Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons^™

A Practical Application Of Self Psychology In Counseling, A. Jordan Wright

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

Self psychology has undergone a significant evolution since it was initially developed and proposed by Heinz Kohut, including broadening conceptions of what purposes selfobjects can serve for individuals. Its application to counseling has been as an organizing framework and overarching theory of human development and psychopathology. The concept of selfobjects, however, has the potential to provide specific guidance and technique in micro-interactions within counseling. Individual moments within counseling present opportunities for a counselor to intervene, and self psychology can provide a deliberate decision-making tool for how to respond. Being deliberate in interventions throughout counseling has the potential to improve outcomes. …

Supervision Strategies To Facilitate Vicarious Post Traumatic Growth Among Trauma Counselors, Jennifer D. Deaton, Brooke Wymer, Ryan G. Carlson

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

Counselors working with clients who have experienced trauma may encounter a range of indirect trauma responses (i.e., vicarious trauma, compassion fatigue, and/or secondary traumatic stress). Alternatively, counselors may experience positive affects such as living life more fully, treating others differently, or becoming more emotionally expressive in their relationships due to indirect trauma exposure. The latter experience is called vicarious post traumatic growth and has implications for more positive counselor functioning and better client outcomes. In this article, we review four enabling factors of vicarious post traumatic growth to provide supervision strategies to address indirect trauma; meaning making, social interests, social …

Integrating Vicarious Resilience Into Counselor Education Programs, Olivia T. Ngadjui

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

To support the retention of counselors in the field, suggestions influenced by a deficit lens caution and affirm the importance of preventative wellness to counselors while highlighting the impact related to the lack of attentiveness towards counselors’ well-being such as impairment, vicarious trauma, compassion fatigue and burnout. The construct of vicarious resilience is a transformative lens of care (Hernandez-Wolfe, 2018). For counselors, this lens includes substantial benefits towards the counselor’s wellbeing when collaborating with empathy and care to reframe initial thinking surrounding the therapeutic relationship. This article consists of a conceptual framework for integrating vicarious resilience into counselor education as …

A Social Justice Recruitment And Retention Model For Diversifying School Counselor Education, Caroline Lopez-Perry, Malti Tuttle, Jung H. Hyun, Shanel Robinson

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

A social justice recruitment and retention model for BIPOC school counselors into counselor education doctoral programs is described. This article represents a call to action for counselor educators to examine their practices and policies for recruiting and retaining BIPOC school counselors in doctoral programs and the field of counselor education.

Counselor Educators Experiences And Techniques Teaching About Social-Health Inequities, Kaprea Johnson, Lauren B. Robins

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

Social Determinants of Health (SDOH) are social-health inequities which cause wellness disparities amongst the population. This phenomenological investigation explored counselor educators’ (N=12) methods for teaching about SDOH. Two structural themes (pedagogic strategies and instructor context) and seven textural themes were identified, displaying the comprehensive coverage of SDOH in counseling courses. Implications for refinement of SDOH coverage are included.

Will To Meaning: A Pilot Study On Teaching Existential Theory Through Creative Techniques, Laura L. Wood, Lori Mcandrew, Jason S. Frydman

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

Early career clinicians have reported limited experience utilizing existential concepts in their clinical practice. This deficit may be attributed to a gap in training. Further, utilizing creative techniques to elucidate conceptual understanding has a demonstrated history of effectiveness in the classroom. This study explored whether the use of creative instructional techniques supports student learning of existential counseling theory, and, if so, which specific tools do students prefer. Through pairing existential concepts with creative instructional techniques, the researchers hypothesized that understanding would increase. Students reported a significant increase in their knowledge of existential concepts following the use of creative instructional techniques …

Enhancing Clinical Competencies In Counselor Education: The Deliberate Practice Coaching Framework, Taylor Irvine, Chelsea Fullilove, Arielle Osman, Lilia Farmanara, Kelly Emelianchik-Key

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

In the counselor education (CE) literature, there remains a paucity of available research on systematic methods to enhance counselors-in-training (CIT) clinical competencies. Currently, CIT report feeling not only ill-equipped in essential counseling competencies upon graduating, but they also indicate diminished self-efficacy before engaging in clinical work. Therefore, we propose the Deliberate Practice Coaching Framework (DPCF) to address these issues. This systematic framework integrates deliberate practice components and coaching, with a peer mentoring relationship, to help enhance CIT clinical competencies and skill development, as well as promote overall self-efficacy. We provide a case illustrating the application of the DPCF. We also …

Tenure Standards, Scholarly Productivity, And Workloads Of Counselor Educators At Doctoral And Master's-Only Counseling Programs, Gregory Hatchett

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

This article describes the results of a survey that inquired about the tenure standards, scholarly productivity, and workloads of counselor educators (N = 119) at doctoral-level counselor education programs. These survey results were then compared to the results attained in an earlier study of counselor educators (N = 168) at master’s-only programs at comprehensive universities (Hatchett, 2020). These two groups of counselor educators differed on the following variables: proportion of counselor educators with Ph.D.’s, binary gender, perceptions of tenure criteria, scholarly productivity on an annual basis and at the time of tenure applications, teaching schedules, distribution of work …

In-Home Counseling Clinical Supervision: A Multiple-Case Study Analysis, Janelle M. Cox, Connie T. Jones, Stephanie F. Dailey

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

An understanding of the knowledge and skills necessary for clinical supervision of in-home counselors is scarce in counseling. To address this gap, the authors conducted a multiple-case study with three clinical supervisors from two in-home counseling agencies in the Mid-Atlantic Region. Data was collected through multiple sources: individual interviews, clinical supervisors contracts, and philosophies. Within-case and cross-case analysis resulted in four themes: clinical supervision practices, training and evaluation, ethical dilemmas, and boundary setting. Implications of these findings suggest clinical supervisors at in-home agencies are not receiving formal training and rely heavily on previous experience to guide their clinical supervision practice, …

Creativity In Supervision Using The Integrated Developmental Model Of Supervision, Kyle Bellinger, Stacia Carone

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

Clinical supervision is a primary task of the professional counseling supervisor. The American Counseling Association (2014) Code of Ethics includes requirements for supervisors to be competent in the delivery of supervision. The Integrated Developmental Model (IDM) (McNeill & Stoltenberg, 2015; Stoltenberg & Delworth, 1987) is a widely accepted supervision model (Salvador, 2016) that can be utilized to conceptualize supervisees’ levels of expertise and corresponding skills. The use of creativity in supervision has been reported to improve counselor insight and resulting conceptualizations of and relationships with clients (Lahad, 2000). The IDM of supervision, in conjunction with creative interventions can be implemented …

Perceptions Of Poverty: Exploring Counseling Students’ Reactions To Presenting Concerns, Sarah K. Tucker, Michael K. Schmit, Amanda L. Giordano Dr.

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

Understanding counseling students’ preferences, competence, and perceived training related to presenting concerns is important information for counselor training programs. Given the association between poverty and mental health concerns, we compared counseling students’ reactions to presenting concerns often linked to poverty (e.g., financial concerns/assistance) to their reactions toward other clinical issues (e.g., gender identity development). Students’ provided ratings of clinical preference for working with various presenting concerns, and concerns that may be prevalent among clients living in poverty ranked last. Additionally, we utilized a repeated measure design to examine differences in students’ perceived competence and perceived training across four case vignettes …

Developmental Networks And Interpersonal Support Of Beginning Counselors, Nathan B. West, Joel F. Diambra, Laura S. Wheat

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

As beginning counselors complete graduate school and enter the workplace they often experience a turbulent transition (Moss et al., 2014). Interpersonal relationships play a vital role in counselors’ development during this period of change (Skovholt & Trotter-Mathison, 2011). This qualitative study explored beginning counselors’ perspectives regarding the role of interpersonal relationships in their development. Analysis of interviews with 12 beginning counselors (within two years post-graduation) resulted in five themes: Context of Personal-Professional Identity; Adjustment/Transition; Growth Orientation; Network Organization; and Connective Tissue. Implications suggest educators promote effective developmental relationships and encourage established counseling professionals to foster workplace environments that help beginning …

Academic Job Negotiation Experiences, Reflections, And Biases In Counselor Education: A Descriptive Study, Cheryl L. Pence, Andrea Kirk-Jenkins

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

This descriptive study explored the job negotiation experiences of 93 counselor educators through an embedded survey design to examine their negotiation experiences, reflections, and potential hiring biases. The most common negotiation preparation strategy was consulting a mentor (80%) and while salary was most regularly negotiated (76%), a list of other benefits was included. Although a majority of participants regretted not making a request (53%), most reported overall positive experiences (63%). These findings support implications for counselor educators including preparing early, using successful negotiation strategies, exploring all potential benefits, and articulating requests for a more positive negotiation experience.

Counseling Students’ Experiences Learning How To Assess Youth Suicide Risk, Laura L. Gallo, Raissa Miller, Diana M. Doumas, Aida Midgett, Sherise Porchia

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

Suicide rates continue to rise in the United States, especially within our youth population. Preparing counselors to confidently address suicide risk with their clients is crucial in suicide prevention. The authors conducted a phenomenological investigation of a youth suicide prevention course with 10 counseling students. The course included both a didactic component and an experiential component. We extracted four themes suggesting students believe a) suicide assessment is integral to the counselor role b) suicide is a complex phenomenon; c) the course enhanced self-efficacy; and d) interactive activities supported learning. Implications focusing on the importance of building self-efficacy in risk assessments, …

The Impact Of Race-Ethnicity On Foreign-Born Students’ Counselor Self-Efficacy And Acculturative Stress, Claudia Interiano-Shiverdecker, Sejal Parikh, Claudia Flowers, Mahsa Maghsoudi

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

Foreign-born students are present in counselor education programs, yet limited research exists understanding how their race-ethnicity impacts their counselor self-efficacy or acculturative stress. This current investigation examined the effects of race-ethnicity on counselor self-efficacy and acculturative stress within a sample of 94 foreign-born counseling students (FBCSs). Results of a one-way MANOVA revealed that compared with Caucasian FBCSs, students who self-identified as Hispanic/Latinx, Asian/Pacific Islander, Black/African, and other reported significant changes in counselor self-efficacy and acculturative stress. These groups reported less counselor self-efficacy and higher levels of acculturative stress than Caucasian FBCSs, highlighting the importance of with-in group differences, such as …

Addressing Heterosexism: Student Narratives Of A Guided Imagery Activity, Jenny L. Cureton, Victoria Giegerich, Jennifer Murdock Bishop

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

A published guided imagery (GI) offers an innovative active learning tool for teaching about heterosexism in counselor education. A literature review precedes the description of a critical narrative inquiry of students’ experiences with the GI activity. A sample of 19 students in two sections of a counseling course recounted stories of their GI experience in individual written reflections and focus group interviews. Findings describe individual and collective meaning-making, resulting in three themes about their struggles, insights, and perspectives of themselves and their personal and professional worlds. Implications for counselor education professionals include conceptualization and implementation of guided imagery for active …

Helping Beginning Supervisors Reduce Barriers To Licensure: Ethical Roadblocks In Supervision, Sarah M. Blalock, Kathy Ybanez-Llorente, Molly K. Morman

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

Ethical and competent supervision are critical to successful entry into the profession for counselors in training and newly licensed counselors. New supervisors should be mindful of the mistakes even well-intentioned supervisors can make that jeopardize the licensure process, or worse, the well-being of clients. Lack of attention to substantial supervision paperwork requirements can cost supervisees long delays in licensure, and call into question a supervisor’s reputation as a competent and ethical professional. The purpose of this article is to help inform beginning supervisors on how to use ethical guidelines to avoid some of the most common supervision pitfalls, including multiple …

Counselor Education Doctoral Students’ Gatekeeper Experiences At A Large, Public Midwestern University: A Pilot Study, Diana Charnley

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

This pilot study seeks to understand the gatekeeping experiences doctoral students have had during their training at a large, public midwestern university in a CACREP-accredited program. Using a basic qualitative approach, five students were interviewed about their gatekeeping experiences and learning process as well as how they navigate their multiple professional roles as developing gatekeepers. The following themes and sub-themes are discussed: (a) gatekeeping experiences, a process with several gates; (b) learning to gatekeep, primarily through experience and overcoming barriers; and (c) multiple professional roles in gatekeeping, focused on teaching and supervision and the impact of faculty mentors.

Imposter Phenomenon And Research Experiences Among Counselor Educators, Jaimie Stickl Haugen, Carrie A. Wachter Morris, Kelly L. Wester, Jordan L. Austin, Shreya Vaishnav, Lindsey K. Umstead, Heather Delgado

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

Content analysis was employed to explore research experiences and imposter phenomenon (IP) among 25 counselor educators. Six overarching categories emerged including inconsistent areas of efficacy in the research process, supports in conducting research, barriers in conducting research, experiences of IP across roles, triggers of IP, and factors that quiet IP, with implications for counselor educators.

Counselor Educator, Supervisor, And Practitioner Perspectives On Distance Counseling And Telemental Health Training And Practice, Heather C. Robertson, Ryan Lowell

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

As distance counseling and telemental health practices continue to grow, it is unclear how counselor training programs are responding to the change or how frequently supervisors and practitioners utilize distance modalities. Counseling professionals (N =103) were surveyed to examine their perceptions of distance counseling training and practice. Respondents indicated multiple roles as Counselor Educators (CE, n = 74), Counseling Supervisors (CS, n = 61), and Counseling Practitioners (CP, n = 86). The majority of CE expressed dissatisfaction with amount of distance counseling content in their training program yet felt confident to teach distance counseling and TMH concepts. Personal experience with …

Program Experiences Associated With Research Competencies Development Of Doctoral-Level Scholar-Practitioners In Counselor Education And Supervision Programs, Amanda Rockinson-Szapkiw, John J. S. Harrichand

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

This study examined how the program experiences of Counselor Education and Supervision doctoral students were associated with their research competency development as scholar-practitioners. Three hundred and thirty doctoral students completed a survey and data were analyzed with a regression analysis. The results demonstrated that program experiences including faculty-mentored research experiences, field-based experience with research application, opportunities to disseminate research, reflecting on identity development, and being in the dissertation phase were significantly associated students’ development as scholars. These findings provide implications for program curriculum and intervention development.

Readiness Of Counselor Education And Supervision For Suicide Training: A Cqr Study, Jenny L. Cureton, Elysia V. Clemens, Janessa Henninger, Connie Couch

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

The Counselor Education and Supervision professional community is responsible for providing training on suicide to Master’s students in counseling. Elevated suicide rates and historically insufficient training along with updated practice, ethical, and accreditation standards necessitate changes to counselor preparation on suicide. Readiness assessment can support the CES community’s aims to meet such standards. A Consensual Qualitative Research team utilized a community readiness framework to analyze interviews with fifteen educators, administrators, and supervisors in diverse CACREP-accredited programs. Readiness findings inform counselor preparation and policy at the course, program, state, and national level.

Screening, Brief Intervention And Referral To Treatment (Sbirt) Training With Counselor Education Students, Tiffany Lee, Stephen E. Craig, Andrew Clay, Karis Callaway, Diana Charnley

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

Counselors should be proficient in screening for problematic substance use and also demonstrate the ability to provide a brief intervention, when appropriate. As part of a three-year grant project, counselor educators at one institution provided intensive training on Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) to clinical mental health counseling students. This SBIRT protocol is designed to promote early detection and effective intervention for clients at risk of developing a substance use disorder. The purpose of this article is to present an in-depth narrative related to the process, content, and pedagogical methods of the training. The authors also address …

Surviving The Rollercoaster: The Professional Identity Development Of Latinx Doctoral Students In Counseling, Anna F. Locke

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

This qualitative study applies Latino Critical Race theory to understand the professional identity development of eight Latinx doctoral students in counseling. The three themes: being one of the few, navigating professional identity, and becoming a counselor educator, depict how they persisted despite racialized experiences. The metaphor of a rollercoaster captures their experience of resistance and disruption to the norm. Implications for counselor educators and counseling programs are provided. These are aimed at creating an anti-racist profession that is inclusive of all students.

Keywords: professional identity, Latinx doctoral students, counselor education, racism, Latino Critical Race Theory

Predicting Burnout In Graduate Student Counselors Using A Multiple Linear Regression Analysis Of Workaholism Tendencies, Grit, And Academic Entitlement, Rebekah Reysen, Sumedha Therthani, Kristen Butler, Smyth Sexton, Phillip Shumate

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

We investigated the relationship between workaholism tendencies, academic entitlement, and grit on burnout for graduate student counselors (n = 113). Workaholism was the most significant predictor of burnout, with approximately 30% of participants illustrating these tendencies. We conclude with a discussion of future research and implications for the counseling field.

Doctoral-Level Ces Students’ Lived Experiences Pursuing Courses In An Online Learning Environment, Sara Bender, Jennifer Werries

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

The increase in accredited online CES doctoral programs coupled with established online learning guidelines suggests that counselor educators understand the value of the online medium in training emerging counselor educators. Given the elevated level of nuanced learning that occurs within graduate studies, it is fair to assume that doctoral-level learning experiences and outcomes are likely to vary by field. To date, there remains minimal published research related to understanding the dynamics within online counselor education and supervision (CES) doctoral programs. The purpose of this interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA) was to understand the experiences of doctoral CES students pursuing a degree …

Using Photovoice To Explore Racial Microaggressions Experienced By Doctoral Students Of Color, Shreya Vaishnav

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

Racial microaggressions are prevalent in academia and negatively impact the engagement and well-being of students of color. Despite this, little is known regarding the experiences of doctoral students with racial microaggressions in counselor education (CE) programs. The purpose of this study was to better understand the impact of racial microaggressions on doctoral students of color in CE programs. The study utilized Photovoice methodology, which incorporated pictures, captured by participants, to highlight the racial microaggressions experienced by six doctoral students of color in CE programs. Themes expressed by participants included Struggle, Racism, Sacrificing Ourselves, and Advocacy as central to their experience …

Clash Of Generations: Attitudes Toward Tattoos In Counselor Education, Philip Mullins, Mary Alice Bruce

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

Counselor Education doctoral students, administrators, and faculty (N=244) were surveyed nationally to assess current generational differences in attitudes toward tattoos in higher education. Results offer information and implications regarding tattoo placement, attitudes, hiring in higher education, comfort levels, ramifications for graduate student admission, and impact of tattoos on faculty hiring.

A Qualitative Exploration Of Using Experiential Groups To Train Future Group Counselors, Brittany L. Pollard-Kosidowski, Joel F. Diambra, Julia R. Bettge, Chris K. Burd

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

As counselors routinely provide both individual and group-based services, it is important to prepare trainees to effectively utilize both approaches. One popular method for engaging students in group work training requires them to participate in experiential small groups. Although this requirement meets CACREP’s (2015) standard that students engage in 10 hours of group membership, less specific focus is placed on engaging students in active group facilitation training. This study analyzes qualitative interviews with seven counseling graduates who participated in experiential small groups during their training. Five emergent themes provide insight for counselor educators and accreditors into students’ group training …

Introduction To The Interpersonal Discrimination Model Applied To Clinical Supervision: A Relational Approach For Novice Counselors, Rachel J. Brejcha

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

This manuscript explores the theory development of a new clinical supervision model called the Interpersonal Discrimination Model (IPDM). The IPDM combines the structure of the Discrimination Model of supervision (Bernard, 1979) with Interpersonal Theory tenets developed by Harry Sullivan (1968) to create a holistic, integrated approach to clinical supervision. The IPDM’s foundation is based on the supervisory working alliance, which has been continuously found to contribute to supervisee satisfaction, an increase in counselor self-efficacy and a positive therapeutic working alliance (Park et al., 2019). The IPDM has three main applications-interpersonal process recall, the parallel process, countertransference-that are applied in clinical …