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Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences

Christianity And Mental Health Counseling: Voices Of The Black-Negro American Experience, Kyle Preston Goodwin Jan 2023

Christianity And Mental Health Counseling: Voices Of The Black-Negro American Experience, Kyle Preston Goodwin

Graduate Research Theses & Dissertations

The narration of the lived experiences of Black-Negro Christian Americans in relation to mental health counseling services is vital because opportunities for researchers and clinicians to hear their voices instead of a story written for them by the leading culture is created. Specifically, when it comes to Black-Negro spirituality and religion as part of Black-Negro culture, it is one of the most beautiful and intriguing experiences that exists. A critical theory paradigm is being used for how knowledge is created and disseminated for the purposes of social change. Narrative Qualitative research is used to capture the Black-Negro voice, along with …


Nigerian Media: A Comparative Media Analysis, Temilade Inumidun Adeeko Jan 2023

Nigerian Media: A Comparative Media Analysis, Temilade Inumidun Adeeko

Graduate Research Theses & Dissertations

The comparative media analysis of Nigeria using Hallin and Mancini's model provides an insightful examination of the country's media system. Hallin and Mancini's model analyzes four dimensions: the degree of state intervention, the degree of political parallelism, the level of journalistic professionalism, and the role of the state. They offer three models of media and politics: The Liberal model, the Democratic Corporatist, and the Polarized Pluralist. Nigeria’s media system is characterized by high state intervention and political parallelism, significant control over media content by the state, a close relationship between the media and political parties, and a low level of …


Herstory 101: Examining The Representation Gap Of Bipoc Women Educational Leaders, Kinasha Brown Jan 2023

Herstory 101: Examining The Representation Gap Of Bipoc Women Educational Leaders, Kinasha Brown

Graduate Research Theses & Dissertations

Background/Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine how lived experiences influenced perceptions of leadership self-efficacy amongst Black, Indigenous, or Person of Color (BIPOC) women educational leaders in order to minimize future representation gaps in educational leadership. Methods: Qualitative interviews were conducted with 14 BIPOC cis-gender female leaders who worked in a large school district in the southwestern region of the United States. Results: Examining the social constructs of race, gender, leadership makes clear how BIPOC women are socially constructed as inferior and how that played out in this educational leadership settings. The interconnectedness of both approaches contributes to …


Understanding The Impact Of Illinois’ Evidence-Based Funding Law: An Examination Of Spending For The First Three Years, Christopher T. Johnson Jan 2023

Understanding The Impact Of Illinois’ Evidence-Based Funding Law: An Examination Of Spending For The First Three Years, Christopher T. Johnson

Graduate Research Theses & Dissertations

This dissertation comprises an examination of how school districts have allocated the resources they received as a result of the Illinois Evidenced-Based Funding (EBF) for Student Success law. The law was passed in 2017 with the rationale of providing additional resources to school districts based on evidenced-based approaches, with the vast majority of the funds to be allocated to districts in financial need. A brief history of school funding is extrapolated from the literature. An overview of the law and the resources that it brought to districts is then provided, followed by an analysis of how those resources were spent. …


Uruguayan Parents' Perceptions About Educational Segregation In Uruguayan Public Elementary Schools: A Case Study, Natalia Fernández Jan 2023

Uruguayan Parents' Perceptions About Educational Segregation In Uruguayan Public Elementary Schools: A Case Study, Natalia Fernández

Graduate Research Theses & Dissertations

Educational segregation has been increasing across public elementary schools in Uruguay producing negative effects on students’ outcomes, performance, and opportunities. It also affects social cohesion. Previous studies detect the presence of educational segregation in Uruguay, identify the predominance of socioeconomic segregation in education in the country, and study the relationships between public and private institutions. A review of the extant literature demonstrates there is a gap in the exploration of the possible factors that contribute to the phenomenon. Moreover, there is a need to know the perceptions and experiences of Uruguayan families about the influence of these factors in their …


Evaluating The Impact Of Bitcoin On International Asset Allocation Using Mean-Variance, Conditional Value-At-Risk (Cvar), And Markov Regime Switching Approaches, Mohammadreza Mahmoudi Jan 2023

Evaluating The Impact Of Bitcoin On International Asset Allocation Using Mean-Variance, Conditional Value-At-Risk (Cvar), And Markov Regime Switching Approaches, Mohammadreza Mahmoudi

Graduate Research Theses & Dissertations

This paper aims to analyze the effect of Bitcoin on portfolio optimization using mean-variance, conditional value-at-risk (CVaR), and Markov regime switching approaches. I assessed each approach and developed the next based on the prior approach’s weaknesses until I ended with a high level of confidence in the final approach. Though the results of mean-variance and CVaR frameworks indicate that Bitcoin improves the diversification of a well-diversified international portfolio, they assume that assets’ returns are developed linearly and normally distributed. However, the Bitcoin return does not have both of these characteristics. Due to this, I developed a Markov regime switching approach …


A Single-Case Alternating Treatments Design Utilzing Quantitative Electroencephalography To Observe And Measure Mental State Trends During Individual Participant Non-Nature-Based Small Initiative Adventure Therapy Experiences, Patrick Lane Robert Mcmillion Jan 2023

A Single-Case Alternating Treatments Design Utilzing Quantitative Electroencephalography To Observe And Measure Mental State Trends During Individual Participant Non-Nature-Based Small Initiative Adventure Therapy Experiences, Patrick Lane Robert Mcmillion

Graduate Research Theses & Dissertations

This single-case alternating-treatments design research study observed and measured mental state trends during the counseling approach known as Adventure Therapy (AT) using quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG). Participants wore a qEEG headset while participating in a multi-stage AT experience. Two problems were addressed in this study. The first was the lack of research in AT utilizing other empirical measures beyond subjective report surveys and the outcomes of specific programs. The second was the lack of neuroscientific measurement of counseling approaches and interventions within the field of counseling in general. There is a need for empirical evidence supporting AT to address access barriers …


Family Routines And Parental Warmth As Potential Protective Factors On The Relation Between Housing Instability And Child Outcomes, Joanna Keane Jan 2023

Family Routines And Parental Warmth As Potential Protective Factors On The Relation Between Housing Instability And Child Outcomes, Joanna Keane

Graduate Research Theses & Dissertations

Housing instability is associated with numerous poor child outcomes in domains such as behavioral problems, emotional problems, and academic achievement. The impacts of housing instability on child outcomes are typically investigated in the context of sociodemographic risk; however, exploring the role of protective factors (e.g., family routines, parental warmth) in these contexts allows for a more thorough understanding of the effect of housing instability and how potential negative outcomes might be mitigated. The present study further explored the relation between early housing instability and child behavioral, emotional, and academic outcomes in middle-childhood in addition to the potential moderating role of …


Efficacy Of A Brief Mindfulness Intervention For Not-Just-Right Experiences, Samuel Richard Cares Jan 2023

Efficacy Of A Brief Mindfulness Intervention For Not-Just-Right Experiences, Samuel Richard Cares

Graduate Research Theses & Dissertations

The obsessions and compulsions that define the diagnosis of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) traditionally have been characterized by harm avoidance. However, harm avoidance is neither specific to OCD nor does it comprehensively explain all symptoms with which individuals with OCD present. Emerging research has focused on incompleteness—and its manifestation through the phenomenon of not just right experiences (NJREs)—as a potential motivating factor for OCD symptoms. Whereas Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP) is conceptually relevant to—and empirically supported for treating—symptoms characterized by harm avoidance, there is an unclear connection between ERP and symptoms characterized by incompleteness. Research has begun to explore ways …


Evaluating The Attention Training Technique As A Transdiagnostic Intervention For Fear-Based Psychopathological Symptoms: A Randomized Controlled Trial, Benjamin John Ellem Jan 2023

Evaluating The Attention Training Technique As A Transdiagnostic Intervention For Fear-Based Psychopathological Symptoms: A Randomized Controlled Trial, Benjamin John Ellem

Graduate Research Theses & Dissertations

Recent research indicates that fear-related psychological disorders are a distinguished class of psychopathology, all of which share the underlying endophenotype of maladaptive acute fear responding. The relationship between maladaptive fear responding and psychopathology has been found to be moderated by executive functioning capacity—most notably attentional control. However, the current psychopathological nosology does not link fear-based disorders together. As a result, many fear-based disorders are treated separately with different evidence-based psychotherapies. These psychotherapies tend to focus on reducing phenotypic behaviors or self-reported experience of symptoms. Individuals with fear-based disorders may be better served by treatments that focus on the aforementioned endophenotypes …


Grey To Green: The Impact Of Environmental Policy On Us Crime Rates, Kassandra Gonzalez Jan 2023

Grey To Green: The Impact Of Environmental Policy On Us Crime Rates, Kassandra Gonzalez

Graduate Research Theses & Dissertations

This study explores the social implications of climate change and environmental degradation on deviant and criminal behavior. This study employs general strain theory to examine the effectiveness of city-level climate change mitigation actions in reducing crime rates. Through a systematic approach, this study reviews literature on environmental harms and community strain and explores the impact of local pro-environmental policies on crime reduction. Focusing on the United States, UCR crime rate reports and UN-guided Sustainable Development Goal data are analyzed at the US county level. The findings suggest that sustainable practices, especially those related to local infrastructure and community engagement, could …


A Test And Extension Of Workplace Inclusion Theory: Clarifying Relationships Among Organizational Inclusion Practices, Employees’ Feelings Of Inclusion, And Associated Well-Being And Work Outcomes, Robert T. Keating Jan 2023

A Test And Extension Of Workplace Inclusion Theory: Clarifying Relationships Among Organizational Inclusion Practices, Employees’ Feelings Of Inclusion, And Associated Well-Being And Work Outcomes, Robert T. Keating

Graduate Research Theses & Dissertations

Despite the growth of workplace inclusion research and practice over the last 20 years, conceptual clarity and theoretically grounded research have lagged. The current study used baseline data and twice-daily measurements over a two-week period to test and extend a prominent model of workplace inclusion (i.e., Shore et al. 2011). This involved testing bivariate and indirect relationships between inclusion practices (work involvement, inclusive leadership, and diversity climate), felt inclusion, and well-being and work outcomes (affect, organizational commitment, work engagement, and citizenship behavior), as proposed in the original model. I extended the model to test individual differences in the need for …


Intergenerational Transmission Of Parenting: Does Emotion Regulation Buffer The Effect Of Negative Early Care Experiences On The Cortisol Stress Response And Subsequent Caregiving?, Erin Rochelle Mckay Jan 2023

Intergenerational Transmission Of Parenting: Does Emotion Regulation Buffer The Effect Of Negative Early Care Experiences On The Cortisol Stress Response And Subsequent Caregiving?, Erin Rochelle Mckay

Graduate Research Theses & Dissertations

A phenomenon known as the intergenerational transmission of parenting, where children tend to parent their children in a manner similar to how their own parents provided care, has received notable attention within developmental research. While several mechanisms focusing on cognitive and psychological factors have been proposed, there is less research examining biological mechanisms within the intergenerational transmission of parenting framework, especially when considering caregiving behavior exhibited in the context of child distress. Further, few studies have examined parent attributes which may disrupt the intergenerational transmission of parenting. The current study seeks to examine the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis stress response as …


Evaluating The Impact Of Examiner Variability On The Verbal Comprehension Index Of The Wisc-V, Brooke A. Butcher Jan 2023

Evaluating The Impact Of Examiner Variability On The Verbal Comprehension Index Of The Wisc-V, Brooke A. Butcher

Graduate Research Theses & Dissertations

The purpose of the current study was to: a) explore rater variability on the VCI, b) explore rater tendencies, and c) compare rater tendencies between graduate students and licensed and/or certified school psychologists. Considering the results of prior literature that has investigated scoring errors and inter-rater agreement on the WISC, it was hypothesized that examiners would be significantly different from one another (overall and between groups) in terms of their tendencies towards severity/leniency on the Vocabulary and Similarities subtests. Raters (N = 10) were comprised of two groups: a) graduate students in training to become school psychologists (n = 5) …


The Impact Of Credit On Domestic Investment: Case Of West African Economic And Monetary Union Countries, Sylvie Sanou Jan 2023

The Impact Of Credit On Domestic Investment: Case Of West African Economic And Monetary Union Countries, Sylvie Sanou

Graduate Research Theses & Dissertations

This thesis evaluates the impact of credit offered by the banking system on the investment rate of seven West African countries that are members of the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) countries using data from the World Bank dataset from 1996-2012. Using a fixed effect model and random intercept model, I find that the credit offered by the banking system to private investors has a positive and statistically significant effect on the investment rate. In contrast, no significant effect was found for the credit offered by the banking system to the government. Further, I find a negative relationship …


Children's Evaluations Of Observable Vs. Unobservable Properties During Scientific Reasoning, Taneisha Vilma Jan 2023

Children's Evaluations Of Observable Vs. Unobservable Properties During Scientific Reasoning, Taneisha Vilma

Graduate Research Theses & Dissertations

Science inquiry involves reasoning and drawing conclusions about properties or constructs that may not be directly observed and are not immediately verifiable. Prior scientific reasoning investigations have examined children’s reasoning about observable items and immediately verifiable conclusions. The current investigation examined children’s evaluations of the certainty of conclusions drawn from evidence when reasoning about both immediately observable properties and unobservable properties with the same task. Kindergarten, first grade, third grade, and adult participants (N = 70) were presented with an online experimental procedure. The procedure included two conditions (Observable vs. Unobservable) each involved reasoning about three levels of evidence (conclusive …


Three Essays On The Effects Of Parental Income And Labor Supply On Child Health And Labor Market Outcomes., Kassahun Mamo Geleta Jan 2023

Three Essays On The Effects Of Parental Income And Labor Supply On Child Health And Labor Market Outcomes., Kassahun Mamo Geleta

Graduate Research Theses & Dissertations

This dissertation constitutes three separate essays on labor and health economics using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) dataset. The first essay examines the long-run effect of childhood poverty on labor market outcomes using propensity score matching (PSM) and average causal mediation effect (ACME) methods. The results show that persistent childhood poverty significantly decreases average annual labor income and hours worked, whereas it increases the number of weeks unemployed per annum during adulthood. The study also shows that a significant portion of the total effect of childhood poverty on labor market outcomes passes indirectly through its negative effect on …


Ocd And Scrupulosity Symptoms In The Lgbtq+ Community, Katherine Hurley Mangen Jan 2023

Ocd And Scrupulosity Symptoms In The Lgbtq+ Community, Katherine Hurley Mangen

Graduate Research Theses & Dissertations

Research related to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in the LGBTQ+ community has been limited to date. However, at least one previous study has indicated that the "unacceptable thoughts" symptom dimension of OCD may be particularly relevant to this population. The current study sought to examine whether LGBTQ+ individuals report greater levels than non-LGBTQ+ individuals of scrupulosity symptoms, or religious- and/or moral-based OCD symptoms that often are grouped into the unacceptable thoughts dimension. Participants completed a battery of questionnaires measuring several constructs, which the author proposed may be particularly relevant to the development and maintenance of scrupulosity symptoms among members of the …


Assessing Engagement In Bully Participant Behaviors For Children And Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder, Dashae Rodriguez-Harris Jan 2023

Assessing Engagement In Bully Participant Behaviors For Children And Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder, Dashae Rodriguez-Harris

Graduate Research Theses & Dissertations

Children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are at an increased risk of involvement in bully participant behaviors, particularly as victims. Engagement in bully participant behaviors has been associated with a variety of poor academic, behavioral, and emotional outcomes for individuals with ASD. The current investigated the rates of involvement in bully participant behaviors engagement for youth with ASD. Additionally, the associations between social emotional competence and reported rates of bully participant behaviors were examined to determine if ratings of SEL competence by adults could be utilized to assess who is at risk of involvement in bullying without directly …


Teacher Turnover In Urban Schools: A Comparison Of Illinois Traditional Public And Charter Schools, Taquia M. Hylton Jan 2023

Teacher Turnover In Urban Schools: A Comparison Of Illinois Traditional Public And Charter Schools, Taquia M. Hylton

Graduate Research Theses & Dissertations

This research aimed to look specifically at traditional public and charter schools in Illinois to examine the impact of their policies and practices on educator turnover. The study elevated the voices of teachers who voluntarily left their schools due to various factors. It is incumbent upon them to review the data regarding their attrition rates and what teachers report about the structures and practices that push them to another school, district, or from the teaching profession altogether. The audiences that will benefit from this work are educational leaders and human resource teams as they create protocols for district support and …


Social Media, Gender, And Cancel Culture In The Punk Scene, Elizabeth Alexandra Mitchell Jan 2023

Social Media, Gender, And Cancel Culture In The Punk Scene, Elizabeth Alexandra Mitchell

Graduate Research Theses & Dissertations

This thesis intends to examine the technological, political, and social dynamics surrounding the cancelation of musicians within the punk scene, specifically, modern Bay Area punk band, SWMRS. The technological dynamics involve the internet, networked publics, and digital politics. The social dynamics are not separate from sociality facilitated by social media and the networks they create. The politics of this context involves gender and the struggle over women’s agency to fight against sexual abuse and the social injustice it perpetuates. Because this thesis is interested in these issues within the context of popular music, it draws on the work on music …


People With Disabilities, Poverty And Social Cash Transfers: The Politics Of Financing Disability-Inclusive Social Protection Systems In Kenya, Tyson Odoo Juma Jan 2023

People With Disabilities, Poverty And Social Cash Transfers: The Politics Of Financing Disability-Inclusive Social Protection Systems In Kenya, Tyson Odoo Juma

Graduate Research Theses & Dissertations

What explains why the Persons With Severe Disabilities Cash Transfer (PWSD-CT) program receives limited financial support for expansion relative to the Older Persons Cash Transfer (OPCT) and Cash Transfer for Orphans and Vulnerable Children (CT-OVC) programs? I interrogate this question by exploring three potential explanations: the political incentive to build a voter base, inadequacy in financial resources and weaker institutional advocacy. Using Kenya as a case study, I rely on key informant interviews, document analysis and a mini-survey to collect data. My theoretical and empirical strategy is two-fold. First, I analyze relevant program documents and interview transcripts to gain insight …


Why Does Un Peacekeeping Fail To Disarm And Demobilize Warring Parties In Intrastate Conflicts? A Cross-Case Comparative Analysis Of Cambodia And Angola, Socheata Meas Jan 2023

Why Does Un Peacekeeping Fail To Disarm And Demobilize Warring Parties In Intrastate Conflicts? A Cross-Case Comparative Analysis Of Cambodia And Angola, Socheata Meas

Graduate Research Theses & Dissertations

Second-generation peace operation is big in size and complex in operations and has positively impacted society and humankind and brought about peaceful endings in some conflicts. Nevertheless, studies in the area show that some peacekeeping has failed, and many limitations in each operation lead to UN peacekeeping failure. The failure of UN peacekeeping to disarm and demobilize warring parties’ armed forces has been researched explicitly by scholars. However, those scholarships have limitations in explaining why the UN fails to disarm and demobilize warring parties in intrastate conflict. This thesis paper will look at the UN's failure to disarm and demobilize …


Buddhism And Its Role In Khmer Chicagoland: To Be Khmer Is To Be Buddhist., Linna Sophea Jan 2023

Buddhism And Its Role In Khmer Chicagoland: To Be Khmer Is To Be Buddhist., Linna Sophea

Graduate Research Theses & Dissertations

Theravada Buddhism has been practiced among Cambodian refugees in the United States since the mid-1970s. In Chicago, the Cambodian community built a temple in which to practice their religion after founding the Cambodian Association in 1976. There have been two temples in the Chicagoland suburbs and metropolitan area. They have demonstrated respect for and embodied the preservation of their traditions and identity in a new environment through the accomplishments and ideals they uphold today. My research topic is “Buddhism and its role in Khmer Chicagoland: To be Khmer is to be Buddhist.” My research questions are: why do Cambodians in …


Modeling Spatial Access To Healthcare, Yaxiong Shao Jan 2023

Modeling Spatial Access To Healthcare, Yaxiong Shao

Graduate Research Theses & Dissertations

Health disparity has been a persistent concern in the United States, and the COVID-19 pandemic has brought more attention to this ongoing challenge. Improving access to healthcare is a crucial step toward achieving health equity and starts with accurately measuring and portraying the existing landscape of access to healthcare. Even though numerous spatial accessibility models have been proposed to measure the spatial accessibility to healthcare, many gaps still exist. The main purpose of this dissertation is to develop novel models and leverage recently available datasets for a more accurate portrayal of true spatial accessibility. Three models were developed to address …


Parent Involvement And Student Teacher Relationships In Predicting Student Outcomes, Riley Laffoon Jan 2023

Parent Involvement And Student Teacher Relationships In Predicting Student Outcomes, Riley Laffoon

Graduate Research Theses & Dissertations

As key players in what Bronfenbrenner describes as the mesosystem, parents and teachers interact to play an important and immediate role in child development. While the role of parent involvement and the impact of student teacher relationships are well established in the literature on student outcomes, less is known about how the two function together to impact the student. To expand the literature on this topic, the current study sought to examine how levels of different types of parent involvement (home-based, home-school conferencing, and trust) predict student teacher relationship quality, how parent involvement and student teacher relationships predict student outcomes …


The Relationship Between Loneliness And Experiential Avoidance After Implementation Of A Self-Compassion Intervention, Alyssa Mielock Jan 2023

The Relationship Between Loneliness And Experiential Avoidance After Implementation Of A Self-Compassion Intervention, Alyssa Mielock

Graduate Research Theses & Dissertations

An individual’s perception of a social relationship is distinct from an individual’s difficulty forming and maintaining social relationships. Loneliness is defined as an individual’s distress resulting from the discrepancy between perceived and desired social relationship quality. In the short term, loneliness may act as a motivator for an individual to seek social support to minimize distress. However, long-term loneliness is associated with physical and psychological impairments. There have been several risk factors identified that contribute to chronic loneliness, such as social isolation, psychopathology, and ineffective coping strategies. Ineffective coping may be one mechanism by which loneliness is associated with psychopathology …


Cybervictimization And Depression In Adolescence: An Analysis Of Anxiety, Social Media Rumination, And Gender, Logan Riffle Jan 2023

Cybervictimization And Depression In Adolescence: An Analysis Of Anxiety, Social Media Rumination, And Gender, Logan Riffle

Graduate Research Theses & Dissertations

Bullying is not a new phenomenon, however, given the frequent technology use by youth, bullying has taken on a new platform, the internet (i.e., cyberbullying). Those who are victimized online are at risk for various unfortunate outcomes, such as depression. The World Health Organization (WHO) identifies depression as the "single largest contributor to global disability," and the impacts of depression are vast, affecting the daily lives of many. Among a sample of middle school students (N = 126), the current study initially sought to investigate whether symptoms of social anxiety and social media rumination (SMR) serially mediated the association between …


Examining Measurement Invariance Of The Pios And Pios-R Across Christian, Jewish, And Muslim Groups, Johanna Anita Younce Jan 2023

Examining Measurement Invariance Of The Pios And Pios-R Across Christian, Jewish, And Muslim Groups, Johanna Anita Younce

Graduate Research Theses & Dissertations

The Penn Inventory of Scrupulosity (PIOS) was developed in a sample of primarily Christian participants. Since scrupulosity is intertwined with religion, it is important to establish that the PIOS and its revised version (PIOS-R) are invariant across the religions with which the measure is primarily utilized: Christianity, Islam, and Judaism. Additionally, there was inconsistency in the literature as to the factor structure of the PIOS/PIOS-R, so three of the models in the literature each were examined and compared for the PIOS and the PIOS-R. 718 participants were recruited through MTurk and reported affiliation with either Christianity (n = 274), Islam …


Does Where You Meet Your Partner Influence Relationship Satisfaction? An Investigation Of Online Dating In The Lgbtq+ Community, Brooke M. Fornetti Jan 2023

Does Where You Meet Your Partner Influence Relationship Satisfaction? An Investigation Of Online Dating In The Lgbtq+ Community, Brooke M. Fornetti

Graduate Research Theses & Dissertations

There has been a multitude of research conducted on the impact of online dating and relationship satisfaction for heterosexual couples. However, little research has been done on how utilizing online dating methods as a way to meet potential partners can impact LGBTQ+ relationships. The purpose of the current study is to explore the potential relationship between meeting a romantic partner through online methods – such as utilizing dating applications or websites – and relationship satisfaction for LGBTQ+ couples. Data from 115 participants with ages ranging from 18 to 64 years were analyzed to determine if meeting a romantic partner online …