Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons^™

Social Networks In Primates: Smart And Tolerant Species Have More Efficient Networks, Cristian Pasquaretta, Marine Levé, Nicolas Claidière, Andrew Whiten, Andrew J. J. Macintosh, Marie Pelé, Mackenzie L. Bergstrom, Christèle Borgeaud, Sarah F. Brosnan, Margaret C. Crofoot, Linda M. Fedigan, Claudia Fichtel, Lydia M. Hopper, Mary Catherine Mareno, Odile Petit, Anna Viktoria Schnoell, Eugenia Polizzi Di Sorrentino, Bernard Thierry, Barbara Tiddi, Cédric Sueur

Psychology Faculty Publications

Network optimality has been described in genes, proteins and human communicative networks. In the latter, optimality leads to the efficient transmission of information with a minimum number of connections. Whilst studies show that differences in centrality exist in animal networks with central individuals having higher fitness, network efficiency has never been studied in animal groups. Here we studied 78 groups of primates (24 species).We found that group size and neocortex ratio were correlated with network efficiency. Centralisation (whether several individuals are central in the group) and modularity (how a group is clustered) had opposing effects on network efficiency, showing that …

Empathy As A “Risky Strength”: A Multilevel Examination Of Empathy And Risk For Internalizing Disorders, Erin Tone, Erin Tully

Psychology Faculty Publications

Learning to respond to others' distress with well-regulated empathy is an important developmental task linked to positive health outcomes and moral achievements. However, this important interpersonal skill set may also confer risk for depression and anxiety when present at extreme levels and in combination with certain individual characteristics or within particular contexts. The purpose of this review is to describe an empirically grounded theoretical rationale for the hypothesis that empathic tendencies can be “risky strengths.” We propose a model in which typical development of affective and cognitive empathy can be influenced by complex interplay among intraindividual and interindividual moderators that …

Latent Factor Modeling Of Four Schizotypy Dimensions With Theory Of Mind And Empathy, Jeffrey S. Bedwell, Michael T. Compton, Florian G. Jentsch, Andrew E. Deptula, Sandra M. Goulding, Erin Tone

Psychology Faculty Publications

Preliminary evidence suggests that theory of mind and empathy relate differentially to factors of schizotypy. The current study assessed 686 undergraduate students and used structural equation modeling to examine links between a four-factor model of schizotypy with performance on measures of theory of mind (Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test [MIE]) and empathy (Interpersonal Reactivity Index [IRI]). Schizotypy was assessed using three self-report measures which were simultaneously entered into the model. Results revealed that the Negative factor of schizotypy showed a negative relationship with the Empathy factor, which was primarily driven by the Empathic Concern subscale of the IRI …

Dynamic Functional Connectivity Analysis Reveals Transient States Of Dysconnectivity In Schizophrenia, Eswar Damaraju, Elena A. Allen, Aysenil Belger, Judith Ford, Sarah Mcewin, S. Mcewen, Daniel H. Mathalon, Bryon A. Mueller, Godfrey Pearlson, Steven G. Potkin, Adrian Preda, Jessica Turner, Jatin Vaidya, Theo G. M. Van Erp, Vince D. Calhoun

Psychology Faculty Publications

Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder characterized by functional dysconnectivity or abnormal integration between distant brain regions. Recent functional imaging studies have implicated large-scale thalamo-cortical connectivity as being disrupted in patients.However, observed connectivity differences in schizophrenia have been inconsistent between studies,with reports of hyperconnectivity and hypoconnectivity between the same brain regions. Using resting state eyes-closed functional imaging and independent component analysis on amulti-site data that included 151 schizophrenia patients and 163 age- and gender matched healthy controls, we decomposed the functional brain data into 100 components and identified 47 as functionally relevant intrinsic connectivity networks. We subsequently evaluated group differences in …

Statistical Algorithms For Ontology-Based Annotation Of Scientific Literature, Chayan Chakrabarti, Thomas B. Jones, George F. Luger, Jiawei F. Xu, Matthew Turner, Angela R. Liard, Jessica Turner

Psychology Faculty Publications

Background: Ontologies encode relationships within a domain in robust data structures that can be used to annotate data objects, including scientific papers, in ways that ease tasks such as search and meta-analysis. However, the annotation process requires significant time and effort when performed by humans. Text mining algorithms can facilitate this process, but they render an analysis mainly based upon keyword, synonym and semantic matching. They do not leverage information embedded in an ontology’s structure.
Methods: We present a probabilistic framework that facilitates the automatic annotation of literature by indirectly modeling the restrictions among the different classes in the ontology. …

Statistical Algorithms For Ontology-Based Annotation Of Scientific Literature, Chayan Chakrabarti, Thomas B. Jones, George F. Luger, Jiawei F. Xu, Matthew Turner, Angela R. Laird, Jessica A. Turner

Psychology Faculty Publications

Background: Ontologies encode relationships within a domain in robust data structures that can be used to annotate data objects, including scientific papers, in ways that ease tasks such as search and meta-analysis. However, the annotation process requires significant time and effort when performed by humans. Text mining algorithms can facilitate this process, but they render an analysis mainly based upon keyword, synonym and semantic matching. They do not leverage information embedded in an ontology’s structure. Methods: We present a probabilistic framework that facilitates the automatic annotation of literature by indirectly modeling the restrictions among the different classes in the ontology. …

A Robust Classifier To Distinguish Noise From Fmri Independent Components, Vanessa Sochat, Kaustubh Supekar, Juan Bustillo, Vince D. Calhoun, Jessica Turner, Daniel L. Rubin

Psychology Faculty Publications

Analyzing Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) of resting brains to determine the spatial location and activity of intrinsic brain networks–a novel and burgeoning research field–is limited by the lack of ground truth and the tendency of analyses to overfit the data. Independent Component Analysis (ICA) is commonly used to separate the data into signal and Gaussian noise components, and then map these components on to spatial networks. Identifying noise from this data, however, is a tedious process that has proven hard to automate, particularly when data from different institutions, subjects, and scanners is used. Here we present an automated method …

Personality In Chimpanzees (Pan Troglodytes): Exploring The Hierarchical Structure And Associations With The Vasopressin V1a Receptor Gene, Dr. Robert D. Latzman, William D. Hopkins, Alaine C. Keebaugh, Larry J. Young

Psychology Faculty Publications

One of the major contributions of recent personality psychology is the finding that traits are related to each other in an organized hierarchy. To date, however, researchers have yet to investigate this hierarchy in nonhuman primates. Such investigations are critical in confirming the cross-species nature of trait personality helping to illuminate personality as neurobiologically-based and evolutionarily-derived dimensions of primate disposition. Investigations of potential genetic polymorphisms associated with hierarchical models of personality among nonhuman primates represent a critical first step. The current study examined the hierarchical structure of chimpanzee personality as well as sex-specific associations with a polymorphism in the promoter …

Facial Width-To-Height Ratio Relates To Alpha Status And Assertive Personality In Capuchin Monkeys, Carmen Emilia Lefevre, Vanessa A. D. Wilson, F. Blake Morton, Sarah F. Brosnan, Annika Paukner, Timothy C. Bates

Psychology Faculty Publications

Social dominance hierarchies play a pivotal role in shaping the behaviour of many species, and sex differences within these hierarchies often exist. To date, however, few physical markers of dominance have been identified. Such markers would be valuable in terms of understanding the etiology of dominant behaviour and changes in social hierarchies over time. Animals may also use such traits to evaluate the potential dominance of others relative to themselves (i.e. a physical ‘‘cue’’). Facial width-to-height ratio (fWHR), for example, has been suggested as a cue to dominance in humans, with links to both dominant behaviour and the perception of …

Child-­‐Directed Action Promotes 2-­‐Year-­‐Olds’ Imitation, Rebecca Williamson, Rebecca J. Brand

Psychology Faculty Publications

Children are voracious learners and adults are ubiquitous teachers. This project investigates whether the special infant-­‐ directed action modifications parents use when teaching their children (called “motionese”; Brand, Baldwin, & Ashburn, 2002) improves two-­‐year-­‐olds’ imitation. Children saw an adult perform a series of acts on four novel objects, using either an infant-­‐directed style (including larger range of motion and enhanced boundary marking) or an adult-­‐directed style. Children’s imitation of the acts was higher in the infant-­‐ directed relative to the adult-­‐directed condition, and both types of demonstration increased imitation relative to baseline (no demonstration). We propose that motionese may also …

Reading Skill In Adult Survivors Of Childhood Brain Tumor: A Theory-Based Neurocognitive Model, Kristen M. Smith, Tricia Z. King, Reema Jayakar, Robin Morris

Psychology Faculty Publications

Objective: This study investigated the relationship between word reading and white matter (WM) integrity within a neuroanatomical-based reading system comparing adult survivors of childhood brain tumors and controls. It was predicted that the association between WM integrity and word reading would be mediated by processing speed, and this indirect effect would be moderated by group.

Method: Thirty-seven adult survivors of childhood brain tumor and typically developing adults participated (age M=24.19±4.51 years, 62% female). DTI Tractography identified the WM tract for three of the reading system connections: inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus (IFOF), arcuate fasciculus (AF), and parietotemporal-occipitotemporal connection (PT-OT).

Results:Fractional anisotropy …

Acceptance And Commitment Therapy For Women Diagnosed With Binge Eating Disorder: A Case-Series Study., Akihiko Masuda, M. L. Hill, H. Melcher, Jessica Morgan, M. P. Twohig

Psychology Faculty Publications

Binge eating disorder (BED) is an eating disorder marked by a recurrence of eating unusually large amounts of food in one sitting along with feeling a loss of control over eating and experiencing marked distress. Outcomes from two adult women with BED who voluntarily participated in 10 weekly sessions of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy are presented. Binge eating was self-monitored daily prior to and throughout treatment. The average frequency of weekly binge eating across both participants at pre-treatment was 5.7 times, which decreased to 2.5 per week at post-treatment, and 1.0 per week at follow-up. The improvements were particularly significant …

Student Engagement In After-School Programs, Academic Skills, And Social Competence Among Elementary School Students, Kathryn E. Grogan, Christopher Henrich, Mariya V. Malikina

Psychology Faculty Publications

Research on the relationship between after-school program participation and student outcomes has been mixed, and beneficial effects have been small. Most recent studies suggest that participation is best characterized as a multidimensional concept that includes enrollment, attendance, and engagement, which help explain differences in student outcomes. The present study uses data from a longitudinal study of after-school programs in elementary schools to examine staff ratings of student engagement and school outcomes. The factor structure of the staff-rated measure of student engagement was examined by exploratory factor analysis. Multiple regression analyses found that student engagement in academic, youth development, and arts …

Genetic And Environmental Influences On Affiliation With Deviant Peers During Adolescence And Early Adulthood, Nicholas Tarantino, Erin Tully, Sarah E. Garcia, Susan South, William G. Iacono, Matt Mcgue

Psychology Faculty Publications

Adolescence and early adulthood is a time when peer groups become increasingly influential in the lives of young people. Youth exposed to deviant peers risk susceptibility to externalizing behaviors and related psychopathology. In addition to environmental correlates of deviant peer affiliation, a growing body of evidence suggests that affiliation with deviant peers is heritable. This study examined the magnitude of genetic and environmental influences on affiliation with deviant peers, changes in the relative importance of these factors, and which of these factors contribute to the stability of affiliation across this critical developmental period using a longitudinal twin study design that …

An Integrative Common Liabilities Model For The Comorbidity Of Substance Use Disorders With Externalizing And Internalizing Disorders, Erin Tully, William G. Iacono

Psychology Faculty Publications

This paper presents an integrative research-derived model to explain comorbidity among SUDs, externalizing disorders, and internalizing disorders. This hierarchical model is based on phenotypic covariance among the disorders and latent common genetic liability. At the highest level of the hierarchy, general genetically-influenced biological dispositions to negative emotionality and behavioral disinhibition each give rise to spectra of related personality traits, cognitive processes, behavioral tendencies, and psychopathology that account for the pattern of co-occurrence among mental disorders. At the lowest level of the hierarchy, disorder-specific genetic and environmental effects explain the presence of some and not other disorders associated with a given …

Neurocognitive Mechanisms Of Statistical-Sequential Learning: What Do Event-Related Potentials Tell Us?, Jerome Daltrozzo, Christopher M. Conway

Psychology Faculty Publications

Statistical-sequential learning (SL) is the ability to process patterns of environmental stimuli, such as spoken language, music, or one’s motor actions, that unfold in time. The underlying neurocognitive mechanisms of SL and the associated cognitive representations are still not well understood as reflected by the heterogeneity of the reviewed cognitive models. The purpose of this review is: (1) to provide a general overview of the primary models and theories of SL, (2) to describe the empirical research – with a focus on the event- related potential (ERP) literature – in support of these models while also highlighting the current limitations …

Correlates Of Psychopathic Personality Traits In Everyday Life: Results From A Large Community Survey, Scott O. Lilienfeld, Robert D. Latzman, Ashley L. Watts, Sarah F. Smith, Kevin Dutton

Psychology Faculty Publications

Although the traits of psychopathic personality (psychopathy) have received extensive attention from researchers in forensic psychology, psychopathology, and personality psychology, the relations of these traits to aspects of everyday functioning are poorly understood. Using a large internet survey of members of the general population (N = 3388), we examined the association between psychopathic traits, as measured by a brief but well-validated self-report measure, and occupational choice, political orientation, religious affiliation, and geographical residence. Psychopathic traits, especially those linked to fearless dominance, were positively and moderately associated with holding leadership and management positions, as well as high-risk occupations. In addition, psychopathic …

Harnessing Modern Web Application Technology To Create Intuitive And Efficient Data Visualization And Sharing Tools, Dylan Wood, Margaret D. King, Drew Landis, William Courtney, Runtang Wang, Ross Kelly, Jessica Turner, Vince D. Calhoun

Psychology Faculty Publications

Neuroscientists increasingly need to work with big data in order to derive meaningful results in their field. Collecting, organizing and analyzing this data can be a major hurdle on the road to scientific discovery. This hurdle can be lowered using the same technologies that are currently revolutionizing the way that cultural and social media sites represent and share information with their users. Web application technologies and standards such as RESTful webservices, HTML5 and high-performance in-browser JavaScript engines are being utilized to vastly improve the way that the world accesses and shares information. The neuroscience community can also benefit tremendously from …

Automated Collection Of Imaging And Phenotypic Data To Centralized And Distributed Data Repositories, Margaret D. King, Dylan Wood, Brittny Miller, Ross Kelly, Drew Landis, William Courtney, Runtang Wang, Jessica A. Turner, Vince D. Calhoun

Psychology Faculty Publications

Accurate data collection at the ground level is vital to the integrity of neuroimaging research. Similarly important is the ability to connect and curate data in order to make it meaningful and sharable with other investigators. Collecting data, especially with several different modalities, can be time consuming and expensive. These issues have driven the development of automated collection of neuroimaging and clinical assessment data within COINS (Collaborative Informatics and Neuroimaging Suite). COINS is an end-to-end data management system. It provides a comprehensive platform for data collection, management, secure storage, and flexible data retrieval (Bockholt et al., 2010; Scott et al., …

‘‘The Internet Is A Mask’’: High School Students’ Suggestions For Preventing Cyberbullying, Leandra N. Parris, Kris Varjas, Joel Meyers

Psychology Faculty Publications

Introduction: Interactions through technology have an important impact on today’s youth. While someof these interactions are positive, there are concerns regarding students engaging in negativeinteractions like cyberbullying behaviors and the negative impact these behaviors have on others. Thepurpose of the current study was to explore participant suggestions for both students and adults forpreventing cyberbullying incidents.

Methods: Forty high school students participated in individual, semi-structured interviews. Participantexperiences and perceptions were coded using constant comparative methods to illustrate ways inwhich students and adults may prevent cyberbullying from occurring within their school and community.

Results: Students reported that peers would benefit from increasing …

Comparative Cognition: Past, Present, And Future, Michael J. Beran, Audrey E. Parrish, Bonnie Perdue, David Washburn

Psychology Faculty Publications

Comparative cognition is the field of inquiry concerned with understanding the cognitive abilities and mechanisms that are evident in nonhuman species. Assessments of animal cognition have a long history, but in recent years there has been an explosion of new research topics, and a general broadening of the phylogenetic map of animal cognition. To review the past of comparative cognition, we describe the historical trends. In regards to the present state, we examine current “hot topics” in comparative cognition. Finally, we offer our unique and combined thoughts on the future of the field.