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Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences
Is There A Future For Arrivecan At The Land Border?, Andrzej Jakubowski, Laurie D. Trautman
Is There A Future For Arrivecan At The Land Border?, Andrzej Jakubowski, Laurie D. Trautman
Border Policy Research Institute Publications
The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic led to the introduction of a number of restrictions as governments around the world sought to implement border management tools that could protect public health. One such example was the ArriveCAN app, introduced by the Government of Canada in November 2020. This advanced data submission tool aimed to reduce the spread of COVID-19 by ensuring arrivals were vaccinated and by facilitating contact tracing. This Border Policy Brief provides a summary of the nearly two-year use of ArriveCAN as a border management tool during the pandemic. We consider its impact on passenger flows through the …
Cross Border Innovation Economies: The Cascadia Innovation Corridor Case, Francesco Cappellano Phd, Border Policy Research Institute, Western Washington University, Borders In Globalization, University Of Victoria
Cross Border Innovation Economies: The Cascadia Innovation Corridor Case, Francesco Cappellano Phd, Border Policy Research Institute, Western Washington University, Borders In Globalization, University Of Victoria
Border Policy Research Institute Publications
In the recent literature on economic geography, cross-border regions have been highly heralded as potential sources for reaping the benefits of innovation (OECD, 2013). In fact, those regions have gained a reputation as being endowed with comparative advantages to compete in global markets (Vance, 2012). However, the types of processes that are occurring in the region, which act as hindrances (or barriers) to cross-border knowledge flows, have remained a significant but understudied topic in the academic literature. The same lack of understanding is widespread among the policy makers engaged in cross-border issues, specifically in terms of improved Cross Border Cooperation …
Passenger Flows Through The Cascade Gateway: Changes From 2013 To 2018, Border Policy Research Institute
Passenger Flows Through The Cascade Gateway: Changes From 2013 To 2018, Border Policy Research Institute
Border Policy Research Institute Publications
Every five years, the BPRI partners with the Whatcom Council of Governments to conduct a passenger vehicle intercept survey at four ports of entry between British Columbia and Washington State.Students from Western Washington University intercept drivers as they cross the border in both directions and ask them a variety of questions related to trip purpose and travel characteristics (see sidebar). This Border Brief provides a preliminary analysis of survey findings from the summer of 2018 and compares them to the responses collected in the summer of 2013. It also considers the impacts of changes in cross-border travel in the Cascade …
Passenger Preclearance In The Pacific Northwest, Border Policy Research Institute
Passenger Preclearance In The Pacific Northwest, Border Policy Research Institute
Border Policy Research Institute Publications
On March 16, 2015, the U.S. and Canada signed a Preclearance Agreement. The Agreement gives both countries the authority to implement passenger preclearance beyond the air mode (see sidebar) and expand to the land, rail, and marine modes of transportation. In addition, the Agreement enables Canada to request the U.S. to regularize existing U.S. immigration pre-inspection sites, namely at cruise, rail, and ferry terminals in British Columbia. This Border Policy Brief highlights rail and marine locations in the Pacific Northwest that will be affected by the Preclearance Agreement, and monetizes some of the benefits accrued to both travelers and operators …
Monetizing Some Benefits Of Participation In Nexus, Christopher Dingman, Daniel Edgel
Monetizing Some Benefits Of Participation In Nexus, Christopher Dingman, Daniel Edgel
Border Policy Research Institute Publications
There are many benefits of the NEXUS program, ranging from personal time savings to improved security. While monetizing those benefits is challenging, it is important to assess the value of NEXUS and provide information that can support further expansion of the program. This Border Brief quantifies certain individual economic benefits of membership in the NEXUS program using data from 2012 to 2014. We focus on the Peace Arch/Douglas crossing, where the traffic volume is high and a large percentage of travelers are enrolled in NEXUS.
Improving The Process Of Adjudicating Tn Status, Border Policy Research Institute
Improving The Process Of Adjudicating Tn Status, Border Policy Research Institute
Border Policy Research Institute Publications
In 1994, pursuant to NAFTA, the TN (for “Trade NAFTA”) labor-mobility provision was established. The TN concept was intended to meet the goal of “facilitating temporary entry on a reciprocal basis and of establishing transparent criteria and procedures for temporary entry” amongst the three NAFTA countries. For Canadian citizens seeking temporary work of a professional nature in the U.S., TN status created an alternative to the H-1B program, which was established in 1990. The process of gaining TN status was meant to be simpler than that of acquiring H-1B status, and no cap on the number of TN workers was …
Exchange Rates And Border Crossings In The Cascade Gateway, Border Policy Research Institute
Exchange Rates And Border Crossings In The Cascade Gateway, Border Policy Research Institute
Border Policy Research Institute Publications
There has been recent speculation about the influence of the declining Canadian dollar on the volume of cross-border travel. This article explores that relationship in the context of the Cascade Gateway, which is the group of border crossings (Peace Arch, Pacific Highway, Lynden/Aldergrove, and Sumas/Abbotsford) that serve the Interstate 5 corridor, connecting Whatcom County, WA, to the Lower Mainland of B.C.
Washington State's Economy In Relation To Canada And The Border, Paul Storer, David L. (David Lindsay) Davidson, Laurie Trautman
Washington State's Economy In Relation To Canada And The Border, Paul Storer, David L. (David Lindsay) Davidson, Laurie Trautman
Border Policy Research Institute Publications
Economic ties have spanned the contemporary border between Washington State and Canada for as long as the Pacific Northwest has been inhabited. The native peoples of North America interacted across the border for centuries prior to the arrival of European explorers. In the early 19th century, the major regional European economic entity was the Hudson’s Bay Company. The fur-trading operations of this British-chartered corporation took place throughout its “Columbia Department” (a region that straddled the modern Canada – U.S. border), with outposts at locations such as Fort Vancouver and Fort Nisqually. The contemporary border dates from 1846, when the 49th …
A Business Case For Increasing Rfid At The Canada - Us Land Border, Border Policy Research Institute
A Business Case For Increasing Rfid At The Canada - Us Land Border, Border Policy Research Institute
Border Policy Research Institute Publications
This business case presents results-to-date of ongoing work by the Whatcom Council of Governments (WCOG) and the Border Policy Research Institute (BPRI) to investigate the benefits and costs of significantly increasing the portion of cross-border traffic using radio frequency identification (RFID). Before reviewing the analysis, it is useful to review the current policy context as well as some details about travel documents and U.S.-Canada cross-border traffic operations.
Comparing Us And Canadian Foreign Worker Policies, Laurie Trautman
Comparing Us And Canadian Foreign Worker Policies, Laurie Trautman
Border Policy Research Institute Publications
In both the U.S. and Canada, immigration reform is a politically, economically and emotionally contentious issue. One component of immigration policy in particular – the use of temporary foreign labor – is an important aspect of policy reform in both countries. This Border Policy Brief explores the policies used by Canada and the U.S. to import temporary foreign workers, often referred to as "guest workers,‟ particularly in lower-skilled occupations such as agriculture, hospitality and caregiving. Although both countries are increasingly relying on foreign workers to fill lower-skilled labor needs, they are doing so in very different ways.
Pilot Project: Using Rfid To Reduce Border Queues, David L. (David Lindsay) Davidson
Pilot Project: Using Rfid To Reduce Border Queues, David L. (David Lindsay) Davidson
Border Policy Research Institute Publications
Since 9/11, about $500 million has been spent on border infrastructure in the Cascade Gateway region, including new port facilities, improvements to approaching highways, and deployments of technologies such as wait-time systems. Yet there frequently are queues in excess of 60 minutes for the many travelers who are not enrolled in NEXUS (a program that provides trusted travelers with access to a dedicated highway lane). While regional stakeholders know that queues would be far worse in the absence of past investments, efforts are continually underway to improve border mobility. Greater usage of RFID-enabled documents is a proven method of bolstering …
2013/14 Imtc Passenger Vehicle Survey: Project Organization & Report Of Findings, Border Policy Research Institute
2013/14 Imtc Passenger Vehicle Survey: Project Organization & Report Of Findings, Border Policy Research Institute
Border Policy Research Institute Publications
For the IMTC passenger vehicle survey, the notion of a "cross-border trip" is not as rigid a definition of "trip" as typically used in traffic modeling. While basic origin and destination data was collected here, our purpose was not to obtain a trip diary from our respondents that would account for intermediary stops. Our interests were in the primary destination a traveler had when they left their residence and headed across the border.
Canadian Indians, Inuit, Métis, And Métis: An Exploration Of The Unparalleled Rights Enjoyed By American Indians Born In Canada To Freely Access The United States, Greg Boos, Greg Mclawsen, Heather Fathali
Canadian Indians, Inuit, Métis, And Métis: An Exploration Of The Unparalleled Rights Enjoyed By American Indians Born In Canada To Freely Access The United States, Greg Boos, Greg Mclawsen, Heather Fathali
Border Policy Research Institute Publications
Certain American Indians born in Canada (ABCs) enjoy access to the United States unrestricted by the Immigration and Nationality (INA), a right stemming from the Jay Treaty (1794). An examination of this right, reflected by codification as § 289 of the INA, reveals qualifying ABCs are entitled to privileges unparalleled by all but United States citizens to enter and remain in the U.S. “for the purpose of employment, study, retirement, investing, and/or immigration”4 or any other reason.
Suggestions For Improving Cross-Border Mobility And North American Competitiveness, Border Policy Research Institute
Suggestions For Improving Cross-Border Mobility And North American Competitiveness, Border Policy Research Institute
Border Policy Research Institute Publications
On May 15, 2014, the BPRI hosted a conference titled “Beyond NAFTA: Streamlining the Border to Strengthen North American Competitiveness.” With two decades of NAFTA behind us, and with the U.S.-Canada “Beyond the Border” (BtB) agenda near the end of its phase-one timeline, speakers were asked to produce ideas about what should next be done in order to foster crossborder mobility
Canadians Shopping In Northwest Washington, Border Policy Research Institute
Canadians Shopping In Northwest Washington, Border Policy Research Institute
Border Policy Research Institute Publications
In March 2013 the BPRI began a long-term study of the behavior of Canadian cross-border shoppers. The main goal of the study is to provide data with which to analyze the economic impacts of changes in factors that might influence cross-border shopping—changes such as a decline in the exchange rate, or a revision of sales taxes or duty-free limits.
American Indians Born In Canada And The Right Of Free Access To The United States, Greg Boos, Greg Mclawsen
American Indians Born In Canada And The Right Of Free Access To The United States, Greg Boos, Greg Mclawsen
Border Policy Research Institute Publications
In 1794, the United States and Great Britain negotiated the Jay Treaty, established in part to mitigate the effects of the recently established boundary line between Canada and the United States on the native peoples who suddenly found their lands bisected. The rights and benefits originally set out by the Jay Treaty are now codified in statute, and continue to bestow upon Canadians with a 50% native bloodline (euphemistically referred to as “American Indians born in Canada” in U.S. immigration law) the right to freely pass the border and remain in the United States for any purpose, virtually unrestricted by …
2013/14 Imtc Passenger Vehicle Survey: Report Of Interim Findings, Border Policy Research Institute
2013/14 Imtc Passenger Vehicle Survey: Report Of Interim Findings, Border Policy Research Institute
Border Policy Research Institute Publications
The 2013/14 passenger vehicle survey consists of a questionnaire administered to cross-border personal vehicles at five land border ports-of-entry between Western Washington State and Lower Mainland British Columbia – commonly referred to as the Cascade Gateway. The project is advanced by the International Mobility and Trade Corridor Program (IMTC) and is the third such survey undertaken by this regional cross-border planning coalition since 2000. This report outlines the organization of the project and summarizes high level findings from the summer and winter interviews conducted in July 2013 and February 2014, respectively.
Is Rfid The Answer To Resurgent Border Traffic?, Border Policy Research Institute
Is Rfid The Answer To Resurgent Border Traffic?, Border Policy Research Institute
Border Policy Research Institute Publications
With respect to cross-border passenger travel at Blaine, Washington (the I-5 corridor), two things were evident in the aftermath of 9/11—the volume of travel dropped dramatically, and the at-booth inspection process became more time-consuming. The combined effect was that wait-times remained roughly comparable to what existed pre-9/11, despite traffic volumes that were 25 percent lower. The constant worry, though, was “How will we cope when traffic volumes climb?” For eight years regional stakeholders pursued initiatives intended to reduce wait-times, even as traffic volumes languished at an average volume of about 215,000 cars per month. The tail end of that eight-year …
The "Beyond The Border" Dialogue At Age One: Policy And Political Implications For The Pacific Northwest, Border Policy Research Institute
The "Beyond The Border" Dialogue At Age One: Policy And Political Implications For The Pacific Northwest, Border Policy Research Institute
Border Policy Research Institute Publications
On February 4, 2011, President Obama and Prime Minister Harper issued the "Beyond the Border" (BTB) Declaration, announcing a new initiative regarding management of the Canada – US border. The Declaration contemplated the creation of an Action Plan, which was released on December 7, 2011. The goal of this seminar was to examine the Action Plan and assess its implications and impact on Canada-US border management going forward.
Seminar Proceedings: Perimeter Security And The Beyond The Border Dialogue: Perspectives From The Pnw-Western Canada Region: Special Report, Border Policy Research Institute
Seminar Proceedings: Perimeter Security And The Beyond The Border Dialogue: Perspectives From The Pnw-Western Canada Region: Special Report, Border Policy Research Institute
Border Policy Research Institute Publications
The Harper-Obama Washington Declaration of February 4, 2011 stated: "to preserve and extend the benefits our close relationship has helped bring Canadians and Americans alike, we intend to pursue a perimeter approach to security, working together within, at, and away from the borders of our two countries to enhance our security and accelerate the legitimate flow of people, goods, and services between our two countries." As of June, 2011, there were no details on what "perimeter security" might look like. What was clear is that whatever form it takes will likely depend on the Ottawa and Washington, DC intergovernmental Beyond …
Comparing A Year Of Legal Inbound Travel: The United States And Canada- 2009, Dylan Medina, Yijun Zhang, Susannah Edwards, Austin Rose, Christopher Miller
Comparing A Year Of Legal Inbound Travel: The United States And Canada- 2009, Dylan Medina, Yijun Zhang, Susannah Edwards, Austin Rose, Christopher Miller
Border Policy Research Institute Publications
This study initially set out to compare the cross-border flow of people into the U.S. and Canada over the course of one year. The research team at the BPRI chose to look at cross border flow for 2009, finding it to be the most recent comparable year. To begin this research, we set out with several general questions such as “who is crossing?”, “how many?”, “from where?” and “why?” We intended to first collect the quantitative data and then look at how the flow of people reflects or perhaps complicates the border and immigration policies, as well as the values, …
Atlas Of The Land Entry Ports On The Canada-Us Border, David L. (David Lindsay) Davidson, Bryant Hammond, Kathlleen Mintz
Atlas Of The Land Entry Ports On The Canada-Us Border, David L. (David Lindsay) Davidson, Bryant Hammond, Kathlleen Mintz
Border Policy Research Institute Publications
This atlas identifies the names and locations of all legal land crossing points along the Canada – U.S. border. We omit portsof-entry that are considered “land” ports by the Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA) and/or U.S. Customs and Border Protection (USCBP) but that are actually served by boat (e.g., the ferry landing at Anacortes, WA). Each depicted point is one at which a vehicle can directly travel by road (or railroad) from U.S. to Canadian soil. There are 146 in all, of which 26 are rail lines and 120 are roadways (19 bridges, 1 tunnel, and 100 roads). Two of …
Proceedings: Seminar On Canada-Us Border Management Policy Issues April 12, 2010, Border Policy Research Institute
Proceedings: Seminar On Canada-Us Border Management Policy Issues April 12, 2010, Border Policy Research Institute
Border Policy Research Institute Publications
Much has been said and written in recent years about the need to develop effective border policies that integrate trade and security. Though the problem of expediting cross border commerce and travel pre-dates 9/11, it has taken on a new urgency because of concerns that a more robust North American security paradigm increases the costs of trade and therefore imperils North American competitiveness. These concerns have become especially prominent in the aftermath of the 2008 recession.
Whti, The Recession, And Cross-Border Travel, Border Policy Research Institute
Whti, The Recession, And Cross-Border Travel, Border Policy Research Institute
Border Policy Research Institute Publications
A year has passed since final implementation of the Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative (WHTI, the so-called passport law), and almost two years have passed since the economic “meltdown” of late 2008. Each of these events would be expected to have an impact on cross-border travel. This article looks at recent cross-border travel trends, seeking to understand the impacts attributable to the two events. While our usual focus is the Canada – US border, trends at the Mexico – US border are also examined here, as the two borders have exhibited differing patterns in recent years, and the differences are instructive.
Atlas Of Land Entry Ports On The Us-Mexico Border, Austin Rose, David L. (David Lindsay) Davidson
Atlas Of Land Entry Ports On The Us-Mexico Border, Austin Rose, David L. (David Lindsay) Davidson
Border Policy Research Institute Publications
This atlas shows the names and locations of all legal land crossing points along the U.S. – Mexico border. Each depicted point is one at which a vehicle can travel by road (or railroad) from U.S. to Mexican soil. There are 52 in all, of which 8 are rail lines, 43 are roadways (24 bridges, 2 dams, and 17 roads), and 1 is a ferry. For record-keeping purposes, USCBP groups the 52 crossings into 26 ports-of-entry (POEs), with data from a set of neighboring crossings aggregated under the name of a “master” POE.
'Breaking Points,' But No 'Broken' Border: Stakeholders Evaluate Border Issues In The Pacific Northwest Region, Victor A. Konrad
'Breaking Points,' But No 'Broken' Border: Stakeholders Evaluate Border Issues In The Pacific Northwest Region, Victor A. Konrad
Border Policy Research Institute Publications
At the beginning of the 21st century, as global flows emanate from North America and from all around the world to stream across our continent in every direction, the enhanced border between Canada and the United States of America appears strangely enigmatic. Due to the immense pressure on the one hand to step up security, and the almost equally strong imperative on the other to expedite crossing, the border has been re-invented to enable the rapid crossing of some goods and services, and some people (Konrad and Nicol, 2008; Brunet-Jailly, 2007).
Additional Powers Of Search And Seizure At And Near The Border, David L. (David Lindsay) Davidson, Gina Kim
Additional Powers Of Search And Seizure At And Near The Border, David L. (David Lindsay) Davidson, Gina Kim
Border Policy Research Institute Publications
In normal practice, the Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution requires individualized suspicion together with procurement of a warrant prior to a government search and/or seizure. Federal courts have recognized some exceptions, however, with the most common one pertaining at the nation’s borders, where most stops and searches are exempt from the usual requirements. That exception is justified by the understanding that a sovereign nation has the power to control who and what comes within its borders. This article describes practices related to searches and seizures at and near the border. A lengthy discussion of U.S. practices is followed by …
The Anticipated Impacts Of The Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative On Coast Salish Communities, James M. (James Marlow) Hundley
The Anticipated Impacts Of The Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative On Coast Salish Communities, James M. (James Marlow) Hundley
Border Policy Research Institute Publications
The Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative (WHTI) is the policy directive of the Department of Homeland Security following the Intelligence Reform and Prevention Act of 2004. It will require that all citizens, including American citizens as well as foreign nationals, entering the United States from any foreign country to show documentation demonstrating identification and citizenship.
Streamlining Of Nafta Tariffs: Benefits For Washington State, Aaron Hayman, Paul Storer
Streamlining Of Nafta Tariffs: Benefits For Washington State, Aaron Hayman, Paul Storer
Border Policy Research Institute Publications
The Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America (SPP) is an initiative launched in 2005 by the leaders of Canada, Mexico, and the United States to promote security and prosperity through cooperation and sharing of information. One component of the prosperity agenda is a Working Group on the movement of goods which was created to pursue the following objectives: … lower the transaction costs of trade in goods by liberalizing the requirements for obtaining duty-free treatment under NAFTA, including through the reduction of “rules of origin” costs on goods traded between our countries. Each country should have in place procedures …
Initiating An Investigation Of The Border's Performance, David L. (David Lindsay) Davidson, Stacia Dreyer, Bryant Hammond
Initiating An Investigation Of The Border's Performance, David L. (David Lindsay) Davidson, Stacia Dreyer, Bryant Hammond
Border Policy Research Institute Publications
In recent months, two distinct projects designed to gauge the performance of the Canada – US border have been initiated. The University at Buffalo Regional Institute (UBRI) proposed the development of a “Border Barometer,” which is anticipated to be a set of metrics replicable along the breadth of the 49th parallel. UBRI is our partner in a new consortium that performs border-related research—the Northern Border University Research Consortium (NBURC)—and courtesy of a grant from the Canadian government, the NBURC is launching the Border Barometer project.