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Articles 1 - 26 of 26
Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences
The Development Of Sense Of Agency, Shaun D. Duggins
The Development Of Sense Of Agency, Shaun D. Duggins
Psychology Theses
Agency, a behavioral and psychological concept, is an individual’s sense of what they can do and what they think they can do. It is imperative to understand how a sense of agency in youths can be fostered and transformed into constructive action. This study builds on previous research to better identify predictors of agency, focusing on social and political involvement and opportunity structure. Additionally, it analyzes and proposes the use of a new measure of agency, the Community Leadership (CL) scale. Eighty-five teens (ages 13 to 18) were administered surveys. Involvement was found to be significantly related to agency. It …
Hiv In South African Youth: Relations With Parenting Quality And Executive Functioning, Christina H. Salama
Hiv In South African Youth: Relations With Parenting Quality And Executive Functioning, Christina H. Salama
Psychology Theses
Black South Africans account for a majority of HIV cases in South Africa, highlighting the need for greater understanding of risks specific to this group. Within the HIV prevention and risk literature, little information exists regarding the familial and neuropsychological contributions to HIV risk in youth. The current study addressed this gap. In a group of black South African parent-child dyads, the researchers investigated the independent and interactive contributions of parenting quality and executive functioning in the prediction of HIV risk. Child report of relationship quality was negatively associated with risky sexual attitudes and externalizing behaviors. Parent report of parental …
The Influence Of Language Preference On Bilingual Children's Expressive And Receptive Vocabulary And Reading Ability, Cortney M. Fritz
The Influence Of Language Preference On Bilingual Children's Expressive And Receptive Vocabulary And Reading Ability, Cortney M. Fritz
Psychology Theses
Given the increase of Spanish- and English-speaking bilingual students in US schools, identifying the predictors of reading in this group of students is of significant importance to developing appropriate screening measures and intervention strategies. Thus, the current study evaluated the pattern of language preference in an elementary school bilingual (Spanish-English) population and its relationship with expressive and receptive vocabulary, and broad reading ability in English and Spanish. Participants were 58 Latino students ranging in age from 7 years, 5 months to 11 years, 1 month (M = 8.98, SD = .98) with 48% born in the United States. Results …
The Investigation Of Prosocial Behavior In A Tool Task By Capuchin Monkeys (Cebus Apella), Audrey E. Parrish
The Investigation Of Prosocial Behavior In A Tool Task By Capuchin Monkeys (Cebus Apella), Audrey E. Parrish
Psychology Theses
Humans are exceptional in their willingness to and frequency with which they help one another. However, nonhuman primates also exhibit prosocial behavior. Recently, a number of laboratory studies examining prosociality among primates have yielded conflicting results. These contradictory findings may be due to a reliance on human interaction, tokens, or interactions in the direct context of food, a highly valued resource for animals. The current study examined prosocial behavior among capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) in a tool task designed to address these issues by examining whether capuchins would transfer a necessary tool to a partner in different payoff …
Jurors’ Use Of Non-Statutory Aggravating And Mitigating Evidence In The Context Of Improper Prosecutor Argument, Alicia Serpa
Jurors’ Use Of Non-Statutory Aggravating And Mitigating Evidence In The Context Of Improper Prosecutor Argument, Alicia Serpa
Psychology Theses
The proposed research examined the affective and cognitive processes involved in jurors’ reactions to comparative value arguments and evidence of non-statutory aggravating and mitigating circumstances in the sentencing phase of a capital trial. The experiment utilized a 2 (Permissible Victim Impact Statements: Present v. absent) x 3 (Non-Statutory Mitigating Evidence: Social Value v. Troubled Life v. Both) x 2 (Comparative Value Argument: Life v. Worth) + 1 between-groups factorial design. Participants exposed to comparative worth arguments were more likely to vote for death than those exposed to comparative life arguments. In addition, participants were differentially influenced by comparative arguments. In …
The Early Parent-Child Relationship And Aggression: The Mediating Role Of Language, Christopher R. Harper
The Early Parent-Child Relationship And Aggression: The Mediating Role Of Language, Christopher R. Harper
Psychology Theses
Multiple theories suggest that the early parent-child relationship plays an important role in development. Past research has shown linkages between parenting style and aggression as well as between language and aggression. Emerging evidence suggests that attachment security is an important predictor of language development. It was hypothesized that there would be an effect of parent-child relationship quality at 36 months on aggression at school entry via language ability at 54 months. To test this hypothesis, path analysis in M-Plus was used. Data for this study were collected as a part of the NICHD, Study of Early Child Care and Youth …
The Relation Between Homework Compliance And Treatment Outcome For Individuals With Social Phobia, Shannan M. Edwards
The Relation Between Homework Compliance And Treatment Outcome For Individuals With Social Phobia, Shannan M. Edwards
Psychology Theses
Homework compliance has been identified as a robust predictor of treatment outcome for depression and, to a lesser extent, anxiety disorders, including social phobia. The current study tested the following hypotheses: (1) homework compliance is positively related to ratings of global improvement, (2) homework compliance is negatively related to symptom reduction, (3) the relation between homework compliance and treatment outcome varies according to the nature of the homework exercise, and (4) expectancy is positively related to early homework compliance, in a clinical sample of individuals with social phobia. Results provided limited support for the relation between compliance and ratings of …
The Influence Of Regret Proneness, Evidence Strengthening, And Perceived Responsibility On Verdict Preference, Stephanie L. Oglesby
The Influence Of Regret Proneness, Evidence Strengthening, And Perceived Responsibility On Verdict Preference, Stephanie L. Oglesby
Psychology Theses
In the present study, we investigated perceived responsibility, evidence strengthening, and defendant gender in the context of a criminal trial involving DNA. Evidence was introduced post-trial and varied as strengthening the defendant’s guilt v. innocence. We also examined perceptions of perceived responsibility for verdict in order to more closely evaluate the role of regret in decision-making. Results indicated that DNA evidence is perceived as reliable, regardless of whether it strengthened guilt or innocence. In addition, greater confidence in verdict was observed when evidence strengthened the guilt of a female defendant vs. a male defendant. Finally, jurors experiencing high levels of …
The Utility Of The Savry In Predicting Recidivism Among Juvenile Sex Offenders, Timothy Owens
The Utility Of The Savry In Predicting Recidivism Among Juvenile Sex Offenders, Timothy Owens
Psychology Theses
The identification of high-risk juvenile sex offenders has become one of the most controversial tasks of forensic mental health professionals today. Courts rely on clinician assessments when attempting to differentiate between youth who are low risk versus youth that are high risk to recidivate. The present study will examine the effectiveness of the Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY) in predicting sexual and nonsexual recidivism in a sample of juvenile sex offenders. Participants are 100 male juvenile sex offenders who were evaluated by a forensic evaluation service regarding their risk to reoffend. Archival case information, which contains forensic …
Relationships Among Processing Speed, Attention, And Biochemical Features In Children Identified With Mitochondrial Disease, Jihye S. Chang
Relationships Among Processing Speed, Attention, And Biochemical Features In Children Identified With Mitochondrial Disease, Jihye S. Chang
Psychology Theses
Mitochondrial Diseases (MD) are disorders of function in cellular oxidative phosphorylation caused by diverse nuclear DNA and mtDNA mutations and seen in 1/5,000 births. The purpose of this study was to examine relationships across medical indices, biochemical measures, and neurobehavioral functioning in children with MD. Findings from Western Blot, Native Gels, High Resolution Respirometry, and the Nijmegen diagnostic criteria were assessed in relation to children’s processing speed and attention, based on the prediction that impaired functioning of proteins, complexes, and cellular respiration, that are critical in ATP production, will impact neurodevelopment and related neuropsychological processes in children with MD. Twenty-five …
Examining Comparative Value Arguments, Capital Sentencing Evidence, And Legal Safeguards, Rachel Small
Examining Comparative Value Arguments, Capital Sentencing Evidence, And Legal Safeguards, Rachel Small
Psychology Theses
Comparative value arguments (CVA) suggest to jurors that a death sentence is appropriate because the victim’s value surpasses the defendant’s value. Jurors exposed to CVA are likely to misuse mitigation and victim impact evidence. The present study has a sample of 140 university students. A 2 x 4 + 1 between-groups factorial design was utilized to examine effects of mitigation and victim impact evidence in the context of CVA (held constant); and to test legal safeguard efficacy. A main effect was found of legal safeguards on jurors’ perceptions of prosecutorial misconduct, and a significant association was found between legal safeguards …
Embeddedness Versus Isolation In Dissonance-Induced Attitude Change, Rebecca L. Robinson
Embeddedness Versus Isolation In Dissonance-Induced Attitude Change, Rebecca L. Robinson
Psychology Theses
The argument is made that embedded and isolated attitudes differ in the magnitude and effects of cognitive dissonance in an induced-compliance paradigm. Individuals who engaged in counterattitudinal advocacy with an embedded attitude experienced increased negative affect but decreased attitude change compared to those who engaged in counterattitudinal advocacy with an isolated attitude. Traditional choice condition effects were also found to be different when the attitude was embedded versus isolated, with the embedded attitude characterized by a reversal of the expected effects typically seen with isolated attitudes. It is argued that induced-compliance dissonance studies have historically been restricted to one-sided isolated …
Modeling Work Retention In Chronic Disabling Occupational Musculoskeletal Disorders: The Role Of Pre-Treatment And Post-Treatment Risk Factors, Emily Brede
Psychology Theses
Chronic pain has become an increasing problem, with serious social and economic consequences. One important socioeconomic outcome in the treatment of chronic disabling occupational musculoskeletal disorders (CDOMD) is work retention (WR), which reflects the patient's ability to both obtain and maintain employment following treatment. A consecutive CDOMD patient sample received complete physical and psychosocial evaluations at admission to and discharge from a functional restoration program, and WR was evaluated one year later. It was hypothesized that the effect of economic and psychosocial factors at admission on WR would be mediated by those same factors at discharge . A structural equation …
Verbal Behavior Of Mice And Men: Preference For Multiple Schedules Of Reinforcement As An Indicator Of The Evolution Of Verbal Behavior, Adrianne Eileen Lewis
Verbal Behavior Of Mice And Men: Preference For Multiple Schedules Of Reinforcement As An Indicator Of The Evolution Of Verbal Behavior, Adrianne Eileen Lewis
Psychology Theses
The evolution of verbal behavior in humans is believed to have appeared in the form of a complex operant behavior. According to behaviorists, the development verbal behavior which is exclusive to Homo sapiens could have been the result of an increased sensitivity to environmental stimuli in the form of another person. Previous animal research by Roark and Kopp (2008) found that sensitivity to environmental stimuli (as indicated by a preference to respond to a multiple schedule of reinforcement) and a preference to respond to additional cues could be a precursor to the evolution of verbal behavior in Sprague Dawley rats. …
Effect Of Number Of Ideas And Folders On Idea Generation In Groups, Lauren E. Arditti
Effect Of Number Of Ideas And Folders On Idea Generation In Groups, Lauren E. Arditti
Psychology Theses
Electronic brainstorming is a method developed to take advantage of the positive effects of collective ideation, such as cognitive stimulation, while decreasing production blocking and social loafing. Research indicates that as group size increases so does the total number of ideas generated. Yet, as groups get larger, brainstormers may succumb to cognitive overload and no longer benefit from the cognitive stimulation of other group members. To counter this potential source of production loss, the use of folders has been developed. Folders are a means of collecting ideas and distributing them among group members in smaller more manageable sets. However, studies …
The Role Of Abstraction For Creative Idea Generation, Ajeeta Deuja
The Role Of Abstraction For Creative Idea Generation, Ajeeta Deuja
Psychology Theses
The present study examined the role of categories during a brainstorming task. Participants were asked to generate abstract categories before they brainstormed either in groups or individually in Study 1. It was expected that generating categories would be beneficial before ideation. However, it was found that category generation harmed the group ideation process. It was also found that they were not clustering as much to their ideas, which might have led to a decrease in productivity. Study 2 aimed to examine whether groups would benefit by brainstorming sequentially because of high clustering. It was found that sequential brainstorming helped increase …
Competition Between Dorsal Root Reflex And Sympathetic Activity On Neurogenic Inflammation, Ailing Li
Competition Between Dorsal Root Reflex And Sympathetic Activity On Neurogenic Inflammation, Ailing Li
Psychology Theses
Neurogenic inflammation is caused by the inflammatory substances released from the peripheral terminals of afferent fibers. Vasodilation is one of the cardinal signs of neurogenic inflammation. It is thought that neurogenic inflammation is closely related with dorsal root reflex (DRR). DRRs are the antidromic action potentials that can be elicited by noxious stimuli and promote the release of inflammatory substances from the nerve terminals to facilitate neurogenic inflammation, like increase of the vasodilation. Some studies have proved that DRR can propagate bilaterally after being induced unilaterally. However, in our previous studies, we didn't observe significant increase of contralateral blood perfusion, …
Finally, My Thesis On Academic Procrastination, Justin Mccloskey
Finally, My Thesis On Academic Procrastination, Justin Mccloskey
Psychology Theses
References to procrastination have been dated back to as long as 3,000 years ago. However, research on procrastination is ironically enormously behind the curve in active research on its antecedents and effects. Academic procrastination is a unique outlet of procrastinatory tendencies and is the object of much less scientific research. Academic procrastination occurs when students needlessly delay completing projects, activities or assignments and has been linked to lower academic grades, poorer well-being, and more stress. Studies have found procrastination to be a vital predictor of success in college and the development of a scale upon which to measure it could …
The Effect Of Morphine On Dopamine Neuron Activation In Males And Cycling Females, Micah Eimerbrink
The Effect Of Morphine On Dopamine Neuron Activation In Males And Cycling Females, Micah Eimerbrink
Psychology Theses
The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of estrogen on the electrophysiological response of ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine (DA) neurons to morphine (10 mg/kg; IP) in experimentally naïve adult male and intact adult female cycling Sprague-Dawley rats. Five groups were studied: males, proestrus females, estrus females, metestrus females, and diestrus females. Continuous 40 minute recordings were collected for each animal (5 minutes baseline, 5 minutes after a saline (0.9% NaCl) injection, and 30 minutes after morphing injection (10 mg/kg)). Results showed significant increases in VTA DA activity in the Metestrus and Male groups, no significant differences …
An Animal Model Of Conditioned Placebo Analgesia, Christopher T. Mcnabb
An Animal Model Of Conditioned Placebo Analgesia, Christopher T. Mcnabb
Psychology Theses
Research on placebo analgesia (PA) has called for the further elucidation of underlying neural mechanisms. Animal models allow for experimental manipulations that are not possible or feasible in human research such as brain lesions. Therefore, an animal model would be ideally suited to expand upon human PA literature; however, there is currently no animal model of PA. This study used a classical conditioning paradigm in an effort to induce an analgesic response to placebo treatment in rats. Thirty eight female Sprague-Dawley rats underwent an L5 spinal nerve ligation (L5 SNL) to induce a chronic neuropathic pain condition. Animals were conditioned …
Creating And Studying "Instant Enemies" And Instant Allies" In Same-Sex Dyadic Interactions, Anna E. Park
Creating And Studying "Instant Enemies" And Instant Allies" In Same-Sex Dyadic Interactions, Anna E. Park
Psychology Theses
The present study was designed to investigate the “instant enemy” and “instant ally” phenomena. Forty-three pairs of unacquainted college students interacted in same-sex and same-race pairs for 10 minutes. In the enemy condition, the dyads consisted of one participant who was liberal and one participant who was conservative. In the ally condition, both participants were either liberal or both participants were conservative. It was expected that dyads consisting of political opposites would behave like “instant enemies,” whereas dyads consisting of participants with similar political attitudes would behave more like “instant allies.” This general prediction was expected to be reflected in …
Measurement Invariance Of The Sf-12 Across Ethnic Groups Among Women In Postpartum, Tamer Farouk Desouky
Measurement Invariance Of The Sf-12 Across Ethnic Groups Among Women In Postpartum, Tamer Farouk Desouky
Psychology Theses
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine differential item functioning (DIF) as a plausible cause of subgroup variation in the short-form health survey (SF-12). Methods: Cross sectional secondary data analysis of postpartum women (n = 655) who participated in a prospective cohort longitudinal design was conducted. Hypotheses predicted that subgroups would exhibit DIF among items measuring physical health as assessed by the SF-12. If DIF is found then other postpartum related variables, such as social support and parity, will explain DIF through mediation analysis. A Multiple Indicator Multiple Cause (MIMIC) model was used to examine DIF among these …
Generations: The Dividing Line Between Preferences For Leadership Styles, Alysia Annette Bransford
Generations: The Dividing Line Between Preferences For Leadership Styles, Alysia Annette Bransford
Psychology Theses
This research examined what effects the characteristics of the Millennial generation had on the preferences for leadership style by investigating which qualities in leaders were more highly valued within this generational cohort. The Millennial generations' (i.e., individuals born between 1980 and 2000) potential preferences towards four leadership styles (i.e., charismatic, ideological, pragmatic, and servant) versus that of non-Millennials (i.e., individuals born before 1980) were investigated. In addition, this study investigated how Millennials' locus of control affects their leader preference. Two 2 x 3 Mixed ANCOVAs were run to assess leadership preferences between the two generational groups. Multiple regressions were run …
Asynchronous Idea Generation, Runa Korde
Asynchronous Idea Generation, Runa Korde
Psychology Theses
The studies examined the role of providing review sessions during a brainstorming task. Participants were asked to generate ideas either as pair or individually. It was expected that participants who were provided time to review their own as well as their partners' ideas would generate more ideas than those who were not provided a separate review session. Additionally, it was expected that when the review session was provided, participants who generated ideas alone would perform better than those who generated ideas as a pair. Results of Study 1 supported these hypotheses. Study 2 was conducted to understand the factors that …
Does Teacher Bullying Predict Poorer Adjustment Outcomes In Students?, Erika Venzor
Does Teacher Bullying Predict Poorer Adjustment Outcomes In Students?, Erika Venzor
Psychology Theses
The current thesis sought to examine whether (1) teacher bullying affects students' health, academic motivation and performance, (2) there are ethnic differences in teacher bullying, (3) teacher and peer bullying are different constructs, and (4) academic motivation and self-efficacy (Study 2) mediate the relationship between teacher bullying and academic performance. For Study 1, 346 college students participated in an online study. Those students who were bullied by both peers and teachers had the worst adjustment outcomes. Teacher bullying predicted lower academic motivation and poorer performance even after controlling for peer bullying. There were ethnic differences on peer relational victimization, teacher …
Conditioned Place Preference In The Male Wistar-Kyoto Rat, Torry Scott Dennis
Conditioned Place Preference In The Male Wistar-Kyoto Rat, Torry Scott Dennis
Psychology Theses
The current set of experiments examined the role of trait anxiety, using the Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rat, on cocaine- and morphine-induced conditioned place preference. Both four and six pairings of 10mg/kg cocaine during conditioning yielded no significant preference at acquisition, yet a preference at reinstatement was observed after a protracted period of abstinence. The three pairings of 10mg/kg morphine yielded no significant preference for either of the outer choice chambers at any time point, however an increasing preference for the neutral chamber in which no injection was given was observed as extinction continued. Taken together, the data collected from these experiments …