Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Institution
- Keyword
-
- Groundwater--Pollution (14)
- Biological sciences (12)
- Health and environmental sciences (11)
- Agriculture (10)
- Constructed wetlands (9)
-
- GIS (9)
- Nitrogen (8)
- Sustainability (8)
- Phosphorus (7)
- Renewable Energy (7)
- Virginia (7)
- #afcec (6)
- Biogeochemistry (6)
- Freshwater (6)
- Lake Michigan (6)
- Texas (6)
- Water (6)
- Climate Change (5)
- Climate change (5)
- Gulf of Mexico (5)
- Soil pollution (5)
- South Texas (5)
- Wastewater (5)
- Water Quality (5)
- Water quality (5)
- Adsorption (4)
- Aquifers (4)
- Biodegradation (4)
- Bioremediation (4)
- Conservation (4)
- Publication Year
Articles 481 - 510 of 539
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Modeling The Effect Of Nonlinear And Rate-Limited Sorption On The Natural Attenuation Of Chlorinated Ethenes, Peter P. Feng
Modeling The Effect Of Nonlinear And Rate-Limited Sorption On The Natural Attenuation Of Chlorinated Ethenes, Peter P. Feng
Theses and Dissertations
Chlorinated solvents like tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichloroethene (TCE) are the most common detected groundwater contaminants at Department of Defense installations in the United States. Unfortunately, technologies conventionally used to remediate chlorinated solvent-contaminated groundwater often fall short of achieving regulatory goals. Natural attenuation of chlorinated solvents offers an alternative remediation strategy that may achieve goals. However, the processes involved with natural attenuation are not fully understood, and this lack of understanding has hindered acceptance of natural attenuation by regulatory agencies. This study involved use of a numerical model that incorporated the physical, chemical, and biological processes thought to be relevant to …
In Situ Treatment Of Chlorinated Ethene-Contaminated Groundwater Using Horizontal Flow Treatment Wells, Derek R. Ferland
In Situ Treatment Of Chlorinated Ethene-Contaminated Groundwater Using Horizontal Flow Treatment Wells, Derek R. Ferland
Theses and Dissertations
The limitations of conventional containment technologies for groundwater contaminated with chlorinated solvents have motivated development of innovative technologies to achieve national groundwater remediation objectives. One inn9vative technology that is currently under development involves metal reductants or catalysts to chemically destroy the dissolved chlorinated solvent. Models are important tools that can be used to help transition this technology to the field. Model studies can be used to gain understanding about the technology, help determine when the prospective technology might work for a given site, and design full-scale field applications.
Analysis Of The Air Force Iso 14001 Pilot Study Conducted By Dod, Rodney C. Harris
Analysis Of The Air Force Iso 14001 Pilot Study Conducted By Dod, Rodney C. Harris
Theses and Dissertations
The Department of Defense (DoD) conducted an ISO 14001 pilot study with the primary goal of determining how ISO 14001 could help DoD organizations reduce risks, improve compliance with environmental regulations, enhance stewardship, contain costs, and meet emerging regulatory requirements. This thesis analyzed the pilot study, specifically looking at the ISO 14001 implementation at three Air Force installations participating in the study. The research objectives were to identify factors that affect implementation of ISO 14001, compare the implementation strategies used by the bases, and develop propositions for Air Force managers to consider when implementing ISO 14001. Interviews of key personnel, …
Toxicity Of Tolyltriazole To Gram-Positive Coccus Microorganisms, Heather L. Mitchell
Toxicity Of Tolyltriazole To Gram-Positive Coccus Microorganisms, Heather L. Mitchell
Theses and Dissertations
Maintaining safe flight operations, military and civilian, in cold weather requires the use of de-icing fluids. Glycols, the primary component of de-icers, have been extensively studied. Water and additives such as corrosion inhibitors and other performance enhancing chemicals make up the remaining portion of de-icing fluids. Little research has been conducted on the additives, but several are suspected toxins to microorganisms, therefore the EPA regulates the disposal of spent de-icing fluids. Tolyltriazole, a corrosion inhibitor found in de-icing fluids, is a suspected human carcinogen. It is also known to be moderately toxic to microorganisms based on Microtox results. The purpose …
The Effect Of Divalent Cations On The Prophenoloxidase Enzyme Cascade Activity In The Freshwater Crayfish Cambarus Latimanus, Hans Skailand Eikaas
The Effect Of Divalent Cations On The Prophenoloxidase Enzyme Cascade Activity In The Freshwater Crayfish Cambarus Latimanus, Hans Skailand Eikaas
Theses and Dissertations
The effect of divalent cations such as cadmium, calcium, copper, lead and magnesium upon the prophenoloxidase system (proPO) was studied in hemocytes of the crayfish Cambarus latimanus. It was demonstrated that cadmium, calcium, copper and lead increased proPO activity significantly, whereas magnesium had no statistically significant effect on the system. Also, the molecular weight of the proPO enzyme was estimated using SDS-PAGE and found to be approximately 76 kDa.
Evaporation Of Jet Fuels, Charles Eric Hack
Evaporation Of Jet Fuels, Charles Eric Hack
Theses and Dissertations
Determining the fate and transport of JP-8 jet fuel is a complex and important problem. As part of the startup procedures for jet engines, fuel is passed through aircraft engines before combustion is initiated. Because of the extremely low temperatures at northern tier Air Force bases, the unburned fuel does not evaporate readily and may come into contact with ground crew. To determine the amount and duration of contaminant contact, the evaporation of the emitted fuel must be modeled. The amount and composition of the fuel upon reaching the ground crew may be determined by droplet evaporation models that have …
High-Grade Paper Recycling: A Program Management Perspective, Rodger L. Carter
High-Grade Paper Recycling: A Program Management Perspective, Rodger L. Carter
Theses and Dissertations
Recycling of high-grade paper is one method of reducing the use of natural resources and the amount of waste being emitted into the environment, both in the process of manufacturing and in the disposal of unneeded documents. The Air Force Materiel Command (AFMC) is a significant user of high-grade paper, thus recycling represents a potential saving to society in the form of lessened negative impact on the environment as the result of AFMC operations. The possibility also exists for AFMC to reduce operating costs. The purpose of this study is to explore means of reducing high-grade paper disposal by AFMC, …
Assessment Of The Availability And Exploitation Of Hydric Resources In The Choquenaira Community, Luis Lizardo Iturry Urquizo
Assessment Of The Availability And Exploitation Of Hydric Resources In The Choquenaira Community, Luis Lizardo Iturry Urquizo
Theses and Dissertations
The precipitation data of the El Alto, Tambillo and Comanche stations are homogenous and consistent. The meteorological data from Irpa Chico, Collana and Viacha are consistent, but heterogeneous. The monthly precipitation in Viacha in December, January, March and April are better examples of a normal distribution in comparison to the months of October, November and February. The average annual precipitation in Viacha, in a thirty-four year time period, is 559 mm. Some 76% of this precipitation occurs in November to March. The minimum precipitation in Viacha, with an 80% probability of absence for the vegetative period, from October to April …
Sub-Lethal Effects Of Hypoxia/Hypercapnia On Callinectes Sapidus In The York River Estuary, Virginia, Sandra R. Hypes
Sub-Lethal Effects Of Hypoxia/Hypercapnia On Callinectes Sapidus In The York River Estuary, Virginia, Sandra R. Hypes
Theses and Dissertations
This research examined effects of hypoxic environments on blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus in an estuarine environment. Hypoxic conditions were treated as a multiple stressor involving low dissolved oxygen (D.O.), increased carbon dioxide (hypercapnia), and low pH concurrently. The objectives were to: 1) identify hypoxiahypercapnia by monitoring D.O. and pH as an indicator of hypercapnia in shallow regions of the York River, 2) measure blue crab abundance, and 3) describe blue crab responses to hypoxiahypercapnia via field work at Taskinas Creek and lab measurements of respiration. Ambient D.O. and pH were positively correlated in the Taskinas Creek and York River sites …
Three-Dimensional Calculation Of Contaminant Transport In Groundwater At A Dover Afb Site, Tariq O. Hashim
Three-Dimensional Calculation Of Contaminant Transport In Groundwater At A Dover Afb Site, Tariq O. Hashim
Theses and Dissertations
Macroscale rate-limited sorption modeling was tested using a production transport code, the GMS/FEMWATER ground-water modeling package. The code (Version 1.1 of FEMWATER. dated 1 August 1995) was applied to a 3D conceptual model developed from a field site at Dover AFB, DE. A simulation was performed of a 200 hour contaminant injection pulse followed by clean water flushing. A moment analysis performed on the resulting breakthrough curve validated code self-consistency. Another injection pulse simulation showed that retardation temporally delays the breakthrough peak. Transport simulations of pulsed clean water pumping of the test cell with a prescribed initial contaminant distribution demonstrated …
Analysis Of Hydric Pine Flatwood Ephemeral Pool Macroinvertebrate And Crustacean Assemblages Along A Temporal And Spatial Gradient From A Hypothesized Colonial Source, Henry Leon Griffith
Analysis Of Hydric Pine Flatwood Ephemeral Pool Macroinvertebrate And Crustacean Assemblages Along A Temporal And Spatial Gradient From A Hypothesized Colonial Source, Henry Leon Griffith
Theses and Dissertations
A survey of the macroinvertebrate and crustacean assemblages in hydric pine flatwood wetlands during fill and drawdown periods was conducted from September to November 1998, in Lee County, Florida. Physical and chemical information, relationships between community composition and physical and chemical conditions were analyzed and a monitoring plan for detecting impacts of declining water supply in hydric pine flatwood communities was proposed. In addition, possible sources of colonists and patterns of community assemblage were investigated. Twelve ephemeral pools and three associated intermittently exposed cypress heads were sampled monthly, over three months, using 1 D-ring benthic sweep, 2 Hester-Dendy multiple plate …
Mobilization Of Trace Elements In Aquifers By Biodegradation Of Hydrocarbon Contaminants, Scott L. Kearney
Mobilization Of Trace Elements In Aquifers By Biodegradation Of Hydrocarbon Contaminants, Scott L. Kearney
Theses and Dissertations
This study had two objectives: (1) to determine the extent of metal mobility within petroleum-contaminated aquifers, (2) to determine if biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons can explain metal mobility. The approach reviewed analytical results from 2305 groundwater sampling events, taken from 958 wells, located at 136 sites found at 53 Air Force installations. The study showed that high levels of metals are present at petroleum hydrocarbon sites where metals would not generally be expected. Of the metals with drinking water maximum contaminant levels (MCLs), mercury and silver were detected the least frequently. Barium and copper were detected at the sites, but …
Modeling The Uptake And Transpiration Of Tce Using Phreatophytic Trees, Douglas P. Wise
Modeling The Uptake And Transpiration Of Tce Using Phreatophytic Trees, Douglas P. Wise
Theses and Dissertations
Phytoremediation is a recent addition to the numerous methods used today to remediate ground water contaminants. It is proving more effective and efficient compared to existing remediation techniques. The use of phreatophytes, or water seeking trees, has great potential for phytoremediation. These trees are fast growing, long lived, grow their roots down to the ground water table, transpire large amounts of water, and are proven to actively remove contaminants from the soil horizon. The purpose of this research is to develop quantitative concepts for understanding the dynamics of TCE uptake and transpiration by phreatophytic trees over a short rotation woody …
The Fate And Transport Of Airborne Jp-4 And Jp-8 Aerosol During Cold Startup, Bradford Eugene Buckman
The Fate And Transport Of Airborne Jp-4 And Jp-8 Aerosol During Cold Startup, Bradford Eugene Buckman
Theses and Dissertations
During cold startup (engine warm-up) procedures at northern tier bases, fuel aerosol (JP-4 and JP-8) is emitted before complete combustion of the fuel occurs. The time necessary for complete combustion to occur may be as long as 10 minutes. Hence, during these first few minutes, aerosol is emitted at relatively high concentrations. This research investigates the principle behavior of the emitted aerosol: advection, dispersion, evaporation, and settling. Using previous work in fuel jettisoning and evaporation as a foundation, this thesis investigates the physical factors affecting the airborne concentration of fuel aerosol at different times, the amount of fuel aerosol reaching …
A System Dynamics Model Of The Bioavailability Of Metals In Constructed Wetland Sediment, Timothy S. Wood
A System Dynamics Model Of The Bioavailability Of Metals In Constructed Wetland Sediment, Timothy S. Wood
Theses and Dissertations
Constructed wetlands used for storm water treatment accumulate metals primarily in their sediment. This sediment has the potential to produce toxic effects in benthic organisms at some period in time. Bioavailability of metals in sediment is directly linked to pore water metal activity. The mechanisms that influence pore water metal activity are included in physical, chemical, and biological processes. A system dynamics model was developed to represent these processes and the major influences affecting pore water metal activity in a treatment wetland receiving storm water influent. The model structure and behavior was tested and validated using several system dynamics validation …
An Investigation Of Plume Rise From Titan Iv Rocket Launches, Joseph D. Brands
An Investigation Of Plume Rise From Titan Iv Rocket Launches, Joseph D. Brands
Theses and Dissertations
Space launches at Cape Canaveral Air Station (CCAS) and Vandenberg Air Force Base (vAFB) produce exhaust ground clouds from the solid rocket boosters and liquid hypergolic fuels containing several toxic substances. In order to estimate the health effects that would be imposed upon the public by scheduled launches, range safety officials rely on the Rocket Exhaust Effluent Diffusion Model to predict ground level concentrations of these substances. A drawback to the REEDM is its underprediction of the initial ground clouds stabilization height. This underprediction causes an overprediction of the ground level toxic substance concentrations. This thesis focused on increasing the …
Modeling Uptake And Translocation Of Lead (Pb) In Maize For The Purposes Of Phytoextraction, Mark A. Brennan
Modeling Uptake And Translocation Of Lead (Pb) In Maize For The Purposes Of Phytoextraction, Mark A. Brennan
Theses and Dissertations
Phytoextraction is a remediation technology that uses plants to remove heavy metals from soil. This technology has the potential to decrease the costs of remediating contaminated sites by several orders of magnitude compared to traditional technologies. To effectively implement this technology requires an understanding of the plant processes that control uptake and translocation of metals from the soil. Currently these processes are poorly understood, and especially so for Pb. The purpose of this thesis was to gain insights concerning the plant mechanisms that control uptake and translocation of Pb and how these mechanisms interact to control levels of Pb accumulation …
A Modeling Study For The Implementation Of In Situ Cometabolic Bioremediation Of Trichloroethylene-Contaminated Groundwater., John A. Christ
A Modeling Study For The Implementation Of In Situ Cometabolic Bioremediation Of Trichloroethylene-Contaminated Groundwater., John A. Christ
Theses and Dissertations
The limitations of conventional groundwater remediation technologies have led to the development of innovative technologies which may achieve national hazardous waste site remediation goals. Before an innovative technology can be implemented in the field, remedial project managers, regulators and other stakeholders require adequate modeling tools to help assess the applicability of the technology at a particular site. This modeling study investigates how an innovative technology, in situ cometabolic bioremediation, might be implemented to remediate a TCE-contaminated site, under different site conditions. A steady-state model is developed which couples an analytical expression to simulate the effect of flow between multiple pumping …
A Comparison Of Movements And Burrow Usage Between Indigenous And Relocated Gopher Tortoises (Gopherus Polyphemus) In A Fall Line Sandhills Community, Dorinda Morpeth
A Comparison Of Movements And Burrow Usage Between Indigenous And Relocated Gopher Tortoises (Gopherus Polyphemus) In A Fall Line Sandhills Community, Dorinda Morpeth
Theses and Dissertations
The movements and burrow use of twenty (ten relocated and ten indigenous to the relocation site) adult gopher tortoises {Gopherus polyphemus) were followed during the late spring, summer and early autumn in Talbot County, Georgia. The objectives of this study were to determine whether relocated gopher tortoises developed fidelity to a relocation site, and whether indigenous tortoises reacted adversely to relocated tortoises released in their proximity. Ten tortoises in the right-of-way of a highway construction project were captured, fitted with transmitters, and relocated to a 336 hectare tract of land, 3.2 km east of Geneva, Talbot, County, Georgia. Concurrently, ten …
A Descriptive Survey Of Freshwater Unionidae Bivalves In Five Creeks Located In West Central Georgia, Rufus Carson Stringfellow
A Descriptive Survey Of Freshwater Unionidae Bivalves In Five Creeks Located In West Central Georgia, Rufus Carson Stringfellow
Theses and Dissertations
A descriptive survey of the West Georgia, Chattahoochee River drainage unionid bivalve fauna inhabiting Mountain Oak, Mulberry, Standing Boy, and Upatoi Creeks has been completed. The survey is intended to determine whether Unionidae populations remain extant in this portion of the Chattahoochee River drainage, and to estimate the abundance and distribution of species encountered. Accessibility sampling was employed; sites selected to be surveyed were usually located at a road bridge or some landmark easily identifiable for geographical positioning. Collecting methods included the use of a small rake in sandy or silty substrate, visual detection of siphons or trails in the …
Response Surface Methodology: An Analytical Method For Locating Migrated Contaminant Sources, Orlando J. Dona Jr.
Response Surface Methodology: An Analytical Method For Locating Migrated Contaminant Sources, Orlando J. Dona Jr.
Theses and Dissertations
The use and storage of hazardous chemicals at U.S. military facilities often adversely affect the groundwater when contaminants infiltrate the subsurface as a result of leaks and accidental spills. These contaminants, if not located and remediated in a relatively short time, may move and settle unpredictably, essentially creating a source some distance from the original leak or spill. An example of this phenomenon is found with migrating dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) contaminants. Although various methods for estimating the present day locations of these migrated contaminants are in use, accurately pinpointing the source of contaminants remains a difficult problem in …
Surfactant Enhanced Microbial Degradation Of Jp-8 Contaminated Soil, John D. Thomas
Surfactant Enhanced Microbial Degradation Of Jp-8 Contaminated Soil, John D. Thomas
Theses and Dissertations
This research effort used an automated respirometer to evaluate the enhancement of JP-8 fuel biodegradation, from surfactant addition. Two nonionic surfactants, Novell 1412-7 and Alfonic 810-4.5 were chosen for addition to contaminated JP-8, microcosms at three levels of treatment. The three levels of treatment included sub-CMC, CMC, and supra-CMC concentrations for each surfactant. The Novell II, nonionic surfactant, exhibited inhibitory characteristics, and was eliminated from the study. The focus of the study was to determine if JP-8 was actually degraded, and if enhancement of JP-8 biodegradation would be achieved from surfactant addition. The respirometer was found to be repeatable within …
Modeling Marine Exposure To Polychlorinated Biphenyls From Sunken Ships, Charles N. Wendt
Modeling Marine Exposure To Polychlorinated Biphenyls From Sunken Ships, Charles N. Wendt
Theses and Dissertations
In the past, the U.S. Navy has routinely conducted SINKing EXercises (SINKEX) for training, weapon effectiveness tests, and economic disposal of aging assets. Recent concern over polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) chemicals aboard such target vessels has resulted in a suspension of SINKEX. The U.S. Navy has approximately 200 vessels currently requiring such disposal. Environmental legislation and health concerns preclude selling such vessels to foreign governments or scrapping. This work attempted to model the fate and transport of these PCBs by examining their transport to coastal water and their accumulation in the marine food chain. The model includes biodegradation, upwelling, partitioning of …
Local Effects Of Solid Rocket Motor Exhaust On Stratospheric Ozone Concentrations, Brian K. George
Local Effects Of Solid Rocket Motor Exhaust On Stratospheric Ozone Concentrations, Brian K. George
Theses and Dissertations
Solid Rocket Motors (SRMs) power the initial flight of the Space Shuttle and Titan IV rocket. During those first two minutes after liftoff, the exhaust plumes from these motors emit large quantities of chlorine compounds and alumina particles into the atmosphere. For years scientists have argued that such a large chlorine input, injected directly into the stratosphere, would photochemically react with the surrounding air to cause significant ozone depletion. To answer the question of whether SRM exhaust causes a significant ozone depletion, Version 7 data from the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) instrument was analyzed for the 30 days prior …
The Biodegradation Characteristics Of Proposed Fuel Systems Icing Inhibitors (Fsii), Charles E. Meshako
The Biodegradation Characteristics Of Proposed Fuel Systems Icing Inhibitors (Fsii), Charles E. Meshako
Theses and Dissertations
The biodegradation characteristics of three fuel system icing ihhibitors (FSII) were evaluated. FSII are jet fuel additives that partition into water readily and are present in the water drained from storage tank bottoms in concentrations approaching 40%. These concentrations raise concerns as to the disposal and handling of these wastes. The current FSII, DiEGME was evaluated along with two new candidates, dipropylene glycol and glycerol formal. DiEGME appeared to be moderately but not completely biodegradable. It is likely that much of it would be removed in a wastewater treatment plant. Dipropylene glycol only showed signs of degradation after more than …
Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy On Solution Samples Using Surface Excitation, Leonard M. Berman
Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy On Solution Samples Using Surface Excitation, Leonard M. Berman
Theses and Dissertations
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a spectroscopic technique where output from a pulsed laser is focused onto a target in order to create an intense plasma. The optical emission is characteristic of the elements in the focal volume and can be used for elemental analysis. Research on the detection of nickel in solution in addition to solvent detection of CCl4, CHCl3, C2Cl4, and C2HCl3 has been performed. Breakdown was formed at the sample surface via a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. Initially, operation of the laser was at 1064 nm/repetition rate of 5 Hz. Experiments …
Mass Transport Of Volatile Organic Compounds Between The Saturated And Vadose Zones, Monte S. Harner
Mass Transport Of Volatile Organic Compounds Between The Saturated And Vadose Zones, Monte S. Harner
Theses and Dissertations
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) dissolved in the saturated zone are transported into the vadose zone primarily by gaseous phase diffusion. If the saturated zone is remediated, VOCs present in the vadose zone may become a secondary source of contamination for the groundwater. The amount of VOCs that remain in the vadose zone is dependent on site hydrology, soil properties, and the chemical properties of the contaminants. The purpose of this study was to determine what conditions caused VOC concentrations in the vadose zone to significantly recontaminate the saturated zone. A one-dimensional numerical model was developed to investigate the transport of …
Evaluating The Hazardous Materials (Hazmat) Pharmacy Among Air Force Majcoms Using Waste Reductions And Activity Indicators, W. Edward Iseman Jr.
Evaluating The Hazardous Materials (Hazmat) Pharmacy Among Air Force Majcoms Using Waste Reductions And Activity Indicators, W. Edward Iseman Jr.
Theses and Dissertations
The Hazardous Materials (HazMat) Pharmacy has been designed as an environmentally friendly vehicle to handle, store, dispense, track, recycle, and dispose of hazardous materials in the Air Force. This thesis effort proposed a method in which valuable feedback for the pharmacy can be obtained. Because it is still in the early stages of implementation, there has been little feedback on the pharmacy. An activity index that uses a variable most closely associated with the generation of hazardous waste in a MAJCOM is proposed. Using an aircraft maintenance related variable, like maximum take-off weight, the fluctuations in mission over time can …
An Activity Driver Based Analysis Of Hazardous Materials Usage At Wright-Patterson Afb, Charles D. Perham
An Activity Driver Based Analysis Of Hazardous Materials Usage At Wright-Patterson Afb, Charles D. Perham
Theses and Dissertations
As the Air Force has progressed and succeeded in the realm of pollution prevention, the opportunities for further progress have become more challenging. With the 'low-hanging fruit' now gone from the pollution prevention tree, new methods to identify opportunities must be adopted. This research effort applied a subset of activity based costing, activity driver analysis, to reveal pollution prevention opportunities in regards to hazardous materials usage. A sample of base organizations (civil engineering and aircraft maintenance), and a sample of the hazardous chemicals (Class C or most hazardous) used by those organizations were investigated to determine the drivers behind usage.
An Exploration Of Environmental Technology Transition From The Laboratory To The Field, Michael A. Greiner
An Exploration Of Environmental Technology Transition From The Laboratory To The Field, Michael A. Greiner
Theses and Dissertations
Environmental policy, social factors, individual behavior, and environmental technologies are key factors in improving the current condition of the environment. The Department of Defense (DoD) is not immune to these aspects, as its actions have and will continue to impact the environment in which they conduct operations. The objective of this research is to analyze the environmental technology aspect of improving environmental conditions. Of particular interest, what barriers and bridges are encountered when an Air Force laboratory transitions environmental technologies to an end-user: operational field organization or major weapon system. The research employs a case study methodology to analyze five …