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Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences

Family Tourism: Understanding The Concept And Improving The Parents - Children Relationship, Anukrati Sharma Anu, Shruti Arora Dr. Feb 2024

Family Tourism: Understanding The Concept And Improving The Parents - Children Relationship, Anukrati Sharma Anu, Shruti Arora Dr.

Journal of Sustainability and Resilience

Family tourism is driven by the increasing importance placed on promoting family togetherness, keeping family bonds alive and creating family memories. It not only builds life long memories, but also gives break away from the usual routine, opening the minds to new cultures, foods and experiences and even good for health. According to the researchers, positive relationships between parents and children are important for children’s overall development and builds trust. Various articles on family tourism from 2010 to 2023 were gathered from the Web of Sciences, UGC Journals, Scopus indexed journals, books, websites and was reviewed by the researchers.


Examining Crises Resilience In Tourism : A Systematic Review Of Literature, Kanyamwa Lunanga Félix, George Ariya, Priscillah Omagwa Feb 2024

Examining Crises Resilience In Tourism : A Systematic Review Of Literature, Kanyamwa Lunanga Félix, George Ariya, Priscillah Omagwa

Journal of Sustainability and Resilience

This study is the systematic review of literature on the resilience of tourism businesses. Following the various crises and disasters that shook the World between 2000 and 2020, the interest of researchers in tourism resilience has increased significantly. Despite the interest felt by these scientists, the notion of resilience has remained fragmented in terms of its definition and dimensions. This review presents an overview of the literature on the resilience of tourism businesses from 2013 to June 2023. The study revealed that there is a lack of cohesion in the literature on resilience from the definition to its influencing factors. …


Influencers Of Resident Attitudes Towards Tourism: The Shortfall In Our Assessment Methods, Christopher S. Dutt Feb 2024

Influencers Of Resident Attitudes Towards Tourism: The Shortfall In Our Assessment Methods, Christopher S. Dutt

Journal of Global Hospitality and Tourism

The study of residents’ perceptions and attitudes towards tourism has received considerable interest over the years. While much agreement has been found, there are also several areas of disagreement and noteworthy gaps that affect our understanding of residents’ attitudes toward tourism. This discussion reviews some of the existing findings of past studies, before considering some of the significant gaps. These include the dominance of social exchange theory (SET) as the principal model, the lack of distinction between tourists and tourism, and the impact of tourist typologies on perceptions of tourism.


Host Communities: The Foundation Of Regenerative Tourism, Marie Haley Sep 2023

Host Communities: The Foundation Of Regenerative Tourism, Marie Haley

Journal of Sustainability and Resilience

Tourism is a human structure and cannot be equated to natural systems such as farming. While regenerative farming focuses on the health of the natural system starting with the soil, tourism is a human system and must focus on regenerating the human system. This paper argues that the foundation of tourism is the host community. If the host community is vibrant and healthy, dynamic and resilient and has appropriate political systems to manage tourism, tourism will have the social licence and will thrive. Tourism can then have upwardly cascading feedback mechanisms where the host community can restore the natural environment, …


The Sounds Of Travel: Video Ethnography In Multisensory Tourism Research, Francesc Fusté-Forné Sep 2023

The Sounds Of Travel: Video Ethnography In Multisensory Tourism Research, Francesc Fusté-Forné

Journal of Sustainability and Resilience

While the analysis of the tourist experience often relies on the visual representations, recent research also increasingly calls for a multisensory understanding of tourism research. Soundscapes are an emerging type of tourism attraction that contributes to the protection and promotion of the sense of place. Departing from the use of video in ethnographic practice, this research notes illustrates the features of soundscapes in nature-based tourism research based on video auto-ethnography. Results show that the sounds of water, animals and gastronomy are evocative of people, places and practices in nature-based tourism experiences.


Evaluating Children's Menus In Theme Park Restaurants, Maria Fusté Forné Sep 2023

Evaluating Children's Menus In Theme Park Restaurants, Maria Fusté Forné

Journal of Sustainability and Resilience

Children who travel with their families eat in restaurants that usually offer special kid’s menus. The quality of those menus is often questioned and in the present context where children’s obesity and overweight are increasing, it is relevant to pay attention to the different environments where children eat. The present paper wants to analyse if specific restaurants menus in one of the most relevant theme park are healthy or unhealthy. Using a validated instrument to evaluate kids’ menu, restaurants in Disney Village (Disneyland Paris) are analysed. Results show that half of them are unhealthy and none of them are completely …


Climate Change Commitments And Challenges To Achieve Regenerative Tourism: A Case Of Aotearoa New Zealand, Asif Hussain Sep 2023

Climate Change Commitments And Challenges To Achieve Regenerative Tourism: A Case Of Aotearoa New Zealand, Asif Hussain

Journal of Sustainability and Resilience

New Zealand heavily relies on nature-based tourism for its popular "100% pure New Zealand" brand. However, the country faces challenges in mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions due to the significant contribution of long-haul destination. Despite various environmentally friendly initiatives, the primary obstacle to achieving low-carbon and regenerative tourism lies in the fact that tourists must fly to reach New Zealand. In terms of per-capita aviation emissions, New Zealand ranks sixth for international and fourth for domestic aviation emissions among other countries. The tourism sector in New Zealand is particularly vulnerable to natural disasters, with a 54% increase in vulnerability. This …


Adapting To A Renewed Collective Culture Through A Change In Organizational Behavior, Peter Bheda Aug 2023

Adapting To A Renewed Collective Culture Through A Change In Organizational Behavior, Peter Bheda

Journal of Global Hospitality and Tourism

The dynamic interplay between organizational behavior and cultural transformation is paramount in the ever-evolving landscape of hospitality leadership. As the hospitality industry adapts to post-pandemic shifts, executives grapple with managing successful companies while ensuring effective employee engagement. While profitability surged for many, managing employees remains a complex challenge. Cultivating a thriving culture is a critical solution. Toxic cultures incur tangible and intangible costs, impacting revenues, employee retention, and productivity. The pandemic has underscored the urgency of cultural alignment, prompting leaders to rethink behavior patterns. Engaging leaders across hierarchies as "chief culture officers" promotes accountability, openness, alignment, and leverage, fostering a …


Decisive Determinants Shaping Nomadic Tourism Future Development: The Case Of Shahsavan Tribes In Iran, Vali Nemati, Sarasadat Makian, Farid Hanifezadeh, Amir Hossein Qezelbash Aug 2023

Decisive Determinants Shaping Nomadic Tourism Future Development: The Case Of Shahsavan Tribes In Iran, Vali Nemati, Sarasadat Makian, Farid Hanifezadeh, Amir Hossein Qezelbash

Journal of Global Hospitality and Tourism

Nomadic livelihood is one of the earliest human ways of life, still practiced in some parts of the world. Since adventurous tourists are looking for new experiences, nomadic tourism in the postmodern era is gaining attention, considering nomads’ unique lifestyles, customs, clothing, and other cultural features. Consequently, countries with nomads can diversify their tourism industry and the local economy in the future. However, Iran's nomadic community is experiencing unfavorable living conditions and insufficient financial resources, necessitating a shift in nomadic livelihood patterns. This study aims to identify and prioritize the factors that influence the development of nomadic tourism as a …


User-Generated Content, Satisfaction, And Wom In The Context Of Cultural/Heritage Site, Mahlagha Darvishmotevali, Hu Qian Aug 2023

User-Generated Content, Satisfaction, And Wom In The Context Of Cultural/Heritage Site, Mahlagha Darvishmotevali, Hu Qian

University of South Florida (USF) M3 Publishing

Research remains scant and ambiguous despite the need to understand better user-generated content (UGC) and its relationship with behavioral outcomes. In this regard, the influence of UGC on two types of visitors' word of mouth (WOM) was examined. In addition, satisfaction as a mediator was tested to gain more insight into the UGC and WOM relationships. Using a sample of 260 visitors (tourists & excursionists) who visited the historical site in China, SmartPLS was used to evaluate the study model and hypotheses. Findings demonstrate that UGC directly and positively affects two types of WOM. The results also show the full …


Leisure Activity And Place Requirement For A Better Life In Slow City Ahlat, Selin Kama, Nurullah C. Agbay Aug 2023

Leisure Activity And Place Requirement For A Better Life In Slow City Ahlat, Selin Kama, Nurullah C. Agbay

University of South Florida (USF) M3 Publishing

In this study, the types of activities and places that contribute to the improvement of the living conditions analysed within the example of the residents living in a slow city. The population of the study consists of the local people living in Ahlat (Bitlis, Turkiye), which was declared as a slow city in 2019. The data of the research were collected between 30 May and 15 June 2022. Three questions were asked to the participants about the kinds of activities the residents were engaged in, the activities they dreamed of doing and the kind of recreational places they needed to. …


Human Relationship With Nature, Indigenous Ways Of Living And Regenerative Tourism Framework, Asif Hussain Feb 2023

Human Relationship With Nature, Indigenous Ways Of Living And Regenerative Tourism Framework, Asif Hussain

Journal of Sustainability and Resilience

In the post Covid-19 era, human civilisation appears to undergo a significant shift in social-ecological consciousness and an emerging concept of ‘regenerative tourism’ is getting popular. The concept acknowledges the strong linkages between humans and nature and together special conditions are created for life to renew and restore itself. While indigenous people have always been aware of their actions and their impacts on the socio- ecological environments, the scientific community has started to acknowledge indigenous knowledge and ways of living. and integrated intelligence. The key aspect of the indigenous lifestyle is the linkages with physical and social environments where humans …


The Social Response To Crisis Management In The Jordanian Hotel Sector From The Government Perspective, Mousa Alsheyab, Francesc Fusté-Forné Feb 2023

The Social Response To Crisis Management In The Jordanian Hotel Sector From The Government Perspective, Mousa Alsheyab, Francesc Fusté-Forné

Journal of Sustainability and Resilience

This paper is part of a major research project that discusses corporate social responsibility practices adopted in Jordan, by hotel managers and other related stakeholders, representing the community and the service providers, during the pandemic crisis. In this paper we focus on the role and measures taken by the government in general, and the Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities in particular, to deal with the Covid-19 pandemic crisis. Amid the Covid-19 outbreak, the hospitality and tourism sectors were challenged and the business policies were adapted. This paper analyzes the measures implemented to secure safety and some tourism expectations as part …


Gauging The Role Of Personality In Risk Perception During A Health Crisis And Its Impact On Tourist Consumption Behaviour, Akshita Agarwal Feb 2023

Gauging The Role Of Personality In Risk Perception During A Health Crisis And Its Impact On Tourist Consumption Behaviour, Akshita Agarwal

Journal of Sustainability and Resilience

This study examines the influence of the tourist personality and the use of technology on the traveler behavior and the risk perception about travelling. The purpose of this study is to investigate the link between personality, risk perception, and travel behavior among French travelers. An online survey was conducted using a sample of 422 responses to examine individual variations in risk perception during a health crisis and their influence on travel behavior. The study was carried out using PLS-SEM, and a model was proposed that considered the substantial Average Variance Extracted (AVE) and Composite Reliability test findings. The findings demonstrated …


Let The Devil Speak For Itself: Should Chatgpt Be Allowed Or Banned In Hospitality And Tourism Schools?, Faizan Ali, Chatgpt Openai, Inc Feb 2023

Let The Devil Speak For Itself: Should Chatgpt Be Allowed Or Banned In Hospitality And Tourism Schools?, Faizan Ali, Chatgpt Openai, Inc

Journal of Global Hospitality and Tourism

Since the inception of Open AI’s ChatGPT, its usage has been a polarizing topic. This is particularly true for the higher education sector, specially disciplines such as hospitality and tourism. As such, this opinion paper provides a balanced stance and outlines the benefits and limitations of using ChatGPT by students and faculty members in hospitality and tourism schools. This paper also outlines some ethical aspects revolving arounds usage of ChatGPT in hospitality and tourism schools.


Comparing Potential And Repeat Chinese Guests' Cruise Travel Intentions In Post-Covid-19, Lan Lu, Jinlin Zhao, Miranda Kitterlin Feb 2023

Comparing Potential And Repeat Chinese Guests' Cruise Travel Intentions In Post-Covid-19, Lan Lu, Jinlin Zhao, Miranda Kitterlin

Journal of Global Hospitality and Tourism

This study extended the theory of reasoned action (TRA) by including cruise involvement, safety protocols, and trust (stimulus-organism-response paradigm), and risk perception (the prospect theory), developing a theoretical framework to explore and compare Chinese repeat and potential guests' travel intentions, thus making great efforts to rebuilding consumer confidence and recover operation at this stage of the post-COVID-19. The results show that guests' intentions were positively influenced by their perceptions of safety protocols, trust, attitude, subjective norms, and cruise involvement, respectively. In contrast with previous studies, present results showed that perceived risk has a significant positive effect on the intention of …


Voluntourism On The Camino De Santiago – How Iteration Changes Motives, Stakeholder Interaction, And Reintegration Of Hospitaleros, Andreas Braun Feb 2023

Voluntourism On The Camino De Santiago – How Iteration Changes Motives, Stakeholder Interaction, And Reintegration Of Hospitaleros, Andreas Braun

Journal of Global Hospitality and Tourism

Hospitaleros who volunteer in the hostels along the Camino de Santiago have, to the best of our knowledge, not yet been examined, from the perspectives of voluntourism and pilgrimage research. This article aims to give an insight into a unique form of volunteering based on 32 interviews with hostel wardens conducted between 2017 and 2021. The results indicate that – while hospitaleros primarily indicate interpersonal motives for their service – the voluntary work serves as a kind of “substitute drug” to satisfy the longing for and dependence on the Camino. With increasing iterations, (1) the strength of the personal motives …


Predicting Intentions To Continue Using Travel Apps In The Post Covid-19 Crisis, Ahmed C. Bouarar, Smail Mouloudj, Asma Makhlouf, Kamel Mouloudj Nov 2022

Predicting Intentions To Continue Using Travel Apps In The Post Covid-19 Crisis, Ahmed C. Bouarar, Smail Mouloudj, Asma Makhlouf, Kamel Mouloudj

University of South Florida (USF) M3 Publishing

In the era of information technology and the Internet, travel apps have become a significant element influencing modern travel behavior. However, research in this context remains limited in the tourism literature. This paper aimed to investigate the factors that influence intentions to continue using travel apps in the post-COVID-19 crisis in Algeria. A convenience sample of 380 Algerian tourists was surveyed, and a total of 244 questionnaires were collected over three months. The method used to test the proposed hypotheses empirically was the multiple regression analysis using SPSS 26. Results showed that attitude, perceived behavior control (PBC), degree of satisfaction, …


The Village Law In Indonesia As Mechanism To Support Decentralisation In Tourism, Masrura R. Idjal Nov 2022

The Village Law In Indonesia As Mechanism To Support Decentralisation In Tourism, Masrura R. Idjal

University of South Florida (USF) M3 Publishing

This study aims to evaluate the mechanism of Indonesia's village-level tourist planning and development decision-making process following the adoption of the Village Law (Law No. 6 of 2014). The Village Law aimed to alter the concept of authority, how villages developed, including in terms of tourism. The village Law is a component of Indonesia's decentralized governance structure, which has been in place for the past 20 years. Decentralization is the process by which national government functions such as administration, financing, and authority are transferred to local governments. The Village Law was enacted to give the village government greater power, authority, …


An Evaluation Of The Attitudes Towards Sustainable Tourism Development: The Case Of Urgup, Duygu Bora, Mehmet Bahar Oct 2022

An Evaluation Of The Attitudes Towards Sustainable Tourism Development: The Case Of Urgup, Duygu Bora, Mehmet Bahar

University of South Florida (USF) M3 Publishing

The limited number of resources that humanity has creates the responsibility of protecting those resources and transferring them to future generations. It is vital that the natural, cultural and historical assets that form the basis of the tourism sector can be sustained without being consumed by excessive use. Research is aimed to investigate the attitudes of the local people, one of the key stakeholders of tourism, towards sustainable tourism development. Research population consists of local people living in Ürgüp destination, which hosts thousands of national and international tourists every year. According to the data obtained from the study, it has …


The Effects Of Pull And Push Motivation Factors On The Tourists’S Behavioral Intention: The Case Of Mugla, Ozgur Davras, Elvan Tatik Oct 2022

The Effects Of Pull And Push Motivation Factors On The Tourists’S Behavioral Intention: The Case Of Mugla, Ozgur Davras, Elvan Tatik

University of South Florida (USF) M3 Publishing

The aim of this study is to examine the effect of tourist push and pull motivation factors on their behavioral intentions. For this purpose, a survey was conducted on 405 national and international tourists who came to Muğla in the 2021 summer season. Explanatory factor analysis results determined that the push motivation factors were adventure and knowledge acquisition, relaxation, friendship and escape” pull motivation factors were natural, historical and cultural attractions, events, economic conditions and infrastructure, hygiene and security. The results of the multivariate regression analysis revealed that all pull motivation factors significantly and positively affect the behavioral intentions of …


Geriatric-Tourism, Pmr, And Thermal Treatments In The Third Age, Ozge Buyuk, Gulsah Akkus Oct 2022

Geriatric-Tourism, Pmr, And Thermal Treatments In The Third Age, Ozge Buyuk, Gulsah Akkus

University of South Florida (USF) M3 Publishing

This study aims to reveal the situation of geriatric-tourism (gerontourism) in Turkey with longitudinal data obtained from digital and social media. As a result of the study i) geriatric-tourists visiting Turkey mostly benefit from thermal treatments in complementary medicine and PMR in traditional medicine, and also resort to hair transplantation among aesthetic interventions, ii) they come mostly from Iraq and Libya (Middle East), Germany (Europe), Azerbaijan (the Turkic Republics), and Ukraine and Russia (CIS), iii) they mostly prefer big cities such as Izmir, Ankara, Istanbul, Antalya, Bursa, iv) motivation factors are cost, thermal resource richness, medical service quality and additional …


Positive Influences Of Covid-19 On Local Touristic Sites: The Role Of Country Image In Stimulating Tourism In Jordan And India, Nadine Khair, Vimal C. Verma, Sara El-Deeb Oct 2022

Positive Influences Of Covid-19 On Local Touristic Sites: The Role Of Country Image In Stimulating Tourism In Jordan And India, Nadine Khair, Vimal C. Verma, Sara El-Deeb

University of South Florida (USF) M3 Publishing

Tourism took one of the hardest hits during COVID-19 pandemic, especially in Jordan and India, as they are tourism-dependent countries. Despite the restrictions that followed the pandemic, this study identifies the positive influence that this may have caused in enhancing local tourism. The study employed qualitative research methodology in which a sample of 30 interviews were conducted using convenience sampling technique in India and Jordan. Data was analysed using the thematic analysis. Results suggest that countries that have positive country image during the pandemic, may motivate civilians participate in domestic tourism resulting in improving local economy. The issue addressed is …


Scope Of Rural Tourism Inroads Through Nonvegetarian Gastronomic Tradition In Western Himalayas: The Hindu’S Bakrid, Rohit Chauhan Oct 2022

Scope Of Rural Tourism Inroads Through Nonvegetarian Gastronomic Tradition In Western Himalayas: The Hindu’S Bakrid, Rohit Chauhan

University of South Florida (USF) M3 Publishing

This study explores the potential of rural gastronomic capital as tourism product in Shimla district of Western Indian Himalayas keeping in view the sustainable community-based approach. Bottom-up community driven approach is essential for sustainable tourism development and the state under study accounts for 89% of rural population. Gastronomic tradition is one such approach involving a large number of populations bringing them direct benefits. In this study a mixed research design was adopted for first identifying themes and lately looking for scope in a broader area. For getting initial idea 16 interviews were conducted. Upon analyzing the responses from this pilot …


Examining Social Media Views On Post-Pandemic Tourism Rebuilding: The Case Of Twitter, Muharrem Tuna, Nilgun Demirel Ili, Onur Celen Oct 2022

Examining Social Media Views On Post-Pandemic Tourism Rebuilding: The Case Of Twitter, Muharrem Tuna, Nilgun Demirel Ili, Onur Celen

University of South Florida (USF) M3 Publishing

The world is trying to keep up with the COVID-19 pandemic's new normal conditions. The ongoing pandemic has adversely affected global tourism sectors and their activities like all sectors. Institutions and organizations in various countries, especially UNWTO, are taking initiatives to ensure the recovery of the tourism sector, which has been seriously affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, the case study design, one of the qualitative analysis methods, was used to examine the views on social media activity (motivation) that occurred for the resumption of tourism. In the study, the effects of the pandemic on tourism were determined and a …


The Influence Of Demographic Characteristics On Satisfaction With Adventure Tourism Experience, Tahir Albayrak Oct 2022

The Influence Of Demographic Characteristics On Satisfaction With Adventure Tourism Experience, Tahir Albayrak

University of South Florida (USF) M3 Publishing

Although the researchers extensively investigate white-water rafting as an adventure tourism type, little is known about the influence of participants’ demographic characteristics on the formation of rafting satisfaction. This study examines the influences of gender, marital status, age, and previous experience on overall satisfaction with the rafting experience by using data obtained from 319 German tourists, who participated in white-water rafting on holiday. Research results revealed that the respondents’ ages and previous experiences significantly contribute to their overall satisfactions with rafting experience. The findings of this study give comprehensive insights to scholars and practitioners targeting to identify white-water rafting participants’ …


Mechanism And Empirical Analysis Of The Optimization And Upgrading Of The Tourism Industry Structure—Takes Western Jilin As An Example, Xu Bo, Alaa N. Abukhalifeh, Yichao Wu, Qiong Zhao, Xinbo Zhou, Biao Gao Oct 2022

Mechanism And Empirical Analysis Of The Optimization And Upgrading Of The Tourism Industry Structure—Takes Western Jilin As An Example, Xu Bo, Alaa N. Abukhalifeh, Yichao Wu, Qiong Zhao, Xinbo Zhou, Biao Gao

University of South Florida (USF) M3 Publishing

This paper analyzes the role of the structure of tourism has been improved and upgraded on the industrial development. The research, especially the relevant data analysis of Western Jilin, provides good data support for this research. Secondly, this article starts from the seven elements of the tourism industry structure, analyzes the accommodation, catering and transportation aspects, and proposes different measures according to the different situation of each city. Finally, from the perspective of the internal development of the tourism industry structure, this paper makes relevant suggestions on the tourism industry structure in Western Jilin. Improve the tourism service facilities, establish …


A Study On Tourist Guides’ Use Of Social Media Platforms, Ozge Gudu Demirbulat Oct 2022

A Study On Tourist Guides’ Use Of Social Media Platforms, Ozge Gudu Demirbulat

University of South Florida (USF) M3 Publishing

In this research, which was carried out to determine how and for what purposes tourist guides use social media platforms; the Facebook and Instagram accounts of 42 active tourist guides registered with the Trabzon Regional Chamber of Tourist Guides, which was established in accordance with the Profession Law of Tourist Guide numbered 6326, were examined. In the research, it was determined what kind of posts the tourist guides make on their Facebook and Instagram accounts, to what extent they use the relevant platforms as a personal promotional element, and to promote the relevant platforms in the tourism sector. In order …


In The Scope Of Paris Agreement Of Environmental Policies Changes Of Potential Impact On Tourism, Mehmet Bahar, Sabri Bozca Oct 2022

In The Scope Of Paris Agreement Of Environmental Policies Changes Of Potential Impact On Tourism, Mehmet Bahar, Sabri Bozca

University of South Florida (USF) M3 Publishing

Since the Paris Agreement is globally accepted, it obliges the decisions taken to change the paradigm for the future of all sectors. The ecological and environmental problems brought about by the increasing touristic mobility make it difficult for tourism to reach low carbon targets in line with the provisions of the Paris Agreement. The problems brought by climate change were discussed in the article, the process leading to the Paris Agreement was mentioned and finally the agreement's connection with tourism and the environment has been evaluated. The rapid increase in tourism mobility (mobility), especially after the Second World War, due …


The Role Of Destination Image And Destination Attachment In Destination Loyalty Of Tourists Attending Rural Tourism Activities: The Case Of Canakkale, Buket Buluk Esitti Oct 2022

The Role Of Destination Image And Destination Attachment In Destination Loyalty Of Tourists Attending Rural Tourism Activities: The Case Of Canakkale, Buket Buluk Esitti

University of South Florida (USF) M3 Publishing

While destination loyalty is defined as tourists’ positive spiritual feelings towards a destination, their tendency to repurchase produced goods and services, and to recommend a destination to others; destination image is a simplification of a tourist’s complex beliefs, attitudes, impressions and thoughts about a destination. Destination attachment means the emotional bond and relationship that tourists form with a certain destination. In this study, these three issues were evaluated in terms of destination marketing and the nature of the relationship between them was examined. For this purpose, natural and cultural areas with rural tourism potential in Çanakkale were examined, and it …