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Articles 1 - 30 of 38
Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences
Examining The Inner Experience Of Three Individuals With Major Depressive Disorder And Three Individuals With Bipolar Disorder, Janell Marie Mihelic
Examining The Inner Experience Of Three Individuals With Major Depressive Disorder And Three Individuals With Bipolar Disorder, Janell Marie Mihelic
UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones
The diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD) provide a description of expected experiences of individuals diagnosed with those disorders (e.g., sadness, expansive mood, difficulty concentrating). However, much remains unknown about the inner experience of individuals with these disorders which may prove crucial in understanding and treating these disorders. The present study examined the inner experience of three individuals with MDD and three individuals with BD using the Descriptive Experience Sampling (DES) method (Hurlburt 1990, 1993, 2011). Results were not suggestive of any clear, consistent patterns of inner experience either within the MDD or BD groups …
Young People's Help-Seeking For Mental Health Problems., Debra Rickwood, Frank P. Deane, Coralie J. Wilson, Joseph V. Ciarrochi
Young People's Help-Seeking For Mental Health Problems., Debra Rickwood, Frank P. Deane, Coralie J. Wilson, Joseph V. Ciarrochi
Coralie J Wilson
This paper summarises an ambitious research agenda aiming to uncover the factors that affect help-seeking among young people for mental health problems. The research set out to consider why young people, and particularly young males, do not seek help when they are in psychological distress or suicidal; how professional services be made more accessible and attractive to young people; the factors that inhibit and facilitate help-seeking; and how community gatekeepers can support young people to access services to help with personal and emotional problems. A range of studies was undertaken in New South Wales, Queensland and the ACT, using both …
Engaging Young People In Mental Health Services: Overcoming Barriers To Appropriate Help-Seeking., Coralie Wilson, Frank Deane
Engaging Young People In Mental Health Services: Overcoming Barriers To Appropriate Help-Seeking., Coralie Wilson, Frank Deane
Coralie J Wilson
No abstract provided.
A Taxonomy For Homework Used By Mental Health Case Managers When Working With Individuals Diagnosed With Severe Mental Illness, Peter Kelly, Frank P. Deane, Robert King, Nikolaos Kazantzis, Trevor P. Crowe
A Taxonomy For Homework Used By Mental Health Case Managers When Working With Individuals Diagnosed With Severe Mental Illness, Peter Kelly, Frank P. Deane, Robert King, Nikolaos Kazantzis, Trevor P. Crowe
Peter Kelly
A survey was completed by 122 case managers describing the types of homework assignments commonly used with individuals diagnosed with severe mental illness (SMI). Homework types were categorized using a 12-item homework description taxonomy and in relation to the 22 domains of the Camberwell Assessment of Need (CAN). Case managers predominately reported using behaviourally based homework tasks such as scheduling activities and the development of personal hygiene skills. Homework focused on CAN areas of need in relation to Company, Psychological Distress, Psychotic Symptoms and Daytime Activities. The applications of the taxonomy for both researchers and case managers are discussed.
Service Based Internship Training To Prepare Workers To Support The Recovery Of People With Co-Occurring Substance Abuse And Mental Health Disorders, Trevor P. Crowe, Peter Kelly, James Pepper, Ross Mclennan, Frank P. Deane, Mark Buckingham
Service Based Internship Training To Prepare Workers To Support The Recovery Of People With Co-Occurring Substance Abuse And Mental Health Disorders, Trevor P. Crowe, Peter Kelly, James Pepper, Ross Mclennan, Frank P. Deane, Mark Buckingham
Peter Kelly
A repeated measures design was used to evaluate a 12 month on-site counsellor internship programme aimed at training staff to support the recovery needs of people with co-occurring substance use and mental health disorders. Fifty-four interns completed measures of recovery knowledge, attitudes, confidence/competence, as well as identifying significant learning events. Statistically significant improvements were found in terms of attitudes and confidence/competence, and only one recovery knowledge factor, 'roles of self-definition and peers in recovery'. Recovery knowledge at the end of the internship was positively associated with increases in interns' confidence/competence but was not associated with changes in the interns' attitudes. …
'Do More, Smoke Less!' Harm Reduction In Action For Smokers With Mental Health/Substance Use Problems Who Cannot Or Will Not Quit, Amanda Baker, Robin Callister, Peter Kelly, Kypros Kypri
'Do More, Smoke Less!' Harm Reduction In Action For Smokers With Mental Health/Substance Use Problems Who Cannot Or Will Not Quit, Amanda Baker, Robin Callister, Peter Kelly, Kypros Kypri
Peter Kelly
Although smoking rates among mental health/substance abusing populations are very high, the focus of treatment and research has tended to be on substances other than tobacco.A range of harm-reduction strategies is needed, including long-term nicotine maintenance, smokeless tobacco and ‘clean’ nicotine products. For those who cannot or will not quit, assistance in reducing smoking should be given. Interventions for smoking among people with mental health/substance use problems may best be delivered by addressing multiple health-risk behaviours, especially physical activity, around the same time. [Baker AL, Callister R, Kelly PJ, Kypri K. ‘Do more, smoke less!’ Harm reduction in action for …
Provider Opinions On Frequent Mental Health Hospitalizations, Courtney J. Funke
Provider Opinions On Frequent Mental Health Hospitalizations, Courtney J. Funke
Master of Social Work Clinical Research Papers
Frequent mental health hospitalizations are contingent on many variables. The purpose of this study was to gather provider opinions on frequent mental health hospitalizations. A qualitative design was utilized; ten providers participated in this study which explored factors of frequent mental health hospitalizations. Data were analyzed using content analysis. The findings indicated that all providers view medication management as a precipitating factor to psychiatric hospitalization. Findings indicate that support at discharge will greatly influence the success of the patron. The findings of this study indicate further need for education and advocacy in mental health. Findings suggest that stigma and limited …
An Empirically-Supported Model Of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder In Maltreated Youth, Adrianna Wechsler
An Empirically-Supported Model Of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder In Maltreated Youth, Adrianna Wechsler
UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones
Posttraumatic stress disorder in maltreated youth is a young and burgeoning field. Lemos-Miller and Kearney (2006) were among the first to propose and test a theoretically and empirically-based model of PTSD in maltreated youth. The present study replicated and evaluated the Lemos-Miller and Kearney model within a larger and more diverse sample of maltreated adolescents. First, the Lemos-Miller and Kearney model was tested via structural equation modeling (SEM). Second, the model was evaluated across age, gender, and ethnicity. Third, trauma history, family environment (i.e., cohesion and conflict), dissociation, and trauma-related cognitions were evaluated as potential mediating variables within the model. …
Collaborative Recovery: An Integrative Model For Working With Individuals Who Experience Chronic And Recurring Mental Illness, Lindsay G. Oades, Frank P. Deane, Trevor P. Crowe, Gordon Lambert, David Kavanagh, Christopher Lloyd
Collaborative Recovery: An Integrative Model For Working With Individuals Who Experience Chronic And Recurring Mental Illness, Lindsay G. Oades, Frank P. Deane, Trevor P. Crowe, Gordon Lambert, David Kavanagh, Christopher Lloyd
Lindsay G Oades
Objectives: Recovery is an emerging movement in mental health. Evidence for recovery-based approaches is not well developed and approaches to implement recovery-oriented services are not well articulated. The collaborative recovery model (CRM) is presented as a model that assists clinicians to use evidencebased skills with consumers, in a manner consistent with the recovery movement. A current 5 year multisite Australian study to evaluate the effectiveness of CRM is briefly described. Conclusion: The collaborative recovery model puts into practice several aspects of policy regarding recovery-oriented services, using evidence-based practices to assist individuals who have chronic or recurring mental disorders (CRMD). It …
Australian Mental Health Consumers' Contributions To The Evaluation And Improvement Of Recoveryoriented Service Provision, Sarah L. Marshall, Lindsay G. Oades, Trevor P. Crowe
Australian Mental Health Consumers' Contributions To The Evaluation And Improvement Of Recoveryoriented Service Provision, Sarah L. Marshall, Lindsay G. Oades, Trevor P. Crowe
Lindsay G Oades
No abstract provided.
Hope, Meaning And Responsibility Across Stages Of Recovery For Individuals Living With An Enduring Mental Illness, Vedrana Copic, Frank P. Deane, Trevor P. Crowe, Lindsay G. Oades
Hope, Meaning And Responsibility Across Stages Of Recovery For Individuals Living With An Enduring Mental Illness, Vedrana Copic, Frank P. Deane, Trevor P. Crowe, Lindsay G. Oades
Lindsay G Oades
This study reports on the relationship between stage of recovery and hope, meaning and responsibility for individuals diagnosed with severe mental illness. Methods: Seventy-seven people with a diagnosis of a psychotic disorder of at least 6 months’ duration participated in the study. Participants completed the Self-Identified Stage of Recovery (SISR) scale, measures of component processes of recovery (Hope Scale; Positive Interpretation of Disease, SpREUK; Active Involvement, Personal Health Management Questionnaire (PHMQ) and the Recovery Assessment Scale-short (RAS). Results: Hope, meaning, Personal Confidence and Hope and Not Being Dominated by Symptoms varied significantly across stages of recovery; however, neither in a …
Mental Mapping The 'Creative City', Christopher Brennan-Horley
Mental Mapping The 'Creative City', Christopher Brennan-Horley
Christopher R Brennan-Horley
Cultural researchers are increasingly turning to Geographical Information Systems (GIS) technologies for visualising spatially-oriented qualitative data. This paper discusses one example, where mental maps have been employed in interviews with creative industry workers and the results accumulated in a GIS for visualisation and analysis. This technique extends on participatory and qualitative methods that counteract overtly economic and empiricist techniques regularly employed in creative industry mapping studies. Collating together creative workers' mental maps within a GIS provides a means for exposing 'high traffic' areas - hot spots of creative activity - and other hidden geographies that comprise the 'creative city'. Key …
Forensic Mental Health In Australia: Charting The Gaps, Natalia K. Hanley, Stuart Ross
Forensic Mental Health In Australia: Charting The Gaps, Natalia K. Hanley, Stuart Ross
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
Process of national mental health reform fails to take adequate account of forensic mental health services - factors hampering national consistency in forensic mental health - need for national leadership - human rights implications.
Factors Underlying Cognitive Giftedness: Mental Versus Perceptual Attention, Steven J. Howard, Janice Johnson, Juan Pascual-Leone
Factors Underlying Cognitive Giftedness: Mental Versus Perceptual Attention, Steven J. Howard, Janice Johnson, Juan Pascual-Leone
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
Children identified as cognitively gifted, in comparison with age-matched mainstream samples, are advantaged in numerous areas, including mathematics, speed and efficiency in cognitive processing, and resistance to interfering stimuli. Although working memory (WM) has been implicated as a factor mediating these advantages, evidence suggests that gifted children may not be advantaged in all aspects of WM function. We hypothesized that this difference is related to the contrast between mental (related to prefrontal dopamine circuits) and perceptual attention (likely related to prefrontal acetylcholine circuits). Specifically, it was expected that cognitively gifted children would excel in WM tasks taxing mental but not …
Mental Health Research Projects: A Practical Integration Of Mental Health Into A Medical Curriculum, Judy Mullan, K M. Weston, P L. Mclennan, W C. Rich, N B. Pani
Mental Health Research Projects: A Practical Integration Of Mental Health Into A Medical Curriculum, Judy Mullan, K M. Weston, P L. Mclennan, W C. Rich, N B. Pani
Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A
Abstract of a paper presented at the 65th Annual National Conference of Indian Psychiatric Society, Bangalor, 10-13 Jan, 2013. Aims aJld Objectives: The University of Wollongong (UoW) graduate-entry medical course embeds research and critical analysis within the curriculum, concluding with students undertaking a regional/ nlrsl conmlUnity-based ro earch project. Students are encouraged to design a research project of interest to them and the local community. T.his Indy analyzed whether conducting research projects enhanced learning/understanding about rural/regional mental health issues amongst UoW medical students.
Facilitating Better Health Care For Mental Health Consumers: Complexities Of Establishing A Partnership Program, Christopher Patterson, Alex Gagan, Sarah Watson, Angela Douglas
Facilitating Better Health Care For Mental Health Consumers: Complexities Of Establishing A Partnership Program, Christopher Patterson, Alex Gagan, Sarah Watson, Angela Douglas
Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A
Abstract of paper that presented at the Australian College of Mental Health Nursing 39th International Mental Health Nursing Conference, 22-24 October, 2013, Perth, Australia.
Facilitating Better Health Care For Mental Health Consumers Through Engagement: Complexities Of Establishing A Partnership Pilot Program Between Mental Health Professionals And University Exercise Physiology Students, Angela Douglas, Alex Gagan, Keirin Mccormack, Sarah Lisle
Facilitating Better Health Care For Mental Health Consumers Through Engagement: Complexities Of Establishing A Partnership Pilot Program Between Mental Health Professionals And University Exercise Physiology Students, Angela Douglas, Alex Gagan, Keirin Mccormack, Sarah Lisle
Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A
Abstract of the oral presentation.
Is A Good Idea Enough?' Engaging Mental Health Professionals And University Of Wollongong Students To Facilitate Sustainable Change In Health Care For Mental Health Consumers, Angela Douglas, Alex Gagan, Keirin Mccormack, Sarah Lisle
Is A Good Idea Enough?' Engaging Mental Health Professionals And University Of Wollongong Students To Facilitate Sustainable Change In Health Care For Mental Health Consumers, Angela Douglas, Alex Gagan, Keirin Mccormack, Sarah Lisle
Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A
Abstract of paper that presented at the 2013 Engagement Australia Conference, 15-17 July, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne.
Family And Carer Mental Health Program: Reflections On Gaps In Educational Needs (Poster), Megan Green, Kerry Dawes, Nagesh B. Pai
Family And Carer Mental Health Program: Reflections On Gaps In Educational Needs (Poster), Megan Green, Kerry Dawes, Nagesh B. Pai
Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A
Abstract of poster presentatio presented at the ACHMN's 39th International Mental Health Nursing Conference Collaboration and Partnership in Mental Health Nursing, 22-24 October 2013, Pan Pacific Hotel, Perth, Western Australia.
Solution Based Teaching Methods In A Problem Based Curriculum: The Role Of A Mental Health Nurse In Addressing The Challenges Of Curriculum Delivery In A Regional Medical School, Kerry Dawes
Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A
Abstract of poster presentatio presented at the ACHMN's 39th International Mental Health Nursing Conference Collaboration and Partnership in Mental Health Nursing, 22-24 October 2013, Pan Pacific Hotel, Perth, Western Australia.
A Pilot Study Of Mental Health And Quality-Of-Life Of Caregivers Of Children With Cleft Lip/Palate In India, Mahesh R. Gowda, Nagesh B. Pai, Shae-Leigh C. Vella
A Pilot Study Of Mental Health And Quality-Of-Life Of Caregivers Of Children With Cleft Lip/Palate In India, Mahesh R. Gowda, Nagesh B. Pai, Shae-Leigh C. Vella
Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A
Background: There has been insufficient and contradictory research to date on the impacts of caring for a child with cleft lip/palate. Therefore this pilot study sought to investigate the mental health and quality of life of primary caregivers of children with cleft lip/palate. Materials and Methods: Seventy-nine primary caregivers of children with cleft lip/palate awaiting a surgical procedure in India completed questionnaires to measure their mental health, quality of life, and demographic variables. Results: The results indicated that half of the sample suffered from poor mental health and a reduced quality of life. Overall perceptions of quality of life were …
It's Time To Examine The Status Of Our Undergraduate Mental Health Curricula, Susan J. Thomas, Brahmavar N. Pai, Kerry Dawes
It's Time To Examine The Status Of Our Undergraduate Mental Health Curricula, Susan J. Thomas, Brahmavar N. Pai, Kerry Dawes
Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A
To the Editor: Review of undergraduate mental health education is timely, given the growing disease burden of mental disorders and the need to better equip doctors for their central role in treatment. Curricula should prepare all doctors with competencies in recognising and treating mental health problems,1 because these occur frequently in patients across all branches of medicine, leading to poorer outcomes.2 Curricula should also prepare a minority of doctors for specialist psychiatry training.
Nutritional Modulation Of Cognitive Function And Mental Health, Natalie Parletta, Catherine M. Milte, Barbara J. Meyer
Nutritional Modulation Of Cognitive Function And Mental Health, Natalie Parletta, Catherine M. Milte, Barbara J. Meyer
Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A
The important role of diet in cardiometabolic health is generally well recognised; for mental health, it is not so well understood. However, lifestyle risk factors for poor physical health are the same risk factors for mental illness, including poor diet. This is reflected by the high level of poor physical health in people with mental illness. Mediterranean, whole food diets have been associated with reduced risk for chronic disease, but very little research has investigated their mental health benefits. We provide a model for the pathways by which food components provided by a Mediterranean-style diet can facilitate healthy brain function. …
A Preliminary Exploration Of The Working Allliance And 'Real Relationship' In Two Coaching Approaches With Mental Health Workers, Belinda J. Sun, Frank Deane, Trevor Crowe, Retta Andresen, Lindsay G. Oades, Joseph Ciarrochi
A Preliminary Exploration Of The Working Allliance And 'Real Relationship' In Two Coaching Approaches With Mental Health Workers, Belinda J. Sun, Frank Deane, Trevor Crowe, Retta Andresen, Lindsay G. Oades, Joseph Ciarrochi
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
Objectives: The coaching relationship has been described as the catalyst for change. This study explores the coaching relationship by comparing the working alliance and the 'real relationship'- the undistorted and authentic experience of the other- in participants in skills coaching and transformational coaching. Design: A 2 (coaching condition) x 2 (time) factorial design was used. Method: Staff from community psychiatric recovery services were trained in a new service delivery approach (Collaborative Recovery Model), followed by coaching from intemal coaches once per month to enhance implimentation of the training. All trained staff were invited to participate in the research. Forty coachees …
Service Based Internship Training To Prepare Workers To Support The Recovery Of People With Co-Occurring Substance Abuse And Mental Health Disorders, Trevor P. Crowe, Peter Kelly, James Pepper, Ross Mclennan, Frank P. Deane, Mark Buckingham
Service Based Internship Training To Prepare Workers To Support The Recovery Of People With Co-Occurring Substance Abuse And Mental Health Disorders, Trevor P. Crowe, Peter Kelly, James Pepper, Ross Mclennan, Frank P. Deane, Mark Buckingham
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
A repeated measures design was used to evaluate a 12 month on-site counsellor internship programme aimed at training staff to support the recovery needs of people with co-occurring substance use and mental health disorders. Fifty-four interns completed measures of recovery knowledge, attitudes, confidence/competence, as well as identifying significant learning events. Statistically significant improvements were found in terms of attitudes and confidence/competence, and only one recovery knowledge factor, 'roles of self-definition and peers in recovery'. Recovery knowledge at the end of the internship was positively associated with increases in interns' confidence/competence but was not associated with changes in the interns' attitudes. …
A Comparison Of Two Delivery Modalities Of A Mobile Phone-Based Assessment For Serious Mental Illness: Native Smartphone Application Vs Text-Messaging Only Implementations, John Ainsworth, Jasper E. Palmier-Claus, Matthew Machin, Christine Barrowclough, Graham Dunn, Anne Rogers, Iain Buchan, Emma Barkus, Shitij Kapur, Til Wykes, Richard S. Hopkins, Shon Lewis
A Comparison Of Two Delivery Modalities Of A Mobile Phone-Based Assessment For Serious Mental Illness: Native Smartphone Application Vs Text-Messaging Only Implementations, John Ainsworth, Jasper E. Palmier-Claus, Matthew Machin, Christine Barrowclough, Graham Dunn, Anne Rogers, Iain Buchan, Emma Barkus, Shitij Kapur, Til Wykes, Richard S. Hopkins, Shon Lewis
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
Background: Mobile phone-based assessment may represent a cost-effective and clinically effective method of monitoring psychotic symptoms in real-time. There are several software options, including the use of native smartphone applications and text messages (short message service, SMS). Little is known about the strengths and limitations of these two approaches in monitoring symptoms in individuals with serious mental illness. Objective: The objective of this study was to compare two different delivery modalities of the same diagnostic assessment for individuals with non-affective psychosis-a native smartphone application employing a graphical, touch user interface against an SMS text-only implementation. The overall hypothesis of the …
Personality Change Predicts Self-Reported Mental And Physical Health, Christopher A. Magee, Patrick C. L Heaven, Leonie M. Miller
Personality Change Predicts Self-Reported Mental And Physical Health, Christopher A. Magee, Patrick C. L Heaven, Leonie M. Miller
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
Objective Personality dimensions are known to predict mortality and other health outcomes, but almost no research has assessed the effects of changes in personality traits on physical and mental health outcomes. In this article, we examined the effects of changes in the Big Five personality dimensions on health as assessed by the Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). Method Respondents were 11,105 Australian adults aged 2079 years (52.7% female). Latent difference score modeling was used to examine whether personality change over a 4-year period was associated with mental and physical health, and whether these effects were moderated by birth cohort. Results …
Improving Implementation Of Evidence-Based Practice In Mental Health Service Delivery: Protocol For A Cluster Randomised Quasi-Experimental Investigation Of Staff-Focused Values Interventions, Virginia Williams, Lindsay G. Oades, Frank P. Deane, Trevor P. Crowe, Joseph Ciarrochi, Retta Andresen
Improving Implementation Of Evidence-Based Practice In Mental Health Service Delivery: Protocol For A Cluster Randomised Quasi-Experimental Investigation Of Staff-Focused Values Interventions, Virginia Williams, Lindsay G. Oades, Frank P. Deane, Trevor P. Crowe, Joseph Ciarrochi, Retta Andresen
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
Background There is growing acceptance that optimal service provision for individuals with severe and recurrent mental illness requires a complementary focus on medical recovery (i.e., symptom management and general functioning) and personal recovery (i.e., having a 'life worth living'). Despite significant research attention and policy-level support, the translation of this vision of healthcare into changed workplace practice continues to elude. Over the past decade, evidence-based training interventions that seek to enhance the knowledge, attitudes, and skills of staff working in the mental health field have been implemented as a primary redress strategy. However, a large body of multi-disciplinary research indicates …
Development Of A Short Measure Of Psychological Recovery In Serious Mental Illness: The Stori-30, Retta Andresen, Peter Caputi, Lindsay Oades
Development Of A Short Measure Of Psychological Recovery In Serious Mental Illness: The Stori-30, Retta Andresen, Peter Caputi, Lindsay Oades
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
Objective: To develop a brief measure of stage of psychological recovery from mental illness by identifying the best-performing items of the 50-item Stages of Recovery Instrument (STORI). Method: Item response modelling was used to identify a short form of the full-length STORI. The resulting items were subjected to factor analysis to further refine the subscales. A second data set was used to confirm the construct validity of the new measure. A correlational analysis was conducted to examine relationships among the five subscale scores. Results: Analyses identified 30 items that represented the five stages of the full STORI. The five stage …
Measurement Of Mental Attention: Assessing A Cognitive Component Underlying Performance On Standardized Intelligence Tests, Steven J. Howard, Janice Johnson, Juan Pascual-Leone
Measurement Of Mental Attention: Assessing A Cognitive Component Underlying Performance On Standardized Intelligence Tests, Steven J. Howard, Janice Johnson, Juan Pascual-Leone
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
Despite the widespread use of standardized IQ tests to measure human intelligence, problems with such measures have led some to suggest that better indices may derive from measurement of cognitive processes underlying performance on IQ tests (e.g., working memory capacity). However, measures from both approaches may exhibit performance biases in favour of majority groups, due to the influence of prior learning and experience. Mental attentional (M-) capacity is proposed to be a causal factor underlying developmental growth in working memory. Measures of M-capacity index important cognitive variance underlying performance on standardized intelligence tests. These measures appear to be reasonably culture-fair …