolithic macroporous structures derived from aggregates of nearly monodisperse particles. Lower molecular weight (less than 1000 g mol−1) allyl or silyl PEG, or hydroxy-terminated PEG–OH, lead …

Teaching Reflexive Practice In Archives: Questioning Permanence, Evidence, And Institutions, Kimberly D. Anderson

Kimberly D. Anderson

Part of session 1.4: "Indigenous Memory, Identity, and Sustability: Decolonizing Archival Education and Methods"

Session abstract: Scholars who have conducted research on and with archives in indigenous and marginalized communities will describe the Western hegemony in current archival systems and practices. They will suggest ways to decolonize and pluralize archival education, thus giving voice to indigenous knowledge systems and community-based rules and norms for preserving memory and identity. They will suggest methods for archival education that is inclusive and culturally responsive.

Alfp: Identifying Issues In Lymphoedema In Hte Us, Jane Armer, Joseph Feldman, Mei Fu, Nicole Stout, Bonnie Lasinski, Catherine Tuppo, Marcia Beck, Julie Rodrick, Robin Shook, Pierre Gonon, Constance Brooks, Christine Moffatt, Bob Stewart, Janice Cormier

Robin Shook

The American Lymphedema Framework Project (ALFP) is a national initiative introduced in 2008 to improve the management of lymphoedema (LE) and related disorders in the United States. A National Stakeholders Conference was held in March 2009 to share perspectives on the current state of LE, establish priority issues, and recommend actions to move the field forward.

Adult Education 101 For Extension Educators, Johnnie R. Westbrook, Nancy K. Franz Dr.

Nancy K. Franz

Successful Extension educators artfully combine their content matter expertise with their ability to work with adults in an educational setting. This publication compares and contrasts four approaches to adult education: 1.) Andragogy, 2.) Adult Education Working Philosophy, 3.) Facilitating Adult Self-Directed Learning, and 4.) Integrated Perspective of Learning. The implications of these adult education practices will help Extension educators improve educational impact when working with adults.

Analysis Of Betaine And Choline Contents Of Aleurone, Bran, And Flour Fractions Of Wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.) Using 1h Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (Nmr) Spectroscopy, Stewart F. Graham, James Hollis, Marie Migaud, Roy A. Browne

James Hollis

In conventional milling, the aleurone layer is combined with the bran fraction. Studies indicate that the bran fraction of wheat contains the majority of the phytonutrients betaine and choline, with relatively minor concentrations in the refined flour. This present study suggests that the wheat aleurone layer (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Tiger) contains the greatest concentration of both betaine and choline (1553.44 and 209.80 mg/100 g of sample, respectively). The bran fraction contained 866.94 and 101.95 mg/100 g of sample of betaine and choline, respectively, while the flour fraction contained 23.30 mg/100 g of sample (betaine) and 28.0 mg/100 g of …

How Farmers Learn: Improving Sustainable Agricultural Education, Nancy K. Franz, Fred P. Piercy, Joseph Donaldson, Jessie Deelo, Johnnie Westbrook, Robert Richard

Nancy K. Franz

This project examines how farmers prefer to learn and what that means for agricultural education, especially Extension educational program development and delivery. Extension educators use a variety of methods for teaching content and processes that enhance farmer learning and adoption of new practices. This research project specifically looked at farmer learning preferences and Extension educator’s instructional methods.

Study Of A Nanoscale Water Cluster By Atomic Force Microscopy, Manhee Lee, Baekman Sung, Nicole N. Hashemi, Wonho Jhe

Nastaran Hashemi

We present a novel method for investigating a nanometric cluster of water molecules, which includes the formation and manipulation of nanometric water, and the measurement of its mechanical properties. The atomic force microscope based on the quartz tuning-fork sensor is employed to form and manipulate the nanometric water, and the theoretical tool of amplitude-modulation atomic force microscopy is used to obtain the elasticity, viscosity and dissipation energy of it. With high vertical resolution less than [similar]0.1 nm and high force sensitivity of [similar]0.01 N m−1, this tool facilitates the stable formation and manipulation of a nano-water cluster ([similar]104 molecules) in …

The Development And Implementation Of A Nanotechnology Module Into A Large, Freshman Engineering Course, Vinod Lohani, Ganesh Balasubramanian, Ishwar Puri, Scott Case, Roop Mahajan

Ganesh Balasubramanian

The development and implementation of a nanotechnology learning module into a freshman engineering course in Virginia Tech’s large engineering program is discussed. This module, a part of a spiral theory based nanotechnology option that will be implemented in the curriculum of the Engineering Science Mechanics (ESM) department at Virginia Tech, was piloted with ~180 freshmen in Spring ’08. The pilot included a prior knowledge survey, a 40-minute in-class presentation on nanotechnology, a hands-on module involving analysis of nanoscale images, plotting of force functions at atomic scale using LABVIEW, and a post-module survey. Students’ misconceptions, observed through the prior knowledge survey, …

Influence Of The Graphitisation Of Hollow Carbon Nanofibers On Their Functionalisation And Subsequent Filling With Metal Nanoparticles, Jean-Philippe Tessonnier, Dirk Rosenthal, Frank Girgsdies, Julien Amadou, Dominique Begin, Cuong Pham-Huu, Dang Sheng Su, Robert Schlogl

Jean-Philippe Tessonnier

The functionalisation of carbon nanomaterials with the standard nitric acid treatment is greatly influenced by their graphitic character. The structural order directs the density as well as the nature of the created functional groups and, as a consequence, influences the efficiency of their filling with metal nanoparticles.

Furfural Inhibits Growth By Limiting Sulfur Assimilation In Ethanologenic Escherichia Coli Strain Ly180, Elliot N. Miller, Laura R. Jarboe, Peter C. Turner, Prita Pharkya, Lorraine P. Yomano, Sean W. York, David Nunn, K. T. Shanmugan, Lonnie O. Ingram

Laura R. Jarboe

A wide variety of commercial products can be potentially made from monomeric sugars produced by the dilute acid hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. However, this process is accompanied by side products such as furfural that hinder microbial growth and fermentation. To investigate the mechanism of furfural inhibition, mRNA microarrays of an ethanologenic strain of Escherichia coli (LY180) were compared immediately prior to and 15 min after a moderate furfural challenge. Expression of genes and regulators associated with the biosynthesis of cysteine and methionine was increased by furfural, consistent with a limitation of these critical metabolites. This was in contrast to a …

Designing An Intelligent Discourse Evaluation Tool: Theoretical, Empirical, And Technological Considerations, Elena Cotos

Elena Cotos

Considering the promising potential of ICALL and intelligent feedback, this paper addresses this topic from the perspective of practical applications. It reviews existing intelligent language learning systems and their feedback capabilities, arguing that while ICALL is very promising and highly complex, its development should be more principled. In other words, the decisions behind the system design need to be justified theoretically, integrating technology with theory, research, and practice in instructed SLA. To support this argument, this paper provides an example of how this was achieved in the context of L2 graduate academic writing. It describes a new natural language processing-based …

Amino-Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes As Solid Basic Catalysts For The Transesterification Of Triglycerides, Alberto Villa, Jean-Philippe Tessonnier, Olivier Majoulet, Dang Shen Su, Robert Schlogl

Jean-Philippe Tessonnier

Multiwalled carbon nanotubes grafted with various amino groups show high activity and stability when used as basic catalysts for the transesterification of triglycerides.