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Articles 1 - 30 of 53
Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences
Posttraumatic Stress Among Young Urban Children Exposed To Family Violence And Other Potentially Traumatic Events, Cindy A. Crusto, Melissa L. Whitson, Sherry M. Walling, Richard Feinn, Stacey R. Friedman, Jesse Reynolds, Mona Amer, Joy S. Kaufman
Posttraumatic Stress Among Young Urban Children Exposed To Family Violence And Other Potentially Traumatic Events, Cindy A. Crusto, Melissa L. Whitson, Sherry M. Walling, Richard Feinn, Stacey R. Friedman, Jesse Reynolds, Mona Amer, Joy S. Kaufman
Psychology Faculty Publications
This study examines the relationship between the number of types of traumatic events experienced by children 3 to 6 years old, parenting stress, and children's posttraumatic stress (PTS). Parents and caregivers provided data for 154 urban children admitted into community-based mental health or developmental services. By parent and caregiver report, children experienced an average of 4.9 different types of potentially traumatic events. Nearly one quarter of the children evidenced clinically significant PTS. Posttraumatic stress was positively and significantly related to family violence and other family-related trauma exposure, nonfamily violence and trauma exposure, and parenting stress. Additionally, parenting stress partially mediated …
Searching For The Right Way To Begin Class, John D. Lawry
Searching For The Right Way To Begin Class, John D. Lawry
Psychology Faculty Publications
No abstract provided.
Toward The Scientific Study Of Autobiographical Memory Narratives In Psychotherapy (Response To Commentaries On Autobiographical Memory Narratives In Psychotherapy: A Coding System Applied To The Case Of Cynthia), Jefferson A. Singer, Laura Bonalume
Toward The Scientific Study Of Autobiographical Memory Narratives In Psychotherapy (Response To Commentaries On Autobiographical Memory Narratives In Psychotherapy: A Coding System Applied To The Case Of Cynthia), Jefferson A. Singer, Laura Bonalume
Psychology Faculty Publications
In responding to Adler (2010) and Moertl, Boritz, Bryntwick, and Angus (2010), we elaborate three areas of discussion: (1) Defining the autobiographical memory narrative unit; (2) Clarifications regarding our approach to coding narrative memories; and (3) Potential future research. Our response highlights the importance of a coding system specific to long-term narrative memories, the need to distinguish clearly what is meant by narrative memory, and the value of creating a bridge between the study of narrative memory in psychotherapy and research in cognitive science and personality psychology.
Autobiographical Memory Narratives In Psychotherapy: A Coding System Applied To The Case Of Cynthia, Jefferson A. Singer, Laura Bonalume
Autobiographical Memory Narratives In Psychotherapy: A Coding System Applied To The Case Of Cynthia, Jefferson A. Singer, Laura Bonalume
Psychology Faculty Publications
Recent cognitive and psychodynamic oriented therapies have converged on the powerful role that narrative processing plays in psychotherapy. Although previous coding systems have examined specific aspects of memory narratives, there are no comprehensive methods for coding segments of clinical evaluations or psychotherapy sessions that zero in on the unit of a briefly recounted autobiographical memory narrative. The present single case study aims to introduce and to demonstrate the Coding System for Autobiographical Memory Narratives in Psychotherapy (CS-AMNP; Singer & Bonalume, 2008) with a young female client whom we call "Cynthia." We applied this autobiographical memory narrative approach to the diagnostic …
Family Permanence Versus The Best Interests Of The Child, Robert Henley Woody
Family Permanence Versus The Best Interests Of The Child, Robert Henley Woody
Psychology Faculty Publications
Historically, promoting family permanence (e.g., keeping the original parent-children relationships intact) has been controversial. At times, priority was given to the family of origin, but due to the best interests of the child principle, there has also been preference for foster placements and adoptions. This article presents the legal backdrop (e.g., the Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997) and discusses history, as well as ethical and psychological issues. It is asserted that (1) at present, the concept of the best interests of the child is of foremost importance, and (2) biological and psychological parental qualities can be enhanced through …
The Statistical Properties Of The Survivor Interaction Contrast, Joseph W. Houpt, James T. Townsend
The Statistical Properties Of The Survivor Interaction Contrast, Joseph W. Houpt, James T. Townsend
Psychology Faculty Publications
The Survivor Interaction Contrast (SIC) is a powerful tool for assessing the architecture and stopping rule of a model of mental processes. Despite its demonstrated utility, the methodology has lacked a method for statistical testing until now. In this paper we briefly describe the SIC then develop some basic statistical properties of the measure. These developments lead to a statistical test for rejecting certain classes of models based on the SIC. We verify these tests using simulated data, then demonstrate their use on data from a simple cognitive task.
Inclusive Leadership And Employee Involvement In Creative Tasks In The Workplace: The Mediating Role Of Psychological Safety, Abraham Carmeli, Roni Reiter-Palmon, Enbal Ziv
Inclusive Leadership And Employee Involvement In Creative Tasks In The Workplace: The Mediating Role Of Psychological Safety, Abraham Carmeli, Roni Reiter-Palmon, Enbal Ziv
Psychology Faculty Publications
This study examines how inclusive leadership (manifested by openness, accessibility, and availability of a leader) fosters employee creativity in the workplace. Using a sample of one hundred and fifty employees, we investigated the relationship between inclusive leadership (measured at Time 1), psychological safety and employee involvement in creative work tasks (measured at Time 2). The results of structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis indicate that inclusive leadership is positively related to psychological safety, which, in turn, engenders employee involvement in creative work.
Context-Dependent Peer Victimization: Are Physical And Relational Aggression Tolerated Differently In Mixed-Sex Versus All-Girl Schools?, Ana María Velásquez, Jonathan Bruce Santo, Lina María Saldarriaga, Luz Stella López, William M. Bukowski
Context-Dependent Peer Victimization: Are Physical And Relational Aggression Tolerated Differently In Mixed-Sex Versus All-Girl Schools?, Ana María Velásquez, Jonathan Bruce Santo, Lina María Saldarriaga, Luz Stella López, William M. Bukowski
Psychology Faculty Publications
Contextual differences in the association between different forms of aggressive behavior and victimization were studied with a sample of 197 boys and 149 girls from mixed-sex schools and in 336 girls from all-girl schools (M = 10.21 years of age) in two cities in Colombia. Results showed that boys generally engage in more physical than relational aggression, whereas girls engage in more relational than physical aggression. Among boys, the association between aggression and victimization was significant only for the measure of relational aggression, whereas, for girls, victimization was significantly correlated only with physical aggression. This latter association was found to …
The Political Personality Of U.S. President Barack Obama, Aubrey Immelman
The Political Personality Of U.S. President Barack Obama, Aubrey Immelman
Psychology Faculty Publications
This paper presents the results of an indirect assessment of the personality of U.S. president Barack Obama, from the conceptual perspective of personologist Theodore Millon.
Information concerning Obama was collected from biographical sources and media reports and synthesized into a personality profile using the Millon Inventory of Diagnostic Criteria (MIDC), which yields 34 normal and maladaptive personality classifications congruent with Axis II of DSM–IV.
The personality profile yielded by the MIDC was analyzed on the basis of interpretive guidelines provided in the MIDC and Millon Index of Personality Styles manuals. Obama’s primary personality patterns were found to be Ambitious/confident …
The Hours – A Film To Enhance Teaching Psychology, Christina J. Taylor
The Hours – A Film To Enhance Teaching Psychology, Christina J. Taylor
Psychology Faculty Publications
Hollywood films provide a rich and engaging means for teaching students about psychological topics. The Hours is an especially noteworthy film because of the wide range of psychological issues touched upon, including mental illness, gender roles, families, chronic illness, bereavement, caregiving, sexuality, and sexual orientation. Analysis of the film in this paper provides instructors of courses in psychology, social work, nursing, medicine, women's studies, and related courses, with suggestions for how this compelling film can help students develop in their understanding of human psychology. Demonstrates the pedagogical value of using the feature film to learn about psychological topics, and its …
The Peril Of Vehemence, Jefferson A. Singer
The Peril Of Vehemence, Jefferson A. Singer
Psychology Faculty Publications
No abstract provided.
Parent Involvement And Views Of School Success: The Role Of Parents’ Latino And White American Cultural Orientations, Carey S. Ryan, Juan F. Casas, Lisa Kelly-Vance, Bridget O. Ryalls, Collette Nero
Parent Involvement And Views Of School Success: The Role Of Parents’ Latino And White American Cultural Orientations, Carey S. Ryan, Juan F. Casas, Lisa Kelly-Vance, Bridget O. Ryalls, Collette Nero
Psychology Faculty Publications
We examined ethnicity and cultural orientation as predictors of parents' views of and involvement in children's education, using data gathered from the Latino (n = 74) and non-Latino (17 White and 13 ethnic minority) parents of children in an elementary school's dual-language program. Parents completed a questionnaire that assessed Latino and White American cultural orientations, importance of children's academic and social success, and self- and significant other involvement in children's education. Results indicated that Latino (and other ethnic minority) parents valued academic and social success equally and more strongly than did Whites and that Whites valued social success more …
Following Display Rules In Good Or Bad Faith?: Customer Orientation As A Moderator Of The Display Rule-Emotional Labor Relationship, Joseph A. Allen, S. Douglas Pugh, Alicia A. Grandey, Markus Groth
Following Display Rules In Good Or Bad Faith?: Customer Orientation As A Moderator Of The Display Rule-Emotional Labor Relationship, Joseph A. Allen, S. Douglas Pugh, Alicia A. Grandey, Markus Groth
Psychology Faculty Publications
Organizational display rules (e.g., “service with a smile”) have had mixed relationships with employee emotional labor—either in the form of “bad faith” surface acting (suppressing or faking expressions) or “good faith” deep acting (modifying inner feelings). We draw on the motivational perspective of emotional labor to argue that individual differences in customer orientation will directly and indirectly relate to these acting strategies in response to display rules.With a survey of more than 500 working adults in customer contact positions, and controlling for affective disposition, we find that customer orientation directly increases “good faith” acting while it moderates the relationship of …
Exploring Asynchronous Brainstorming In Large Groups: A Field Comparison Of Serial And Parallel Subgroups, Gert-Jan De Vreede, Robert O. Briggs, Roni Reiter-Palmon
Exploring Asynchronous Brainstorming In Large Groups: A Field Comparison Of Serial And Parallel Subgroups, Gert-Jan De Vreede, Robert O. Briggs, Roni Reiter-Palmon
Psychology Faculty Publications
Objective: To compare the results of two different modes of using multiple groups (instead of one large group) in order to identify problems and develop solutions.
Background: Many of the complex problems facing organizations today require the use of very large groups or collaborations of groups from multiple organizations. There are many logistical problems associated with the use of such large groups including the ability to bring everyone together at the same time and location.
Methods: A field study involving two different organizations, comparing productivity and satisfaction of group. The approaches included a) multiple small groups, each completing the entire …
Complainant Behavioral Tone, Ambivalent Sexism, And Perceptions Of Sexual Harassment, Richard L. Wiener, Roni Reiter-Palmon, Ryan J. Winter, Erin Richter, Amy Humke, Evelyn Maeder
Complainant Behavioral Tone, Ambivalent Sexism, And Perceptions Of Sexual Harassment, Richard L. Wiener, Roni Reiter-Palmon, Ryan J. Winter, Erin Richter, Amy Humke, Evelyn Maeder
Psychology Faculty Publications
Previous research has examined the impact of the law on decisions made about social sexual interactions in the workplace in the context of a variety of individual difference variables including gender of the observer and sexist attitudes, as well as situational factors including legal standard and prior exposure to aggressive and submissive complainants. The current study continued this line of inquiry by testing whether hostile or benevolent sexist attitudes behaved differently under manipulated exposure to aggressive and submissive complainants. Full-time workers watched 1 videotape in which aggressive, submissive, or neutral (i.e., businesslike) women complained that male coworkers sexually harassed them; …
Effects Of Chlordiazepoxide On Predator Odor-Induced Reductions Of Playfulness In Juvenile Rats, Stephen M. Siviy, Courtney L. Steets, Lauren M. Debrouse
Effects Of Chlordiazepoxide On Predator Odor-Induced Reductions Of Playfulness In Juvenile Rats, Stephen M. Siviy, Courtney L. Steets, Lauren M. Debrouse
Psychology Faculty Publications
The extent to which a non-sedative dose of chlordiazepoxide (CDP) is able to modify the behavioral responses toward a predator odor was assessed in juvenile rats. Play behavior was suppressed and defensive behaviors were enhanced in the presence of a collar previously worn by a cat, when tested 24 hours later in the same context as that where the exposure occurred, and when tested in a context different than that in which the exposure occurred for up to 3 hours after exposure. CDP had no effect on the ability of cat odor to suppress play when rats were tested in …
The Impact Of Adolescent Chronic Pain On Functioning: Disentangling The Complex Role Of Anxiety, Lindsey L. Cohen, Kevin E. Vowles, Christopher Eccleston
The Impact Of Adolescent Chronic Pain On Functioning: Disentangling The Complex Role Of Anxiety, Lindsey L. Cohen, Kevin E. Vowles, Christopher Eccleston
Psychology Faculty Publications
A number of adolescents with chronic pain have clinically significant disability across physical, social, and academic activities, and pain severity only explains a portion of the variance in functioning. Thus, it is important to identify therapeutic options to improve adolescents’ functioning. In contrast to studies with adults with chronic pain, research in pediatric pain has not consistently found anxiety to be a good predictor of pain-related disability. The present study evaluated pain, anxiety, and functioning in 222 adolescents with chronic pain. Results indicated that pain was consistently and linearly related to disability across measures of physical and social functioning, school …
Changes In Genetic And Environmental Influences On The Development Of Nicotine Dependence And Major Depressive Disorder From Middle Adolescence To Early Adulthood, Erin Tully, William G. Iacono, Matt Mcgue
Changes In Genetic And Environmental Influences On The Development Of Nicotine Dependence And Major Depressive Disorder From Middle Adolescence To Early Adulthood, Erin Tully, William G. Iacono, Matt Mcgue
Psychology Faculty Publications
This longitudinal study used a representative community sample of same-sex twins (485 monozygotic pairs, 271 dizygotic pairs) to study longitudinal changes in genetic and environmental influences on nicotine dependence (NicD) symptoms and major depressive disorder (MDD) symptoms and the longitudinal relationships between NicD and MDD symptoms at three relatively discrete ages spanning middle adolescence to early adulthood (ages 15, 18, and 21). Clinical interviews were used to assess NicD and MDD symptoms lifetime at age 15 and during the previous 3 years at the two subsequent assessments. Biometric models revealed similar patterns of findings for NicD and MDD. Heritability increased …
Mechanisms Underlying The Response To Inequitable Outcomes In Chimpanzees, Pan Troglodytes, Sarah F. Brosnan, Catherine Talbot, Megan Ahlgren, Susan P. Lambeth, Steven J. Schapiro
Mechanisms Underlying The Response To Inequitable Outcomes In Chimpanzees, Pan Troglodytes, Sarah F. Brosnan, Catherine Talbot, Megan Ahlgren, Susan P. Lambeth, Steven J. Schapiro
Psychology Faculty Publications
Several species of non-human primates respond negatively to inequitable outcomes, a trait shared with humans. Despite previous research, questions regarding the response to inequity remain. In this study, we replicated the methodology from previous studies to address four questions related to inequity. First, we explored the impact of basic social factors. Second, we addressed whether negative responses to inequity require a task, or exist when rewards are given for ‘free’. Third, we addressed whether differences in the experimental procedure or the level of effort required to obtain a reward affected responses. Finally, we explored the interaction between ‘individual’ expectations (based …
Behavioral Development: Timing Is Everything, Sarah F. Brosnan
Behavioral Development: Timing Is Everything, Sarah F. Brosnan
Psychology Faculty Publications
Paedomorphism can be a mechanism for differentiation between species. Here the authors demonstrate that bonobos take longer to reach adult levels of two behaviors than do chimpanzees, providing an empirical demonstration of this hypothesis among our closest relatives.
Competing Demands Of Prosociality & Equity In Monkeys, Sarah F. Brosnan, Daniel Houser, Kristin Leimgruber, Erte Xiao, Tianwen Chen, Frans B.M. De Waal
Competing Demands Of Prosociality & Equity In Monkeys, Sarah F. Brosnan, Daniel Houser, Kristin Leimgruber, Erte Xiao, Tianwen Chen, Frans B.M. De Waal
Psychology Faculty Publications
Prosocial decisions may lead to unequal payoffs among group members. Although an aversion to inequity has been found in empirical studies of both human and nonhuman primates, the contexts previously studied typically do not involve a trade-off between pro-sociality and inequity. Here we investigate the apparent co-existence of these two factors, specifically the competing demands of prosociality and equity. We directly compare the responses of brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) among situations where pro-social preferences conflict with equality, using a paradigm comparable to other studies of cooperation and inequity in this species. By choosing to pull a tray towards themselves, …
The Interplay Of Cognition And Cooperation, Sarah F. Brosnan, Lucie Salwiczek, Redouan Bshary
The Interplay Of Cognition And Cooperation, Sarah F. Brosnan, Lucie Salwiczek, Redouan Bshary
Psychology Faculty Publications
Cooperation often involves behaviours that reduce immediate payoffs for actors. Delayed benefits have often been argued to pose problems for the evolution of cooperation as learning such contingencies may be difficult as partners may cheat in return. Therefore, the ability to achieve stable cooperation has often been linked to a species’ cognitive abilities, which is in turn linked to the evolution of increasingly complex central nervous systems. However, in their famous 1981 paper, Axelrod & Hamilton stated that in principle even bacteria could play a tit for tat strategy in an iterated prisoner’s dilemma. While to our knowledge this has …
What Do Capuchin Monkeys Tell Us About Cooperation?, Sarah F. Brosnan
What Do Capuchin Monkeys Tell Us About Cooperation?, Sarah F. Brosnan
Psychology Faculty Publications
Nature may be red in tooth and claw, but working together with one’s group mates can be an efficient way to increase fitness. Cooperation is common, for example, among capuchin monkeys. These monkeys are not only willing to help others obtain resources, but are more likely to share with individuals who help them. Cooperation can be risky, however, and not surprisingly capuchins are much less likely to cooperate when a partner is able to monopolize the reward. However, they also pay attention to the partner’s behavior; monkeys who share with their partners promote successful cooperation, and thus actually receive more …
Sex Differences In Language First Appear In Gesture, Seyda Özçalışkan, Susan Goldin-Meadow
Sex Differences In Language First Appear In Gesture, Seyda Özçalışkan, Susan Goldin-Meadow
Psychology Faculty Publications
Children differ in how quickly they reach linguistic milestones. Boys typically produce their first multi-word sentences later than girls do. We ask here whether there are sex differences in children’s gestures that precede, and presage, these sex differences in speech. To explore this question, we observed 22 girls and 18 boys every 4 months as they progressed from one-word speech to multi-word speech. We found that boys not only produced speech + speech (S+S) combinations (‘drink juice’) 3 months later than girls, but they also produced gesture + speech (G+S) combinations expressing the same types of semantic relations (‘eat’ + …
Social Cognition And Cognitive Flexibility In Bipolar Disorder, Erin Tone
Social Cognition And Cognitive Flexibility In Bipolar Disorder, Erin Tone
Psychology Faculty Publications
Considerable evidence indicates that acquisition and implementation of an array of social cognitive and behavioral skills are disrupted in the context of this psychiatric illness. Furthermore, numerous studies link the social deficits evident in bipolar disorder (BD) with atypical development in brain regions implicated in social and emotional processing. Elucidating the social disruptions evident across the life span in individuals with BD, how these disruptions relate to specific behavioral deficits or endophenotypes, and their underlying neural mechanisms may help inform our understanding not only of psychopathological processes but also of typical social development at the behavioral and neural levels. Additionally, …
Introduction To Cooperation & Deception: From Evolution To Mechanisms, Sarah F. Brosnan, Redouan Bshary
Introduction To Cooperation & Deception: From Evolution To Mechanisms, Sarah F. Brosnan, Redouan Bshary
Psychology Faculty Publications
Nature is full of struggle, as predicted by the theory of evolution through natural selection, yet there are also paramount examples where individuals help each other. These instances of helping have been difficult to reconcile with Darwin’s theory because it is not always obvious how individuals are working for their own direct benefit. Consequently, initial publications that offered solutions to subsets of the observed cases of helping, such as kin selection (Hamilton, 1964) or reciprocity (Axelrod & Hamilton, 1981; Trivers, 1971), are among the most influential and most cited papers in evolution / behavioural ecology. Despite these initial successes, models …
The Effects Of Cognitive Defusion And Thought Distraction On Emotional Discomfort And Believability Of Negative Self-Referential Thoughts, Akihiko Masuda, M. P. Twohig, A. R. Stormo, A B. Feinstein, Y. Chou, J. W. Wendell
The Effects Of Cognitive Defusion And Thought Distraction On Emotional Discomfort And Believability Of Negative Self-Referential Thoughts, Akihiko Masuda, M. P. Twohig, A. R. Stormo, A B. Feinstein, Y. Chou, J. W. Wendell
Psychology Faculty Publications
Previous research has shown that rapid vocal repetition of a one-word version of negative self-referential thought reduces the stimulus functions (e.g., emotional discomfort and believability) associated with that thought. The present study compares the effects of that defusion strategy with thought distraction and distraction-based experimental control tasks on a negative self-referential thought. Non-clinical undergraduates were randomly assigned to one of three protocols. The cognitive defusion condition reduced the emotional discomfort and believability of negative self-referential thoughts significantly greater than comparison conditions. Favorable results were also found for the defusion technique with participants with elevated depressive symptoms.
Mindfulness Mediates The Relation Between Disordered Eating-Related Cognitions And Psychological Distress, Akihiko Masuda, J. W. Wendell
Mindfulness Mediates The Relation Between Disordered Eating-Related Cognitions And Psychological Distress, Akihiko Masuda, J. W. Wendell
Psychology Faculty Publications
The present study investigated whether mindfulness mediates the relation between disordered eating-related cognitions and negative psychological outcomes within a non-clinical college sample. Disordered eating-related cognitions were positively associated with general psychological ill-health and emotional distress in interpersonal contexts and inversely related to mindfulness. Mindfulness, which was also inversely related to general psychological ill- health and emotional distress, was found to partially mediate the relations between disordered eating-related cognitions and the two predicted variables.
Disordered Eating-Related Cognition And Psychological Flexibility As Predictors Of Psychological Health Among College Students., Akihiko Masuda, M. Price, P. Anderson, J. W. Wendell
Disordered Eating-Related Cognition And Psychological Flexibility As Predictors Of Psychological Health Among College Students., Akihiko Masuda, M. Price, P. Anderson, J. W. Wendell
Psychology Faculty Publications
The present cross-sectional study investigated the relation among disordered eating-related cognition, psychological flexibility, and poor psychological outcomes among a non-clinical college sample. As predicted, conviction of disordered eating-related cognitions was positively associated with general psychological ill-health and emotional distress in interpersonal contexts. Disordered eating-related cognition was also inversely related to psychological flexibility, which was inversely related to poor psychological health and emotional distress in interpersonal contexts. The combination of disordered eating-related cognition and psychological flexibility accounted for the proportion of variance of these poor psychological outcomes greater than disordered eating-related cognition alone. Finally, psychological flexibility accounted for the proportion of …
Cognitive Defusion Versus Thought Distraction: A Clinical Rationale, Training, And Experiential Exercise In Altering Psychological Impacts Of Negative Self-Referential Thoughts., Akihiko Masuda, A. B. Feinstein, J. W. Wendell, S. T. Sheehan
Cognitive Defusion Versus Thought Distraction: A Clinical Rationale, Training, And Experiential Exercise In Altering Psychological Impacts Of Negative Self-Referential Thoughts., Akihiko Masuda, A. B. Feinstein, J. W. Wendell, S. T. Sheehan
Psychology Faculty Publications
Using two modes of intervention delivery, the present study compared the effects of a cognitive defusion strategy with a thought distraction strategy on the emotional discomfort and believability of negative self-referential thoughts. One mode of intervention delivery consisted of a clinical rationale and training (i.e., Partial condition). The other mode contained a condition-specific experiential exercise with the negative self-referential thought in addition to the clinical rationale and training (i.e., Full condition). Non-clinical undergraduates were randomly assigned to one of five protocols: Partial-Defusion, Full-Defusion, Partial-Distraction, Full-Distraction, and a distraction-based experimental control task. The Full-Defusion condition reduced the emotional discomfort and believability …