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Articles 1 - 8 of 8
Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences
Tracking Development Of The Corpus Callosum In Fetal And Early Postnatal Baboons Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Kimberley A. Phillips, P. Kochunov
Tracking Development Of The Corpus Callosum In Fetal And Early Postnatal Baboons Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Kimberley A. Phillips, P. Kochunov
Psychology Faculty Research
Although the maturation of the corpus callosum (CC) can serve as a sensitive marker for normative antenatal and postnatal brain development, little is known about its development across this critical period. While high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging can provide an opportunity to examine normative brain development in humans, concerns remain over the exposure of developing fetuses to non-essential imaging. Nonhuman primates can provide a valuable model for normative brain maturation. Baboons share several important developmental characteristics with humans, including a highly orchestrated pattern of cerebral development. Developmental changes in total CC area and its subdivisions were examined across the antenatal (weeks …
Recollection Is Impaired By The Modification Of Interpretation Bias, Paula T. Hertel, Elaina Vasquez, Amanda Benbow, Megan Hughes
Recollection Is Impaired By The Modification Of Interpretation Bias, Paula T. Hertel, Elaina Vasquez, Amanda Benbow, Megan Hughes
Psychology Faculty Research
The interpretation paradigm of cognitive-bias modification (CBM-I) was modified with instructions used in process-dissociation procedures for the purpose of investigating processes contributing to performance on the transfer task. In Experiment 1 nonanxious students were trained to interpret ambiguous situations in either a negative or benign way (or they read nonambiguous scenarios). They were then asked to respond to new ambiguous situations in the same way as contextually similar analogues during training, or to respond differently. Benign training proactively impaired memory for negative outcomes. This effect was replicated by anxious students in Experiment 2 and discussed with respect to the assumptions …
Cognitive Bias Modification: Past Perspectives, Current Findings, And Future Applications, Paula T. Hertel, A. Mathews
Cognitive Bias Modification: Past Perspectives, Current Findings, And Future Applications, Paula T. Hertel, A. Mathews
Psychology Faculty Research
Research conducted within the general paradigm of Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM) reveals that emotional biases in attention, interpretation, and memory are not merely associated with emotional disorders but contribute to them. After briefly describing research on both emotional biases and their modification, we examine similarities between CBM paradigms and older experimental paradigms used in research on learning and memory. We also compare the techniques and goals of CBM research to other approaches to understanding cognition/emotion interactions. From a functional perspective, the CBM tradition reminds us to use experimental tools to evaluate assumptions about clinical phenomena and more generally, about causal …
A Comparison Of Mindfulness, Nonjudgmental, And Cognitive Dissonance-Based Approaches To Mirror Exposure, Cynthia A. Luethcke, Leda Mcdaniel, Carolyn Becker
A Comparison Of Mindfulness, Nonjudgmental, And Cognitive Dissonance-Based Approaches To Mirror Exposure, Cynthia A. Luethcke, Leda Mcdaniel, Carolyn Becker
Psychology Faculty Research
This study compares different versions of mirror exposure (ME), a body image intervention with research support. ME protocols were adapted to maximize control and comparability, and scripted for delivery by research assistants. Female undergraduates (N = 168) were randomly assigned to receive mindfulness-based (MB; n = 58), nonjudgmental (NJ; n = 55), or cognitive dissonance-based (CD, n = 55) ME. Participants completed the Body Image Avoidance Questionnaire (BIAQ), Body Checking Questionnaire (BCQ), Satisfaction with Body Parts Scale (SBPS), Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), and Eating Disorders Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) at pre-treatment, post-treatment, and 1-month follow-up. Mixed models ANOVAs revealed a …
Hand Preference For Coordinated Bimanual Actions In 777 Great Apes: Implications For The Evolution Of Handedness In Hominins, William D. Hopkins, Kimberley A. Phillips, A. Bania, S. E. Calcutt, M. Gardner, J. Russell, J. Schaeffer, E. V. Lonsdorf, S. R. Ross, S. J. Schapiro
Hand Preference For Coordinated Bimanual Actions In 777 Great Apes: Implications For The Evolution Of Handedness In Hominins, William D. Hopkins, Kimberley A. Phillips, A. Bania, S. E. Calcutt, M. Gardner, J. Russell, J. Schaeffer, E. V. Lonsdorf, S. R. Ross, S. J. Schapiro
Psychology Faculty Research
Whether or not nonhuman primates exhibit population-level handedness remains a topic of considerable scientific debate. Here, we examined handedness for coordinated bimanual actions in a sample of 777 great apes including chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, and orangutans. We found population-level right-handedness in chimpanzees, bonobos and gorillas, but left-handedness in orangutans. Directional biases in handedness were consistent across independent samples of apes within each genus. We suggest that, contrary to previous claims, population-level handedness is evident in great apes but differs among species as a result of ecological adaptations associated with posture and locomotion. We further suggest that historical views of nonhuman …
Cognitive Bias Modification: Induced Interpretive Biases Affect Memory, T. B. Tran, Paula T. Hertel, Jutta Joormann
Cognitive Bias Modification: Induced Interpretive Biases Affect Memory, T. B. Tran, Paula T. Hertel, Jutta Joormann
Psychology Faculty Research
Previous research has shown that it is possible to experimentally induce interpretive biases using ambiguous scenarios. This study extends past findings by examining the effects of manipulating interpretation on subsequent memory. Participants were trained to interpret emotionally ambiguous passages in either a positive or negative direction. Transfer of the training to novel scenarios was tested. Following training, participants were also asked to recall details from these novel scenarios. The results indicate that the training was effective in inducing the intended group differences in interpretive bias. Importantly, participants exhibited memory biases that corresponded to their training condition. These results suggest that …
Attention To Multiple Events Helps 2 1/2-Year-Olds Extend New Verbs, Jane B. Childers
Attention To Multiple Events Helps 2 1/2-Year-Olds Extend New Verbs, Jane B. Childers
Psychology Faculty Research
An important question in verb learning is how children extend new verbs to new situational contexts. In Study 1, 2 1/2-year-old children were shown a complex event followed by new events that preserved only the action from the initial event, only the result, or no new events. Children seeing events that preserved either the action or the result produced appropriate verb extensions at test while children without this information did not. In a follow-up study, children hearing new verbs produced more extensions than did children hearing nonlabeling speech. These studies suggest that attention to related events is helpful to young …
Narcissistic Self-Enhancement, Harry M. Wallace
Narcissistic Self-Enhancement, Harry M. Wallace
Psychology Faculty Research
Self-enhancement encompasses motives and self-directed effort to increase the positivity of one’s self-concept or public image. Self-enhancement concerns are often distinguished from orientations toward self-assessment—seeking either diagnostic self-related information (flattering or otherwise), and self-verification—seeking confirmation of existing self-views (e.g., Sedikides,1993; Swann, 1990). Distinctions are also typically drawn between self- enhancement and self-improvement motives. Although identifying and addressing one’s personal shortcomings could improve long-term self-enhancement prospects, the self-enhancement label is usually reserved for circumstances in which priority is placed on enhancing the status of one’s present self rather than one’s future self (e.g., Taylor, Neter, & Wayment, 1995). Self-enhancement striving is …